Sta�s�cal Distribu�on Data Variables or Number of Value of Level of Parametric

Tool Type Gathering data Groups being variance Measurement or Non

Method involved compared (scale) Parametric Purpose
t-test Normal Random Con�nuous 2 groups Each group Interval and -t-test is a sta�s�cal tool use to
Distribu�on Sampling variable and (shouldn’t being compared ra�o compare the means
( shape: independent exceed) should have the of two groups.
symmetrical data ( result same value of P -It is o�en used in hypothesis tes�ng
) from one variance to determine
sample is (homogeneity of whether a process or treatment
independent variance) actually has an
from other effect on the popula�on of interest
sample) -rela�onship between independent
and dependent variable.
Pearson’s Normal Random Con�nuous 2 Con�nuous _____ Interval and P -Iden�fies the degree of linear
r distribu�on Sampling variable group/ ra�o rela�onship that exist between two
( shape: variables ( 1 variables or two sets of scores
symmetrical independent, -Pearson r is usually used when you
) 1 dependent want to evaluate whether two
or 2 quan�ta�ve variables, X and Y, are
independent linearly related
variables) rela�onship between an individual’s
loca�on in the X distribu�on and his
or her loca�on in the Y distribu�on.
Spearman Either _______ Con�nuous Degree of _______ Ordinal ( also NP -It measure the strength and
rho skewed or or ordinal monotonic: can be raw direc�on of rela�onship of two
not normal variables consistent score, interval variables (X and Y) when both
distribu�on one- and nominal as variables are measured in ordinal
( shape: direc�onal long as it can scales (ranks)
asymmetric rela�onship be ranked) -The difference between Pearson’s R
al) of 2 paired and Spearman is, PR concerns with
variable with the strength and direc�on of “linear
other 2 rela�onship” while SR concerns
paired with the strength and direc�on of
variable or “monotonic rela�onship”
what we call -You can only use Spearman a�er
bivariate) using Pearson’s if the variables used
In Pearson’s can be ranked.
-Spearman correla�on measures
consistency, rather than form,
 comes from a simple observa�on:
When two variables are
consistently related, their ranks are
linearly related. (monotonic)

Skewed Random Variable are 2 or more Nominal ( I NP -Chi-square is designed to analyze

Chi- distribu�on Sampling categorical groups/ think, since it’s categorical variables that can be
square (posi�ve) and the popula�on categorical nominal or ordinal.
(shape: observa�on hehe) and Data should be in frequency or by
asymmetric data is ordinal count.
al) independent -chi-square (χ2) sta�s�c is a measure
of the difference between the
observed and expected frequencies
of the outcomes of a set of events or
variables.
-Chi-square is useful for analyzing
such differences in categorical
variables, especially those nominal
in nature.
Anuba Normal Parang Con�nuous 3 or more Each group the dependent P -One-way Analysis of variance
(Analysis Distribu�on random and groups or 3 being compared variable must compares the means between the
of ( shape: sampling categorical or more should have the be a groups you are
Variance) symmetrical din? Pero variable, independent same value of con�nuous interested in and determines
one way ) di naman independent variable variance (interval or whether any of those means
or yan data (homogeneity of ra�o) while are sta�s�cally significantly different
another, kasama sa (observa�on variance independent from each other.
im gona exam so result from variables -Used to determine whether there
get yah im kerii lang one sample is categorical are any sta�s�cally
gonna get independent (nominal or significant differences between the
yah get from other ordinal) means of three or
yah get sample) variables more independent (unrelated)
yah get groups.
yah get - One-way ANOVA is an omnibus test
yah~ sta�s�c and cannot
tell you which specific groups were
sta�s�cally
significantly different from each
other, only that at least
two groups were. To determine
which specific groups
 differed from each other, you need
to use a post hoc test.

z-test Normal random Con�nuous One or two Homogeneity of ra�o P -sta�s�cal test use to determine
Distribu�on sampling variable/data groups ( one variance whether two popula�on means are
( shape: sample z test different when
symmetrical use only one the variances and standard devia�on
) group) are known
and the sample size is large (30 or
more).
-One-sample z-test is use to
determine whether
a popula�on mean is different from
a
hypothesized value.
-Two-sample z-test is use to
determine whether
two popula�on means differ.
Phi Skewed Binary 2 groups nominal NP -The phi-coefficient is one of a
coeffficien distribu�on variables (Two number of correla�on
t (shape: (only 2 independent sta�s�cs developed to measure the
asymmetric possible variables OR strength of
al) values per one associa�on/rela�onship between
variable, e.g. independent two variables.
“yes/no” variable -used in cross-tabulated table
“true/false” and the data where both (two) variables are
“sya o ako?” other is dichotomous. Dichotomous means
dependent that there are
variable) only two possible values for a
variable.