Assalamualaikum wr.wb. Hello everyone. My name is Aminus Sholihin.

In this video, I would like

to explain about revolutions and rationality in philosophy of science and Kuhn’s revolutionary
history of science.
The first is revolution and rationality
The scientific method is supposed to be rational, and give us objective knowledge about the
world. Meaning that it is not the product of individual desires, and that it is worthy of belief by
all people, regardless of their beliefs and values. For example, if it is an objective fact that
smoking leads to cancer then it is believed equally by all people, if these people are to be
rational.
Previously, Hume argued that science was inductive and irrational, Popper considered it non-
inductive and rational, and Carnap considered it inductive and rational. However, in the 1960s,
there was a crisis of realism and rationality in the philosophy of science, which has not been
overcome and resolved. Many people question the rationality and objectivity of scientific
knowledge, especially because ideas first appeared in the work of the historian and philosopher
of science named Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996). In contrast to Hume, Popper, and Carnap, Kuhn
argues that science is non-inductive and non-rational.
The next is Kuhn’s revolutionary history of science
Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) offered a radically different way of
thinking about scientific methodology and knowledge, and changed the practice of the history
of science. His philosophy of science has led to the spread of word paradigm in which it is a set
of accepted beliefs, practice, and theories that guide scientific research within a particular field
for a certain period.
Furthermore, Kuhn argued that scientific development is not a continuous, cumulative process,
as previously thought, but rather occurs in distinct phases:
Normal Science: During this phase, scientists work within a widely accepted paradigm or
theoretical framework. They solve puzzles and conduct research that fits within the established
paradigm.
Anomaly: Anomalies are observations or problems that cannot be explained within the existing
paradigm. These anomalies accumulate over time and create tension within the scientific
community.
Crisis: A crisis occurs when the accumulation of anomalies reaches a breaking point. Scientists
become open to new ideas and paradigms as the existing one no longer provides satisfactory
answers.
Scientific Revolution: During a scientific revolution, a new paradigm emerges to replace the old
one. This shift is often accompanied by a change in fundamental assumptions, theories, and
methods. It represents a radical transformation in the field.
Normal Science (New Paradigm): After the revolution, a new period of normal science begins,
with scientists working within the new paradigm. The process repeats itself, with anomalies
eventually leading to another crisis and potential revolution.
In his theory, Kuhn used the term paradigm shift in which it refers to fundamental change in the
basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline. It involves a complete
transformation in the underlying assumptions, theories, and methodologies that guide a field of
knowledge or work.
For example, the shift from the belief believe that Earth was the center of the universe
(geocentrism) to the belief that the sun is the center of the universe (heliocentrism). Then, the
shift from belief the Earth was flat to the belief that it is sphere.
Kuhn argued that if out of date beliefs are called to be myths, then myths can be produced by
the same sorts of methods and held for the same sorts of reasons that now lead to scientific
knowledge.
Furthermore, Kuhn stated that abandoned beliefs are not thereby unscientific. Hence, the
history of science does not consist in the steady accumulation of knowledge, but often involves
the wholesale abandonment of past theories.