Sexual Harassement Domestic Violence Arab Citizens Public Opinion 2019

Sexual Harassment and
Domestic Violence
in the Middle East and North Africa
December 2019
J U LY 201 8
Donia Smaali Bouhlila
University of Tunis El Manar
Faculté des Sciences Economiques
et de Gestion de Tunis
Arab Barometer – Wave V
Topic Report – Domestic Violence
Key Findings
• Verbal sexual harassment in public places is more frequent than physical
sexual harassment in all the participating countries (29 percent against 18
percent).
• Sexual harassment is prevalent in all Arab countries participating in Arab

Barometer Wave V.
• Sexual harassment in public places is widespread in Egypt. The highest rate

is observed in Dumyat (Damiette).
• Women still bear the burden of sexual harassment in public places in al-
most all the participating countries where around 39 percent of the female
respondents are victims of sexual harassment in public places, against 22
percent of male respondents.
• In Iraq men are more concerned with the burden of sexual harassment
in public places. More men than women (42 percent against 35 percent
reported having experienced sexual harassment. Men are more victims of
sexual harassment in Dhi Qar.
• Young women aged 17-28 years old face more sexual harassment than
their older peers.
• Sexual harassment in public places is an urban phenomenon.
• Comparison within countries shows that domestic violence is relatively high

in Yemen (26 percent), Morocco (25 percent), Egypt (23 percent), Sudan
(22 percent) and Algeria (21 percent).
• Males are victims of domestic violence in the majority of countries under

study.
• Females are victims of domestic violence in Egypt, Lebanon and Morocco.
• All females and males living in rural areas of Lebanon face domestic vio-
lence.
• Domestic violence is mostly a rural phenomenon.
• The victims of domestic violence in the Arab countries seek help from rel-
atives in other words from the family. Domestic violence is still considered
a private family matter.
www.arabbarometer.org 2
Sexual Harassment in Public Places

Arab Barometer wave V survey aims at investigating two types of sexual ha-
rassment in public places in 12 Arab countries : verbal sexual harassment and
physical sexual harassment. Public places are meant to be streets, public trans-
portation and shopping malls. The questionnaire included a question on the
frequency of the verbal sexual harassment and a question on the frequency of
physical sexual harassment. The verbal sexual harassment is all the unwanted
sexual remarks, whistling or gestures in public places. However, sexual harass-
ment is the unwanted sexual advances, like being touched in public places. Peo-
ple were asked how often they have personally experienced this behavior in the
past 12 months. Different responses were suggested for the respondent: never,
rarely, sometimes and often. We investigate first how common is verbal and
physical sexual harassment among the population surveyed. Then, we created a
binary variable for sexual harassment combining both verbal and physical sexual
harassment. This variable takes the value 1 if the respondent has been exposed
either rarely, sometimes or often to both verbal and physical sexual harassment,
and zero if not .
Most of the surveyed people across the participating countries reported that
they “rarely” experienced verbal and physical sexual harassment in the past 12
months. Regarding verbal sexual harassment, from 2 percent to 12 percent of
the surveyed people declared being “sometimes” exposed to verbal sexual ha-
rassment. The highest proportions are observed in Egypt (10 percent), Iraq (10
percent) and Morocco (11 percent). The lowest proportion which is around 2
percent is observed in Tunisia. For the category “often”, around 2 percent of the
respondents declared that they are often victims of verbal sexual harassment in
Palestine against 7 percent in Morocco.
Frequency of Verbal Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months

% reporting being verbally harassed often, sometimes, or rarely.
42
t
yp
Eg
36
q
Ira 35
ia en co an
oc ud
34
S
30
Ye or
M
m
27
g er
25
Al
n
no
ba
23
Le
e
tin
es
21
l
Pa
an
rd
Jo
19
a
by
Li
13
ia
n is
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Notes: Weighted estimates.
Source: Arab Barometer V.
The frequencies of the physical sexual harassment are not so different. For those
who responded “sometimes”, the proportions vary from 1 percent in Jordan,
Libya and Tunisia to 8 percent in Sudan and 7 percent in Algeria, Egypt and Mo-
rocco. Likewise, around 3 percent of the participants in Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon
and Sudan declared that they are “often” physically harassed in public places.
Frequency of Physical Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months

% reporting being physically harassed often, sometimes, or rarely.
29
n
Ira occ ger gy uda
29
S
p t
E
i a
23
23
Al
o
19
or
M
19
n
is stin me no
a
18
Ye eb
n
L
11
e
7
Tu ale
ia
P
n
6
n
by rda
Jo
5
a
Li
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Verbal sexual harassment in public places is more frequent than physical sexual
harassment in all the countries under study (29 percent against 18 percent).
The figures also highlight the fact that in countries where verbal harassment is
high, physical harassment is also high and vice versa.
The figure below shows the distribution of sexual harassment by country. Sexual
harassment is prevalent in all the Arab countries participating in the survey. Sex-
ual harassment is most common in Egypt (44 percent) and Sudan (38 percent).
Lower rates of sexual harassment are reported in Libya (20 percent) and Tunisia
(15 percent).
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months

% reporting being harassed often, sometimes, or rarely.
44
t
yp
Eg
39
q
Ira 38
ia en co an
oc ud
36
S
32
Ye or
M
m
31
g er
26
Al
n
no
ba
25
Le
e
tin
es
22
l
Pa
an
rd
Jo
20
a
by
Li
15
ia
n is
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
The percentage of women who have experienced sexual harassment in public

places varies widely across the Arab countries. Arab Barometer wave V (2018-
2019) data reveal that sexual harassment is a gendered problem. In all coun-
tries participating in the survey, 39 percent of the surveyed women (against 22
percent of men) reported that they have been exposed to sexual harassment
in public places. More women experienced sexual harassment than men, with
the exception of Iraq and Tunisia. From half to more than half of the surveyed
women in Egypt, Morocco and Sudan had been harassed in public places. In
Egypt, sexual harassment is a burden. Sixty-two percent of the surveyed women
have experienced sexual harassment.
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females

63
pt
m ud roc Egy
55
ria en an co 50
o
M
44
Ye S
39
ge
35
Al
q
Ira
33
n
by no tin rda
ba ales Jo
31
e
29
n
P
25
Le
a
Li
14
ia
n is
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males

42
q
Ira
27
t
yp
Eg
e en on ria an
d 27
ro les Yem ba Alg Su
24
e
22
n
21
Le
19
cc tin
16
Pa
16
Tu Mo
ia
n is
15
a
by
Li
11
an
rd
Jo
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
In Tunisia, around 16 percent of the surveyed women reported that they have
been exposed to sexual harassment in public places. In contrast, 16 percent of
the surveyed men declared that they were harassed. The picture is somewhat
different in Iraq where men are more concerned with the burden of sexual ha-
rassment in public places. More men than women (42 percent against 35 per-
cent) reported having experienced sexual harassment.
Sexual harassment happens in all age groups. Young women aged 17-28 years
old face more sexual harassment than their older peers. The Arab Barometer
wave V data (2018-2019) highlight that around 90 percent of the young re-
spondents (aged 17-28) in Egypt have experienced sexual harassment in public
places. In addition, more than 50 percent of these young women are more likely
to be publicly harassed in Algeria, Jordan, Sudan and Yemen. Besides, between
35 percent and 45 percent of women in the same age group declared being
harassed in Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Palestine and Tunisia.
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females, Ages

17-28
90
pt
da me rda er occ gy
E 89
o
61
Su Ye Jo Alg or
M
ia
52
n
52
n
51
n
44
q
Ira
44
ia on ine
st
40
Tu Leb ale
P
a n
36
n is
35
a
by
Li
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females, Ages

29-40
85
pt
m ud roc Egy 76
ia en an co
59
o
M
48
Ye S
47
g er
35
Al
n
no
ba
33
Le
an
rd
Jo
33
e
tin
es
32
l
Pa
q
Ira
25
a
by
Li
15
ia
n is
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females, Ages 41+

43
n
da
Su
36
t
yp
Egm
en 32
Ye
29
q
Ira
27
co ria
oc lge
22
A
21
or
M
an
rd
Jo
19
n
no
ba
17
Le
e
tin
es
14
l
Pa
a
by
Li
8
ia
nis
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
It is worthy to note that though gender seems to play a role in how widespread
sexual harassment is, age is the bigger divider. In Sudan, age group differences
among females who have experienced sexual harassment are lower compared
to the all Arab countries in the survey. The difference between women in age
group 1 (17-28) and age group 2 (29-40) is negative. This points to the fact that
women between 29-40 years old are more exposed to sexual harassment than
younger women (59 percent against 51 percent).
Regarding, Iraq and Tunisia where men are more exposed to sexual harassment
than women ; by age group, 45 percent of 17- to 28-year-olds say they have
been victims of sexual harassment in Iraq, compared with 37 percent of men
aged more than or equal to 41 years old. In Tunisia, sexual harassment against
men is prevalent in both age groups 1 and 2 where around 20 percent, and
19 percent of the respondents, respectively, say that they are victims of sexual
harassment.
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males, Ages 17-28

45
q
Ira
33
t
an co sia ya ine non en eria dan yp
Eg
31
le eba Ye Alg Su
30
28
m
28
27
L
st
23
Pa
i b
L
20
n i
20
or Tu
o c
13
M
rd
Jo
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males, Ages 29-40

42
q
Ira
33
pt
cc me stin nis ano ger uda gy
E
n
28
26
S
i a
25
Al
n
19
Ye ale Tu eb
a
L
18
e
15
n
P
15
o
o
15
or
M
n
by rda
Jo
14
a
Li
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males, Ages 41+

37
q
Ira
21
n
cc tin gy me ano ger uda 18
S
i a
17
Al
n
16
b
Le
n
E Ye
13
p t
11
e
ro les
11
Pa
10
Tu Mo
i a
n is
8
a
by
Li
5
an
rd
Jo
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Sexual harassment in public places is an urban phenomenon. It is in urban ar-

eas of Sudan and Egypt where people are more at risk of sexual harassment.
Furthermore, it is in Tunisia where people living in urban areas are less at risk
of sexual harassment compared to the other countries in the sample. Nonethe-
less, the difference in points between the percentage of respondents living in
urban areas and the percentage of respondents living in rural areas is less than
10 points in Tunisia, Algeria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, Libya and Morocco. This may
suggest that there is no significant difference in sexual harassment in urban and
rural areas in these countries.
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Urban

47
pt
m ud Egy
47
n an
42
S
e
Ye
40
q
Ira
39
ia co
c
ba ales Alg oro
32
M
by rda no tin er
27
e
27
n
P
22
Le
n
Jo
21
a
Li
16
ia
n is
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Rural

43
t
yp
Eg
35
q
Ira 33
ia co an
d
ba ales Jo Ye Alg oro Su
31
c
29
M
by no tin rda me er
28
n
19
n
14
e
14
n
P
14
Le
a
Li
14
ia
n is
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
The data also shows that in Palestine, people living in refugee camp are more ex-
posed to sexual harassment than people living in rural areas (25 percent against
15 percent).
In this section, we identify the govrnorates with the highest rates of sexual ha-
rassment against women in all the countries participating in the survey (2018-
2019). In addition, we indicate the governorates with the highest rate of sexual
harassment against men in Iraq and Tunisia.
Algeria
Algeria
Sexual harassment against women is high in the following governorates: Ain
Timouchent, Djelfa, Ain defla, Bejaia, Oum El Bouaghi, Guelma and El Traf. It
is between 59 percent and 86 percent. The highest rate is observed in Ain
Timouchent (86 percent).
Figure 11
Egypt
Sexual harassment against women is high in the following governorates: Al
Buhayrah, Dumyat , Al Minya ,Asyut, Suhag, Alexandria, Cairo and Suez. The
Egypt highest rate is observed in Dumyat (around 93 percent).
Figure 12
Jordan
Sexual harassment against women is high in the following governorates:
Madaba and Aqaba. Madaba shows the highest rate (around 58 percent).
Jordan
Figure 13
Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon shows the highest rates of sexual harassment in the governorates of
South and Beirut. The capital Beirut recorded the highest rate (around 47
percent).
Figure 14
Libya
Sexual
Libya harassment against women is high in the following governorates: Al
Jabal Al Akhdar, Sebha, Tobrouq and Tripoli. Tobrouq has the highest rate
(around 46 percent).
Figure 15
Morocco
Rabat, Salé and Kenitra are the governorates with the highest rates of sexual
harassment against women in Morocco ( around 68 percent).
Morocco
Figure 16
Palestine
Sexual harassment against women is high in the following governorates: Deir
al Balah, Rafah and Jerusalem. The highest rate is observed in Rafah (around
Palestine
51 percent).
Figure 17
Sudan
North and River Nile. Around 91 percent of the surveyed women living in the
River Nile are victims of sexual harassment.
Sudan
Figure 18
Yemen
Sexual harassment against women is high in the following governorates: Al
Hudaydah, Raymah, Adan and Abyan. It is in Abyan where women are more
Yemen
at risk of being victims of sexual harassment (around 94 percent).
Figure 19
Iraq, females
Iraq Najaf, Babylone and Erbil. The highest rate is observed in Erbil (around
57percent).
Figure 20
Iraq, males
Sexual harassment against men is high in the following governorates: Najaf,
Baghdad , Kirkuk, Dhi Qar and Al Basra. Men are victims of sexual
harassment in Dhi Qar (around 88 percent).
Figure 21
Tunisia
Tunisia, females
Tataouine and Kairouan. Women living Kairouan are more exposed to sexual
harassment (around 28 percent).
Figure 22
Figure 22
Tunisia, males
Sexual harassment against men is high in the following governorates: Bizerte,
Sousse, Ben Arous and Monastir. The highest rate is recorded in Bizerte
(around 43 percent).
Figure 23
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is a broad term as it may include child abuse, abuse of the
elderly, in addition to the intimate partner violence. Domestic violence assessed
by Arab Barometer Wave V is the physical violence or abuse perpetrated by a
member of a family on another member of the family. It was assessed using
“yes-no” question describing violent acts such as pushed, grabbed, or shoved;
having an object thrown at the victim; or being slapped. The variables of inter-
est were: (1) the timing of the violence (ever experienced domestic violence or
in the past 12 months), (2) the domestic violence gender victim, and (3) the
domestic violence support actors.
The following figures highlight the prevalence of domestic violence in the partic-
ipating countries. The results are somewhat reassuring. They show that this type
of violence does not seem to be widespread in the Arab countries. From approx-
imately 70 percent to more than 70 percent of the respondents, reported that
none of their household members was physically abused by another member

of the family in their lifetime. Nonetheless, if we compare within the countries,
the proportion of respondents reporting domestic violence is relatively high in
Yemen (26 percent), Morocco (25 percent), Egypt (23 percent), Sudan (22 per-
cent) and Algeria (21 percent) against 6 percent in Jordan, Lebanon and Tunisia;
and Libya (7 percent). Palestine and Iraq lie in the middle with 14 percent and
12 percent respectively.
Frequency of Domestic Violence
26
an yp cco en
Eg oro Yem
25
23
M
22
d
Su
21
ia
g er
14
Al
e
tin
es
12
l
Pa
q
Ira
7
a
si n o d a i b y
L
6
n
r
Jo
6
n
a
6
Tu Leb
a
ni
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
The prevalence of physical abuse in the past 12 months provides another pic-
ture of this phenomenon. Roughly half of the respondents to more than half of
them, in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia and Yemen,
reported that one of their household members has experienced this type of be-
havior in the last 12 months. This proportion rises to more than 70 percent in
Iraq Libya and Palestine.
Frequency of Domestic Violence in the Past 12 Months
75
e
in
st
73
le
Pa
a
by
Li
72
q
Ira
n 68
er gy ano nis uda occ rda me
Jo Ye
62
n
57
o
55
or
M
53
S
i a
50
Tu
n
48
b
Le
pt
E
48
ia
g
Al
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
The following figures highlight the domestic violence gender victim. It is clear
that males are victims of domestic violence in the majority of countries under
study: Algeria (34percent), Iraq (49 percent), Jordan (48 percent), Libya (66 per-
cent), Palestine (51 percent), Sudan (41 percent) and Tunisia (52 percent). Fe-
males are victims of domestic violence in Egypt (43 percent), Lebanon (56 per-
cent) and Morocco (35 percent).
Frequency of Male Victims of Domestic Violence
70
a en
st uni Lib em
66
Y
y
52
a
si
51
T
e
in
49
le
Pa
q
Ira
48
n
no gy occ ger uda rda
Jo
41
n
34
S
i a
29
Al
o
26
E or
M
p t
18
n
ba
Le
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Female Victims of Domestic Violence
56
on
m ud unis roc Egy an
43
b
Le
p t
35
c o 32
T Mo
i a
25
a n
19
S
e n
Ye
18
e
tin
es
17
l
Pa
q
Ira
17
a
by
Li
16
ia
g er
11
Al
an
rd
Jo
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Both Male and Female Victims of Domestic Violence
50
ia
Ira occ rda ger
40
Jo Al
n
36
o 34
or
M
32
en isia bya non yp tine dan
Su
30
s
29
le
Pa
t
Eg
26
ba
17
Le
L i
15
n
11
Ye Tu
m
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
In urban areas of Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Morocco, males suffer from
domestic violence. In rural areas of Libya, Palestine, Sudan, Tunisia and Yemen,
males experience more domestic violence. Females are more exposed to do-
mestic violence in urban areas of Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya and Palestine. It
is in rural areas of Iraq, Morocco and Sudan, where females experience domestic
violence. The figures also show that both females and males living in rural areas
of Lebanon face domestic violence (100 percent). This rate is also high In Algeria
(70 percent).
Frequency of Male Victims of Domestic Violence, Urban
69
a en
st Lib em
60
Y
y
51
e
in
50
le
Pa
an
rd
Jo
49
q
Ira
45
ia
no gy occ ger uda nis
41
Tu
n
36
S
i a
35
Al
o
31
E or
M
p t
18
n
ba
Le
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Urban
57
n
Ira er stin Liby me uda occ gy nis ano
46
b
Le
i a
43
E Tu
o p t 31
23
or
M
20
S
n
Ye
20
a
19
e
18
Al ale
a
P
i
g
14
q
12
an
rd
Jo
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Both Male and Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Urban
46
ria
ge
38
Al
an
rd
Jo 36
q
Ira
on ine an cco 34
Eg ba les Su oro
34
M
d
29
t
26
Le Pa
n
23
t
yp
20
a
by
Li
10
en
m
Ye
9
ia
n is
Tu
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Male Victims of Domestic Violence, Rural
92
a en ya
st uni em Lib
70
Y 64
si
57
T
e
in
48
le
Pa
q
Ira
42
n
er gy occ rda uda
38
S
n
Jo
23
o
22
E or
M
pt
22
ia
g
0
Al
n
no
ba
Le
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Rural
42
t
yp
Eg
40
co
oc
M
or 26
n
da
Su
q 25
Ira
19
n
no tin iby rda ger nis me
Ye
10
i a
8
Tu
i a
6
Al
n
L Jo
4
a
3
e
ba ales
0
n
LeP
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Frequency of Both Male and Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Rural
100
co ine an ria non

Eg oro les Jor Alg ba
70
Le
e
56
d
40
t
38
M Pa
c
34
t
an yp
31
d
Su
26
q
Ira
26
ia
by me nis
11
Ye Tu
n
4
a
Li
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent
Reporting domestic violence is an important step when one experiences such

type of abuse. The Arab Barometer survey questionnaire addresses this issue
by asking the respondent about the actors from whom she/he thinks that the
victim is likely to be able to receive assistance. The victims in the Arab coun-
tries seek help from relatives either female or male; in other words from the
family. Domestic violence is still considered a private family matter and should
be confined in the family sphere by fear of being labeled or judged. It is only in
Lebanon, where victims report domestic violence to the local police (49 percent).
Domestic Violence Support Actors

Domestic violence support actors
Algeria
70
Yemen 60 Egypt
50 Female relative
40
Tunisia 30 Iraq Male relative
20 Local police
10
0 Hospital
Sudan Jordan
Local organization
None of these
Palestine Lebanon Other
Morocco Libya
About Arab Barometer
The Arab Barometer is a nonpartisan research network that
provides insights into the social, political, and economic attitudes
and values of ordinary citizens across the Arab world.
We have been conducting rigorous, and nationally representative

face-to-face public opinion surveys on probability samples of the
adult populations across the Arab world since 2006. The margin of
error is ±3 percent.
The Arab Barometer is the largest repository of publicly available

data on the views of men and women in the MENA region. Our
findings give a voice to the needs and concerns of Arab publics.
ARABBAROMETER.ORG ARABBAROMETER @ARABBAROMETER

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Sexual Harassment and

• Sexual harassment is prevalent in all Arab countries participating in Arab

• Sexual harassment in public places is widespread in Egypt. The highest rate

• Sexual harassment in public places is an urban phenomenon.

• Comparison within countries shows that domestic violence is relatively high

• Males are victims of domestic violence in the majority of countries under

• Females are victims of domestic violence in Egypt, Lebanon and Morocco.

• Domestic violence is mostly a rural phenomenon.

Sexual Harassment in Public Places

Frequency of Verbal Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months

Frequency of Physical Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months

The percentage of women who have experienced sexual harassment in public

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females, Ages

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females, Ages

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Females, Ages 41+

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males, Ages 17-28

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males, Ages 29-40

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Males, Ages 41+

Sexual harassment in public places is an urban phenomenon. It is in urban ar-

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Urban

Frequency of Sexual Harassment in the Past 12 Months, Rural

none of their household members was physically abused by another member

Frequency of Domestic Violence

Frequency of Domestic Violence in the Past 12 Months

Frequency of Male Victims of Domestic Violence

Frequency of Female Victims of Domestic Violence

Frequency of Both Male and Female Victims of Domestic Violence

Frequency of Male Victims of Domestic Violence, Urban

Frequency of Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Urban

Frequency of Both Male and Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Urban

Frequency of Male Victims of Domestic Violence, Rural

Frequency of Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Rural

Frequency of Both Male and Female Victims of Domestic Violence, Rural

co ine an ria non

Reporting domestic violence is an important step when one experiences such

Domestic Violence Support Actors

We have been conducting rigorous, and nationally representative

The Arab Barometer is the largest repository of publicly available

ARABBAROMETER.ORG ARABBAROMETER @ARABBAROMETER

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