Gases

LECTURE 10

• The Gas Laws

• The Ideal Gas Equation
• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
• Real Gases Behavior
Institute of Chemistry - UP Diliman August 2020
Now from the three simple gas
laws, we derive the Ideal Gas
Equation.
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 IDEAL GAS EQUATION
Boyle’s Law: P ∝ 1 (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’s Law: V ∝ T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s Law: V ∝ n (at constant P and T)

nT
V∝
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P

PV = nRT
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 STP CONDITIONS
Standard temperature and pressure, STP, for a gas is 0°C (273.15 K)
and 1 bar (0.987 atm).
• For one mole of gas at STP, the standard molar volume is 22.71 L
(calculated using ideal gas law: try it!)
• This number provides a conversion factor for stoichiometric
problems that include gases, provided the STP conditions are
maintained.
PV = nRT
PV = (0.987 atm)(22.71L)
R=
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
L•atm
R = 0.082057
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 STP CONDITIONS
Elements that exist as gases at 0°C and 1 bar

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 UNITS AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Temperature must be expressed in Kelvin for all gas calculations!
• Negative temperatures would result in negative pressures,
volumes, and moles.

The unit for amount is always mole (mol).

The units for measuring pressure and volume can vary. In gas
calculations, these units must agree with those of the gas constant
• R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
• R = 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1
• R = 62.37 L torr mol-1 K-1
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 UNITS AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW
EXAMPLE 3

A sample of CO2 gas has a volume of 575 cm3 at 752 torr and
72.0 ºF. What is the mass of carbon dioxide in this sample?

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 UNITS AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW
SOLUTION
Use Ideal Gas Law to get moles after converting the given to units
consistent to that of the R constant. Then convert moles to grams.

1 atm
752 torr x = 0.9894736842 atm
760 torr
5
(72 ºF – 32) x = 22.222 ºC + 273.15 = 295.3722 K
9
PV 0.9894736842 atm (0.575 L)
n= = = 0.02347312 mol CO2
RT 0.08206 Latm mol K (295.3722 K)
−1 −1

44 g CO2
0.02347312 mol CO2 x = 1.03 g CO2
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 PARTIAL PRESSURE
Air is a mixture of gases.
• Gas laws do not depend on identity of gases.
• The pressure exerted is due to the total moles of gas present.

The pressure exerted by a component of a gas mixture is called

the partial pressure for the component gas.

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 PARTIAL PRESSURE
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures: At constant temperature and
volume, the total pressure (P) of a mixture of gases is the sum
of the partial pressures of the component gases (Pi).

P =  i Pi

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 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES

P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
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 PARTIAL PRESSURE
Dalton’s Law can be expressed in terms of mole fraction.
• Mole fraction (Xi) for a gas in a gas mixture is the moles of the
gas (ni) divided by the total moles of gas present (ntotal).
• The partial pressure of each gas (Pi) is related to its mole
fraction (Xi) and the total pressure (PT).
ni
Xi = Pi = Xi PT
ntotal

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 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a container of volume V.

nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT
PB = nB is the number of moles of B
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB n A + nB

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 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a container
of volume V.
nART nART
PA V V nA
= = = = X
PT n RT n + n A
PA + PB + nBRT
A A B
V V

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT Pi = Xi PT
ni
mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT

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 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
EXAMPLE 4
A mixture of gases contains 4.46 moles of neon (Ne), 0.74 mole
of argon (Ar), and 2.15 moles of xenon (Xe). Calculate the
partial pressures of the gases if the total pressure is 2.00 atm at
a certain temperature.

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 DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
SOLUTION
Calculate Xi of each gas and multiple these values with the
total pressure to get the individual partial pressure.
nNe 4.46
XNe = = 4.46 + 0.74 + 2.15 = 0.6068
ntotal

PNe = XNePT = 0.6068 (2 atm) = 1.21 atm

Following the same calculations

PAr = 0.20 atm, PXe = 0.59 atm

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
For reactions involving gases, the Ideal Gas Law is used to
determine moles of gas involved in the reaction.
• Use mole ratios (stoichiometry).
• Connect number of moles of a gas to its temperature, pressure,
or volume with Ideal Gas Law.

PV = nRT

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
EXAMPLE 5
When an experiment required a source of carbon dioxide, a
student combined 1.4 g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) with
excess hydrochloric acid (HCl). If the CO2 produced is collected
at 722 torr and 17 ºC, what volume will the gas occupy?

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
SOLUTION
Calculate for the number of moles of CO2 produced in the
reaction. Then use Ideal Gas Law to convert this mole to the
volume.

1 atm
722 torr x = 0.95 atm
760 torr

17 ºC + 273.15 = 290.15 K

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
SOLUTION
NaHCO3 + HCl ➞ H2O + CO2 + NaCl

1 mol NaHCO3 1 mol CO2

1.4 g NaHCO3 x x = 0.01667 mol CO2
84 g NaHCO3 1 mol NaHCO3

nCO2 RT 0.01667 mole CO2 (0.08206 L atm mol−1K−1)(290.15 K)

VCO2 = =
PCO2 0.95 atm

ANS: 0.42 L CO2

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
EXAMPLE 6
Calculate the volume (in L) occupied by 7.40 g of NH3 at STP.

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
SOLUTION
Calculate first the number of moles of NH3. At STP, 1 mole of any
gas occupies 22.71 L.

1 mol NH3 22.71 L NH3

7.40 g NH3 x x = 9.89 L NH3
17.0 g NH3 1 mol NH3

You can also calculate this value using PV = nRT

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
EXAMPLE 7
Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters) required for the complete
combustion of 7.64 L of acetylene (C2H2) measured at the same
temperature and pressure (STP).

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 STOICHIOMETRY OF REACTIONS INVOLVING
GASES
SOLUTION
Convert the volume to moles then relate this to the moles of what’s
asked using the balanced chemical reaction.
2C2H2 + 5O2 ➞ 4CO2 + 2H2O
1 mol C2H2 5 mol O2 22.71 LO2
7.64 L C2H2 x x x = 19.1 L O2
22.71 L C2H2 2 mol C2H2 1 mol O2

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