Em 8

LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Title: EM 8- Technical Writing
Topic: The Foundation in Technical Writing
Time Frame: 7 hours
Introduction: The course exposes the

students to the fi elds of Technical Writing. The
educational background required in technical
writing is demanding, because of the inherent
difficulty of the job. It introduces students to the
principles of Technical Writing in the field of
communication; it traces the history, explains
the functions, and discusses the various forms
of technical write-ups. https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/
Objectives:
 Understand the nature of communication and nature of technical writing.

 Employ the necessary basic info in their writing
 Appreciate the importance of technical writing
Pre-test: In 3-5 sentences, answer each of the following questions. Write and send your
answers via our Google Classroom. Bear in mind the following rubric:
Criteria Rating Scale

 Content (Relevance, comprehensiveness,  5 (Outstanding)
originality, insights)  4 (Very Good)
 Organization (Clarity of thoughts, creativity, unity  3 (Good)
and consistency)  2 (Satisfactory)
 Mechanics (Punctuation, spelling, capitalization,  1 (Needs Improvement)
grammar)
1. What comes in to your mind hearing the word communication?

2. What is your own definition of technical?
3. Why is there a need for you to study technical writing?
Learning Activities
The Foundation of Technical Writing
Communication is the transmission of ideas, thoughts, feelings and information from one
person to another person (Flores and Lopez, 1998).
Components of Technical Writing
1. Encoder refers to the writer of the written message.
2. Message refers to the topic being communicated. The contents are factual
information, statistics and measurable elements in business, science, engineering
and industry and in all the formal aspects of professional areas.
3. Decoder refers to the reader of the message who aims to understand the meaning of
a written text, evaluate its significance and use what he has read to enhance his
EM 8- Technical Writing 26
knowledge, effectiveness or pleasure. They may be expected in the field or in related

or another field like the managers, supervisors, secretaries, engineers, scientists,
sociologists, psychologists, technicians, etc.
In many ways, readers of technical materials often know what they are looking for in
reports; they recognize the value of the information. Generally, these readers have need of
technical materials for any of the following reasons (Alcantara and Espina, 1997, p.4):
 They need to read materials (maybe because of an assignment, conference or a
report to be made to Central Management);
 They want to read material (maybe to get informed of an ailment they have or to
reject or affirm a theory);
 They already know something (possibly a great deal about the subject—which is
the topic of a lecture to be given by them); and
 They read for information, not for pleasure.
4. Situation refers to the formal or informal contextual setting such as business,

industrial, clinical, engineering, managerial or social occasions.
5. Feedback refers to the positive or negative response of the reader stirred from the
message addressed to him and the writer.
Writing is a method of human intercommunication by means of arbitrary visual

marks forming a system (Microsoft Encarta encyclopedia, 2003). It is basically a process of
communicating something (content) on paper to an audience. If the writer has nothing to
say, writing will not occur (Oluwadiya, 1995, p. 121).
Technical Writing is a communication (in any field) the primary aim of which is to
convey a particular piece of information for a particular purpose to a particular reader or
group of readers. This particular information is technical, example; it is the formal aspect of
any field from a scientific point of view (Alcantara and Espina, 1997, p.1). It is an exposition
essentially about scientific subjects and about various technical subjects associated with
sciences; hence its scientific and technical vocabulary, its use of tables, graphs and figures
to clarify and support textual discussion and its use of conventional report forms.
Characteristics of Technical Writing
It is (1) objective, (2) clear, (3) accurate, (4) concise and (5) unemotional in its
presentation of facts.
Purposes of Technical Writing (Alcantara and Espina, 1995, pp. 1-2)
1. It gives information that leads to the accomplishment of specific tasks and in the
making of needed decisions.
e.g.: Technical writing gives information on what to do during an earthquake, how to use
safety devices to avoid fire and burns and how to operate new equipment such as the latest
model of computer.
2. It analyzes events and their implications, the failure of certain system as educational,
socio-economic, political, etc., and the needed changes.
e.g.: How does the administration provide solution to the increasing number of student
population every semester?
3. It persuades and influences decision by showing how a business of an industry

succeeds.
e.g.: Just and fair treatment of all constituents such as MSU; bringing the financial budget,
health issues and power interruption to the administration and to have concerned peoples.
Writing Helps Thinking
Many people like to blame poor writing on

grammar and punctuation—which are easy,
defenseless targets—instead of on poor
thinking. Bad writer, however, is often but a
symptom of inadequate thinking; if your
thoughts are fragmentation/broken,
indiscriminately spliced, underdeveloped and
disorganized your writing will be the same.
The solution is to write rough drafts of reports,
using the writing process to gain greater
command of your thoughts. As you become
more experienced as formulating and
expressing these thoughts, you will need to
write fewer rough drafts. Most technical writing
students find that they become more
knowledgeable about the writing topics they
choose. Because writing helps thinking they
emerge from the course with a better
understanding of their technical fields (Pauley,
https://writingcooperative.com/ 1979, p. 5).
A Report-Oriented Society
“Put it in writing.” These words are heard everyday in industry. Both industry and
society in general have become report oriented; not much counts or becomes official until it
is on blue prints.
Technologists spend up to 25% of their time writing up what they have been working
on the other 75% of the time.
Anyone in industry knows the impact

of that 25%. A technical report, on reaching
the reader’s disk, had better speak well for
the person who wrote it. Promotions
obviously depend on performance and
report writing is a highly visible and
persuasive part of performance.
Although your technical knowledge

will win first job in industry, your report-
writing ability will be important to your
advancement. To put it bluntly, when you and another person with equal technical ability join
the same firm, the one who can communicate better will advance first.
As your career progress, report-writing skill will become increasingly valuable to you,
for positions of authority carry greater writing responsibilities. Promotion to more desirable
positions will become more and more dependent on your ability to present and your ideas in
writing (Pauley, 1979, p. 3).
Difference of Technical Writing and Creative Writing
Technical writing leaves its readers specific knowledge. It can be analyzed logically
and evaluated scientifically. It gives explanation to support plausible conclusions. It is highly
specific and detailed. It leaves no room for conflicting interpretations. On the other hand,
creative writing leaves a powerful emotion. The data are viewed in different ways and are
given various interpretations (Alcantara and Espina, 1995, p.4).
Example of Technical Writing Example of Creative Writing
The study specifically A Mindanaoan woke up in the midst

determined the struggles and strengths of night for he dreamt that “twenty centuries
of the Filipinos as depicted and of stony sleep were vexed to a nightmare by
expressed in the novel, discovered the a rocking cradle and what rough beast, its
literary elements and devices employed, hour come round at last, slouches towards
and lastly delved into its implications to Bethlehem to be born?” He was terrified and
achieve effective learning and teaching. was trembling because he got to decide,
The basic design used was the forever, betwixt two things and he knew that
content analysis or the descriptive- a value-oriented Filipino family has an
analytical design which is a qualitative uncontrollable increasing human population
type of research applying the and the facets of global challenges await
Sociocultural Criticism and the Formalist them. Are these flux and influx of human
Criticism. population and global expansions affecting
Findings revealed that out of the the lives of the future nation builders? What
different struggles mentioned, the can be the cost if a family has quite a
struggle for survival in times of war and number of offspring? Can the members of
for freedom was the greatest. It showed the family as the nucleus unit of the society
how hopeless Filipinos were under compete and respond to the burgeoning
Japanese atrocities. offshoots of universal human and nation
kudos?
-Without Seeing the Dawn: A
Literary Analysis -Excerpt taken from Rising beyond
By Eden Gliff S. Pongcol Global Challenges towards Philippine Quality
Statistics
By Boylie Sarcina
Basic Aspects of Technical Writing (Mills and Walter, 1978, p.6 as quoted by Alcantara
and Espina, 1995, p. 5)
A. Final Products (reports and letters, usually the specific material presented)
1.
2. Various kinds of written reports 10. Graphic aids (graphs, drawing and other
3. Oral reports (formal speech making, non-textual supplements)
lectures and informal discussions of 11. Handbooks
technical problems and other aspects of 12. Brochures
the organization or agency) 13. Specifications
4. Business letters 14. Proposals
5. Articles 15. Feasibility reports or feasibility studies
6. Technical Journals 16. Pamphlets
7. Books/Book Reviews 17. Leaflets/promotional materials
8. Abstracts/ Summaries 18. Catalogues
9. Instruction manuals 19. Booklets
20. Research papers/theses

21. Narrative reports
B. Skills (that are made use of in the preparation of the final products)
To quote Alcantara and Espina (1995, pp. 5-6) and Mills and Walter (1980, p. 8), the
following skills are important in technical writing:
1. Special Techniques of Technical Writing, the most important of which are
definitions, descriptions of mechanisms, descriptions of processes, classifications
and interpretation.
2. Writing Style
3. Introduction, Transitions and Conclusions—the technique here is to learn “to tell
the readers what is going to be told to them, then tell them and then to tell them what
has been told to them.” This skill is one of the most important techniques a technical
writer or any writer can possess.
4. Outlines for organizations are undetailed general plans in systematic form may be
considered as “the theory of organizing writing.” They also refer to the skeletal
framework of the manuscript.
5. The Layout or Format of Reports to do with such matters as margins, spacing,
subheads, the title page and the like. While the aforementioned elements are the
most important, other aspects of technical writing such as handling of footnotes and
bibliography and the use of the library are equally significant.
Basic Principles of Good Technical Writing
According to Mills and Walter (1978, p. 6) as quoted by Alcantara and others (1995, p. ),
there are five principles which are very important since they are involved in everything
regarding technical writing. These
principles are the following:
1. The writer of the report must

have a specific reader or group
of readers in mind;
2. He must decide what the
specific purpose of his report
is and make sure that every part
of his report contributes to that
purpose;
3. He must use specific, single,
concrete words and familiar
language that cannot be
misinterpreted;
4. The writer must check every
part of his report to see whether https://www.innovatia.net/
has followed the principles of first. “Telling the reader what he is going to tell
them; second, telling them, and third, telling them what he told them.”
5. He must make his report very presentable in format. The layout must conform to
the standard forms of writing as observed in the real business organization/s.
Learning Task
Read the questions carefully and then explain them. Send your answers via our Google
Classroom. Please check the rubric in page 1.
1. What is the significance of technical writing? (5 pts)
2. How does it promote good relationship between the company writer and the
clienteles? (5 pts)
3. Illustrate the components of technical writing succinctly (10 pts).
Self-evaluation. Search for at least two (2) creative and technical materials available in your
place then justify why they are such. Tear this part and submit it in our next face to face
session.
Creative Writing Material Technical Writing Material

 ____________________  _______________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
___________________________________. ___________________________________.
 _____________________  _______________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
____________________________________ ____________________________________
___________________________________. ___________________________________.
Review of the Concepts
1. Communication is the transmission of ideas, thoughts, feelings and information from

one person to another person.
2. Writing is a method of human intercommunication by means of arbitrary visual
marks forming a system.
3. Technical Writing is a communication (in any field) the primary aim of which is to
convey a particular piece of information for a particular purpose to a particular reader
or group of readers
Post-test. Be sure to be present in our next face-to-face session for a short test.
Name: ________________________________ Year & Section: ___________ Score: __________
Answer the following with all honesty. Remember God is watching you.
A. Modified true or false. Write TECHNICAL if the statement is true. If it’s false, write WRITING and
encircle the word that made the statement incorrect then write the correct answer after the sentence.
_______1. The layout must conform to the standard form of writing as observed in the real business
organization.
_______2. Creative writing must use specific, single, concrete words and unfamiliar language that cannot
be misinterpreted.
_______3. Feedback refers to the formal or informal contextual setting such as business, industrial,
clinical, engineering, managerial or social occasions.
_______4. Technical ability and speaking skills go together.
_______5. Writing is basically a process of communicating something (content) on paper to an audience.
_______6. Positions of authority carry grater writing responsibilities.
_______7. Methods of paragraph development are also called special techniques of technical writing
_______8. Articles are reference books, especially one small enough to be carried in the hand, giving
concise information on a particular subject.
_______9. Creative writing gives information, not pleasure.
_______10. The data in technical writing are viewed in different ways and are given various
interpretations.
B. Identification. Write your answer on the space provided.
_______1. A form of communication in which the primary aim is to convey a particular piece of information
for a particular purpose to a particular reader or group of readers.
_______2. It is an exposition essentially about scientific subjects and about various technical subjects
associated with sciences.
_______3. A method of communication by means of arbitrary visual marks forming a system.
_______4. It refers to someone who aims to understand the meaning of a written text, evaluate its
significance.
_______5. It is the transmission of ideas, thoughts, feelings and information from one person to another
person.
_______6. It is the skeletal framework of the manuscript.
_______7. The contents are factual information, statistics and measurable elements in business, science,
engineering and industry and in all the formal aspects of professional areas.
_______8. It is basically a process of communicating something (content) on paper to an audience.
_______9. A kind of writing that leaves a powerful emotion.
_______10. How many percent do technologists spend in writing?
C. Enumeration. 1-4 Reasons why reader read technical materials
5-9 Components of technical writing 10-14 Characteristics of technical writing
15-16 basic aspects if technical writing 17-20 common forms of technical materials
D. Grammar. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.
1. ‘Where______ ’‘She’s from London.’ A is Amy from? B Amy is from? C does Amy from?
2. ‘What______ ’ ‘Watching television.’ A the children are doing? B are the children doing? C doing
the children?
3. Rob ______ the guitar very well. A doesn’t play B don’t play C not play D no play
4. What time ______in the morning? A are you getting up B do you usually get up C does you get up
5. ______ a good holiday in America? A You had B Did you had C Are you have D Did you have
6. The taxi ______ .A does not arrive yet B has not arrived yet C has not arrive yet
7. Sue went to Canada______ . A since three years B three years ago
8. ______ school in 2004. A I left B I’ve left
9. There’s a good film on TV tonight. ______ A I watch it. B I like watching it. C I’m going to watch it.
10. Are you going shopping now? No, but______ later. A I might go B I might to go C I might going D I
might be go
E. Paragraph identification. Identify the following paragraphs as creative or technical.
_______1. Battering is not simply physical violence, and it is not just a conflict between two people. It
is, rather, a systematic pattern of domination and control. Batterers gain control over their intimate
partners through a range of abusive acts, which may include psychological, physical, and sexual
violence. The intent is to control women through isolation, pain, and fear. Battered women often
report that emotional abuse does far more damage than the physical abuse.
_______2. Most babies are born normally headfirst position. But there are some babies coming out
feet first or, sometimes, shoulder first. This is called breech presentation or breech delivery. Breech
presentation is an abnormal type of delivery and may lead to serious complications. If the baby in a
breech position is large and the birth outlet of the mother is small, this could be dangerous to both
mother and child. Thus, great skill is required for a successful delivery.
_______3. Plants, leaves and flowers give charm and a sense of gracious living. They are effective
and economical accessories for any type of decorative scheme. They give warmth, beauty and life
to any room when used with taste and direction. Like other accessories, their overuse can defeat
the purpose of accent and become monotonous. It is important to select suitable flower
arrangements that truly complement the spirit of the room.
_______4. There are many ways in which we can be peacemakers. One way is to tolerate the
opinions and desires of others. Many quarrels result from arguments in which people become angry
at the opinion others express. Many religious wars have arisen because one party would not
tolerate the beliefs of others. We all have a right to express our opinions. However foolish an
opinion may seem, we should allow it to be expressed, and should not take offense because others
do not think as we do.
_______5. There are three types of breech deliveries: spontaneous, partial breech, and total breech.
In spontaneous breech delivery, the infant is expelled by natural forces without manipulation other
than support of the infant. This form of delivery of mature infants is rare. In partial breech extraction,
the infant is delivered spontaneously as far as the umbilicus, but the remainder of the body is
extracted. In total breech extraction, the obstetrician extracts the entire body of the infant.
References
De Belen, R. and Bobis-Enriquez, B. (2015). Elements of Business and Technical Writing.

Wiseman’s Book Trading, Inc.
Menoy, J. (2013). The Simplified Research and Technical Report Writing. Philippines; Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Gerson, S. and Gerson, S. (2003). Technical Writing: Process and Product. New Jersey:
Pearson Education, Inc.
Portillo, R. et al. (2003). Research and Technical Writing. Philippines: Trinitas Publishing,
Inc.
Romero, P. et al. (1997). English for Business: Developing Communication Skills (Revised
Edition). Philippines: Katha Publishing Co., Inc.
Topic: Writing Style and Its Importance
Time Frame: 7 hours
Introduction: Students who are regular readers

can usually tell the difference between their
favorite author’s tone and style versus another
author. How you write what you write is where
writing becomes intimate, meaningful, and fun.
Objectives:
 Understand the meaning of style in writing.
 Recognize the different concepts in writing
 Find out and apply one’s writing style
http://henryfuentes.com
Pre-test: In 3-5 sentences, answer each of the following questions. Write your answers on a
½ crosswise yellow sheet and submit this on our next face to face session. Bear in mind the
following rubric:

grammar)
1. What comes in to your mind hearing the term writing style?

2. Why is style necessary in technical writing?
Learning Activities
Writing Style and Its Importance
All writing is a process of making choices; style makes one conscious of choices and
provides some principles on which to base a choice. An awareness of style helps one
recognize the many ways a specific idea can be communicated.
Writing Style is the way one can convey thoughts. It includes the art of selecting and
arranging words to communicate a message in a way appropriate to the needs of the reader.
Technical writing should be simple and clear. Simplicity and clarity are the hallmarks
of one’s mastery of a subject. Superfluous words and complexity ruin style. There is no more
forcible communication than plainly stated thoughts. A good technical writing must be suited
to the audience. Short, precise sentences help the reader to quickly assimilate the
information one wishes to convey.
Gobbledygook was coined by an exasperated Congressman, Maury Maverick of

Texas, and means using two or three or ten words in the place of one or using a five-syllable
word where a single syllable would suffice.
Good Technical Writing
Good technical writers are conversational in their style. They frequently use the
pronoun “you,” “I,” or “we.” The use contractions are discouraged but in some cases,
contractions are used when appropriate such as Inc. for incorporated, bldg. for building,
Corp. for corporation, Co. for company, Comm. for communication and etc. the use of
legalisms as “henceforth” or “as per our discussion of the fifteenth” should be avoided. Good
technical writers depend largely on nouns and active verbs to convey their message. They
are specific and their language is natural, positive and direct.
Finally, good technical writers first and foremost consider the reader. Before
beginning to write, technical writers should ask the following questions such as (1) Is this
letter really necessary?; (2) Do I know what I am talking about?; (3) To whom am I writing
and how can I best reach him?; (4) Am I speaking his language or more? (5) How can I
interest him in the topic?; and (6) How can I keep it brief so that I won’t use up too much of
his time? (Leonard and McGuire, n. d., pp. 3-4).
Processes of a Good Writing
Hobelman and Wiriyachitra (1995, p.

122) stipulated that students are trained
to use the methods that good writers use
in writing. Below is an example of the
process that good writers have been
found to follow in writing (Raimes,
1928:21):
https://www.wyliecomm.com
 Identify why they are writing

 Identify to whom they are writing for
 Gather materials through observing, brainstorming, making notes or lists, talking to
others and reading
 Plan how to go about the task and how to organize the material.
 Write a draft
 Read the draft critically in terms of its content
 Revise
 Prepare more drafts and then a final version
 Proofread for errors
Poor Technical Writing
Long, complex sentences, on the other hand, demand an effort of memory that could
tax the readers’ desire to comprehend. It is governed with the following characteristics: lack
of introductory material to prepare the way for the reader; vagueness; meaningless or
incorrect words; use of jargon; use of big words where small ones would do;
wordiness/gobbledygook; use of clichés; use of awkward expressions; confusing sentence
structure; overuse of the passive voice tends to obscure rather than communicate ideas;
hackneyed expressions and superfluous ideas.
Importance of Style in Technical Writing
Technical writing style is important because it helps to clarify one’s own thinking and
helps to convey one’s thought clearly to an audience of readers.
It is commonly said that one should first decide what one is going to say and then say
it. If so, how does style help to clarify one’s thinking? Actually, the composing process is not
wholly pre-set; the final content and form of one’s message are yet to be determined. One
continues to learn about a subject as one writes about it, new ways of relating information
develop and new ideas about audience needs or audience attitudes appear. In many cases
one does not really find out what one wants to say until the writing is completed, revised and
rewritten. At the center of the revision process is a clear sense of one’s writing style. No
literary flourishes added as afterthought, but methods for making clear to oneself and the
reader precisely what ideas are being related.
Writing is an intense form of thinking about a given subject simply because writers
must convey their thought in a medium that pins them down once and for all. It allows no
vagueness and can stand up under repeated review.
The busy and harassed technical audience is apt to understand any message that is
not written clearly, so good technical writing style must have a clear sentence structure,
tightly focused paragraphs and appropriate diction (choice of words). And implicit in a good
technical writing style, as in all writing, is correct spelling and grammar (Leonard and
Macquire, n.d., p. 7).
Elements of Technical Writing
It is important for the writer to consider the goal of effective technical writing to make
information flow easily and clearly. To achieve this, the writer must consider the elements of
technical writing style are the following:
 Functional reports provide useful information either for permanent record, later
reference or for immediate use.
 Informative reports try to limit interpretation to one literal, accurate meaning.
 Factual reports are written as a matter of fact. They must be summarized, simplified
and emphasized, without distorting the information. If the writer distorts information,
he commits professional suicide.
 Efficient reports must have a neat balance between brevity and thoroughness. The
writer must be a master of his material, know what to throw out, what to amplify and
what to write.
 Preconceived designs employ devices such as headings, indentions, illustrations,
cross-references, tabulations, proper abbreviations and symbols, conventional
spelling and punctuations and other standardized formats that enable practice
readers to find out what they want in a hurry (hand-outs).
Practical Problems in Technical Writing Style
According to Alcantara and Espina

(1995, pp. 9-10), they have identified
practical problems in the style of technical
writing. Thus, the writer has quoted three
problems and excluded personal
pronouns and scientific point of view for
the purpose that this fourth problem is
already that familiar to the readers and
that this can be studied and understood
easily. https://tametheteen.com
1. Particular Audience. A technical writer should seldom write with the assumption that
the reader is informed about this particular subject matter. In writing, the writer should
consider first the audience (readers) for him to know what types of readers he has
and for him to know how to attack the subject matter that he wishes to discuss in his
written communication reports.
2. Particular Elements of Style. The writer should pay primary attention in technical
writing such as the vocabulary, sentence length and structure and organization. He
must also use familiar words or if not he must defined the concepts clearly for his
readers.
3. Communication Situation. Every situation is unique with certain elements of the
situation that can be categorized into two such as the users of the report and the
uses of the report (Mills and Walter, 1978).
A. USERS of the report
Who they are

1. How much they know about the subject of the report
2. What their responsibility is concerning any action taken on the basis of the
report
3. What their probable attitude is toward the conclusions and
recommendations of the report.
B. USES of the report
1. As a guide for action

2. As a repository of information
3. As a long-term versus short-term
4. As an aid under-specific conditions
Learning Task
Read the questions and answer them in your own words. Send your answers via our Google
Classroom. Please check the rubric in page 9.
1. Discuss the five elements of technical writing (15).

2. Why is it important to consider style in writing? (10)
3. How does style in writing win the attention of the reader? (5)
Self-evaluation. Search and paste for at least two (2) essays you have written for your other
subjects. Explain the errors you saw and include ways to improve the write-ups. Remember
the rubric in page 1.
Write-up 1 Your Answers
Write-up 2 Your Answers
1. Writing Style is the way one can convey thoughts. It includes the art of selecting and
arranging words to communicate a message in a way appropriate to the needs of the
reader.
2. Gobbledygook was coined by an exasperated Congressman, Maury Maverick of
Texas, and means using two or three or ten words in the place of one or using a five-
syllable word where a single syllable would suffice.
Name: _____________________________ Score: ________
I. Gobbledygook. Match Column A with Column B. Write the answer in the space
provided.
Column A Column B
________1. protective-reaction air strikes a. Act of smelling
________2. combat emplacement excavator b. Glass
________3. pupil stations c. patient died
________4. human interment space d. Shovel
________5. organoleptic analysis e. Cemetery
________6. fused silicate f. Junkyard
________7. distributionally conservative notions g. Conservative economic policies
________8. negative patient care outcome h. Desks
________9. mental activity at the margins i. Insanity
________10. reutilization marketing yard j. Bombing missions
II. Identification. Supply what is being asked. Write your answer on the space
provided.
_________________1. Who coined the term ‘gobbledygook’?
_________________2. The first step in the writing process.
_________________3. One of the hallmarks of technical writing.
_________________4. It tries to limit the interpretation to one literal meaning.
_________________5. The last step in writing process.
_________________6. It is the way one conveys thoughts.
_________________7. It is the use of ten words in the place of one.
_________________8. Reports written as a matter of fact.
_________________9.
_________________10. Implicit features of a good technical writing style.
III. True or false.
________1. All writing is a process of making choices.
________2. Good technical materials are not conversational in their style.
________3. Writing is an intense form of thinking.
________4. There are four categories of communication situation.
________5. One continues to learn about a subject as one writes about it.
IV. Enumeration. 1-4 Uses of reports 5-13 Processes of a good writing
V. Edit the paragraph that follows by underlining the incorrect item and writing on its
top the correct answer. Consider the spelling, grammar, punctuation, and
capitalization.
let us considered what happens when platinum electrodes is used with an electrolyte Of
copper sulphate solution! Two piece of platinum foil are connected to a batterries. One
pieces is connected to the positiVe terminal and the others to the negatives? It are then
placed in a blue copper sulphate solution containing in a beaker. a test tube are filled
with the solution and fixed over the anode. When the current were switched on it passes
from the anode to the cathode Through the solution. It will be see that the blue solution
of copper sulphate gradually becomes paler as the current pass through it. At the same
time, gas is given off from the anode and are collected in the text tube. (J.P.B. Allen &
H.G. Widdowson)
VI. Mindflex 1. List twenty-six words under each category. Each word should begin with the
given letter of the alphabet. Names of people and places won’t be considered.
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Nouns Verbs Adjectives

A N
B O
C P
D Q
E R
F S
G T
H U
I V
J W
K X
L Y
M Z
References:

Inc.
Topic: Special Techniques and the Visual Materials in Technical Writing
Time Frame: 7 hours
Introduction: Successful writers employ a

variety of techniques in their writing.
However, the kind of writing dictates the
techniques to be employed by the writer.
For instance, if one does a brochure, he use
description more than any other technique;
if he writes a fire incident report, he uses
narration more than any other. Moreover,
visual aids are the devices that help the
teacher to clarify, establish, and correlate
and co-ordinate precise conceptions,
understandings and appreciations and
support to make learning more actual,
active, motivating, encouraging, and significant. https://www.goodpello.com/?lang=en
Objectives:
 Understand the different methods of paragraph development

 Apply in writing the different available techniques as to the type of message to be
conveyed
 Be confident in their chosen methods in writing
Pre-test: In 3-5 sentences, answer each of the following questions. Write and send your
answers via our Google Classroom. Bear in mind the following rubric:

grammar)
1. What is your initial idea of special techniques?

2. What special techniques of technical writing do you know?
3. Which visual materials of technical writing are familiar to you?
Learning Activities
Special Techniques and the Visual Materials in Technical Writing
A. Definition- Definition is a useful technique in writing about technical subjects. A

technical writer should define terms that are unfamiliar to the reader; that have multiple
meanings and that are used in a special way in a report. There are two types of
definition:
 Informal definition consists of one or more synonymous expressions substituted
for the unfamiliar term
 Formal sentence definition has three parts: term, genus and differentia. A term
refers to the word to be defined; a genus, to the group or class to which the term
belongs; and differentia, to the distinctive characteristics of the term,
distinguishing it from the other members of the same class.
Species/Ter Genus/ Class Differentia/Description

m
Cholera is an intestinal infection that can be described according to its
cause, symptoms, and treatment.
 Etymology – the historical method of definition, clarifies the meaning of a word

by revealing its origin and the changes in meaning it has undergone.
Example: The word etymology is derived from the Greek etumos which means real or true. The
ending ology suggests the study/science of something, as in biology or geology. And that is the
etymology of etymology. It is the study of the origins of words; how they evolved.
 Exemplification- Giving examples is one of the most convenient and effective

ways to prove a point or explain a rule or generalization. The writer may give
each particular in the form of an example. Since clarity is the aim in all forms of
writing, the use of examples is a good way to make the meaning clear.
Example: Every nation has been the slave of some besetting ideas. The Egyptians were slaves to
the idea of life after death, the Greeks to the idea of beauty, the Romans to that of conquest, the
medieval people to that of the church, the Germans to that of autocracy, our fathers to that of money.
We are slaves to the idea of time.
 Analogy- is a comparison of two different things that are alike in some way. So a
paragraph by analogy would mean that you are writing multiple sentences that
develop upon the ideas of what you are comparing.
Example: Falling in love is like skydiving. Skydiving is a risk because you are never 100% certain
that you will survive the fall. Likewise, falling in love is also a risk because you never know if your
love will survive. As you fall out of an airplane, your adrenalin is pumping, your stomach is in knots
and your heart is pounding in your chest. In love you also feel this sense of euphoria and excitement.
But like in skydiving, love does not come without its challenges. You must learn to lose control and
rely on your partner for help and personal growth. In skydiving you are dependent on the parachute;
without it you will die.
 Comparison-Contrast- Use comparison and contrast to develop a topic by

examining its similarities or dissimilarities to another thing, process, or state.
Comparison emphasizes the similarities, contrast the differences. A paragraph
may use both comparison and contrast.
Examples: An ecosystem is similar to a computer or any mechanical device that has many intricate
and related parts. If even the smallest component breaks down, ceases to work, or is damaged, the
machine will not function properly. So the ecosystem is damaged by the problems caused by
humans, who have upset the delicate balance of nature. Ecology, has become the study of
environmental mistakes and their effects on the ecosystem.
 Cause-Effect- Use cause and effect in paragraphs when you are tracking the
development of one situation or even out of another. Cause and effect is an
analytical mode of paragraph development that attempts to show how events are
influenced by or caused by others—the linkage of causation.
Example: Recurring headaches can have initiate disruptive effects in a person's life. Initially, in
many cases, these headaches make a person nauseous to the point that he or she must go to bed.
Furthermore, sleep is often interrupted because of the pain. Disrupted sleep worsens the physical
and emotional state of the sufferer. For those who try to maintain a normal lifestyle, drugs are often
EM 8-on
relied Technical 26
Writing the day. Such drugs, of course, can lead to other negative effects. Drugs
to get through
can inhibit productivity on a job, perhaps even causing regular absences. Not only is work affected,
but the seemingly unpredictable occurrence of these headaches leads to disruption in family life.
The interruption to a person's family life is enormous: cancelling plans in the last minute and straining
 Illustration- To illustrate is to explain a general statement by means of more

specific examples. Detailed and well-chosen examples add interest, liveliness,
and power to your writing. Illustration makes what we say more vivid and more
exact.
Example: Wrestlers put in lots of time and effort to even become considered great or even
somewhat good. Wrestlers run five miles every morning and lift in the mornings as a team. Practice
goes from two or two and half hours a day. Practice includes takedowns and other technique work
for athletes. They also have live matches and intense conditioning after words. Many serious
wrestlers have to work extra by doing a hundred takedowns and stand ups a day to make
themselves better. Dieting and strike workouts run many wrestlers lives by having to make their
weight limit every week. To be wrestlers, people have to be mentally tough and physically tough. It is
a sport made for men, not little boys. (Wrestling, ~©Jace Oeleis 2005~)
 Elimination- a way of finding an answer or solution by first deciding which

answers or solutions are not possible.
Example: You may have been getting the wrong idea of high school education. Education is not the
learning of the parts of the miniscule flower, or the life cycle of the heptus hupabitis, or the process of
rationalizing the quotient functions in advanced math. Education is not learning how Ramses II
fought the mosquitoes, or how tall Napoleon was. Education is not learning what kind of apple fell
upon Newton's head, or how much force is needed to move a one ton truck five feet. Education is
thinking. If you can't think, you are not educated. All your facts and figures are useless if you cannot
apply them to a solution. Have you got the right view of high school education?
 Analysis- examines a subject by evaluating one of its aspects--weighing

evidence and possible causal linkages. It resembles other forms of paragraph
development, especially classification and division. The object of analysis,
however, is to get to the center of how something works.
Example: One possible explanation for these statistics on cancer can be found in the high levels of
stress associated with poverty. Studies have found that stress can dampen the immune system, the
body's first line of defense against cancer, and experiments with animals have shown that a
stressful environment can enhance the growth of a variety of tumors. The link between poverty,
stress, and cancer mortality in humans has not been proven, but studies have shown a link
between stress and other illnesses.(Thomas D. Fahey, Paul M. Insel, and Walton T. Roth, Fitand
Well: Core Concepts in Physical Fitness and Wellness)
B. Description of Mechanism- A mechanism is an assembly of movable parts having one

part fixed with respect to a frame of reference and designed to produce an effect. This
contains a general description of the parts as to how the mechanism works or how it is
used.
 Detailed Physical Description- A mechanism descriptions’ primary focus is on

the physical characteristics or attributes of the device and its parts. Thus they tell
the size, shape, color, finish, fit, etc. for the complete mechanism and it’s for each
of its parts. Descriptions typically include figures, diagrams, or photographs.
 Part by Part Description- What is done to the principal parts is also done to the
subparts. In other words, the mechanism as a whole is progressively broken
down into smaller and smaller. Then, each of these units is described in detail.
Aspects of the mechanism that needs careful attention when describing in detail
a subpart of the mechanism: shape, size, relationship to other parts, methods of
attachment, and material finish.
Example: Water Pump, device for moving water from one location to another, using tubes or other
machinery. Water pumps operate under pressures ranging from a fraction of a pound to more than
10,000 pounds per square inch. Everyday examples of water pumps range from small electric pumps
that circulate and aerate water in aquariums and fountains to sump pumps that remove water from
beneath the foundations of homes.
Two types of modern pumps used to move water are the positive-displacement pump and the
centrifugal pump. Positive-displacement pumps use suction created by a vacuum to draw water into a
closed space. An example of this type of pump is the lift, or force, pump used commonly in the rural
United States until the mid-1900s. The lift pump is operated by raising a handle that is attached to a
piston encased in a pipe. Lifting the piston creates a partial vacuum beneath it in the pipe, causing
water to be drawn from a well below, through the pipe, and into a chamber in the pump. A one-way
valve closes after water is pumped into the chamber, keeping the water from flowing back down into
the well. Subsequent pumps of the piston pull more water into the chamber, which eventually
overflows, spilling water out of a spout.
Centrifugal pumps use motor-driven propellers that create a flow of water when they rotate. The
blades of the propeller are immersed in the water to be pumped. As the propeller turns, water enters
the pump near the axis of the blades and is swept out toward their ends at high pressure. An
alternative, early version of the centrifugal pump, the screw pump, consists of a corkscrew-shaped
mechanism in a pipe that, when rotated, pulls water upward. Screw pumps are often used in waste-
water treatment plants because they can move large amounts of water without becoming clogged with
debris.
In the ancient Middle East the need for irrigation of farmland was a strong inducement to develop a
water pump. Early pumps in this region were simple devices for lifting buckets of water from a source
to a container or a trench. Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes is thought to have devised
the first screw pump in the 3rd century BC. Later, Greek inventor Ctesibius developed the first lift pump.
During the late 17th and early 18th centuries AD, British engineer Thomas Savery, French physicist
Denis Papin, and British blacksmith and inventor Thomas Newcomen contributed to the development
of a water pump that used steam to power the pump’s piston. The steam-powered water pump’s first
wide use was in pumping water out of mines. Modern-day examples of centrifugal pumps are those
used at the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River. This pump system has the potential to irrigate
over one million acres of land. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.
All rights reserved.)
C. Description of a Process- Process description is explaining how something is done,

thus, it deals with processes and procedures and is characterized by the detailing of a
series of steps to achieve some result. The approach to the description of process
depends on the technical writer’s purpose: to inform to stress principles of operation and
technical details; to convince to stress benefits and advantages of the process; to

instruct to emphasize the level of skill needed, the simplest possible sequence of steps,
the relationships among the steps, cautions and tolerances, the likelihood of error.
Example: Each person has a unique style of handwriting and, therefore, a unique signature. One
problem with signature recognition is that the signature of a particular individual may vary somewhat.
Despite the variations, researchers have designed a few successful systems for signature-based
authentication. Biometric devices based on signature verification are reasonably accurate, but not
accurate enough to recognize specific individuals in a large population. However, signature verification
is reliable enough to be used in place of a PIN in accessing automated teller machines (ATMs).
There are two approaches to identification based on signature verification: static and dynamic. Static
signature verification uses only the geometric (shape) features of a signature, such as the degree of
slant, breadth and height of letters, and space between lines, letters, and words. Dynamic signature
verification uses both geometric features and dynamic features, such as the speed a person writes
and the pressure of the writing implement. Dynamic verification requires a special pen. It is resistant to
forgery, as it is virtually impossible for a forger to replicate both the shape of a signature and the speed
and pressure with which another person signs his or her name. An inherent advantage of a signature-
verification system is that the signature is already an acceptable form of personal identification. It can
therefore be incorporated easily into existing business processes, such as credit card transactions.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Operational Definition- this approaches the description of a process but not

presented in detail. It tells the reader what to do in order to experience physically
or mentally whatever is being defined. It often includes definition with a set of
instructions. It is particularly effective when a specialist in writing for a group of
readers who are not experts in the field.
Example: Thermit is a trade name for a mixture of finely powdered aluminum and iron oxide. An
ignition powder, composed largely of barium peroxide is used and is started into reaction with a
magnesium ribbon. The reaction produces one-half of its weight of superheated molden steel and a
molten aluminum slag at a temperature of approximately 5000 °F in less than a minute. To the basic
mixtures are added oxides of other elements than iron and in this way the analysis of the steel and its
physical properties are controlled. It is a method where ferrous metals are added by casting molten
steel between abutting surfaces.
 Classification and Partition- Classification is a systematic process of

dividing materials into kinds or classes. Aside from dividing subjects into
classes, similar units are also grouped in a subclass which falls under a large
class. Partition is the analysis that divides a singular item into aspects, parts
or steps. Only singular subjects (a concrete subject like a tree) and an
abstract subject (like inflation) can be partitioned.
Example for Classification: Information Systems perform three vital roles in business forms.
Business application of IS support an organization’s business processes and operations, business
decision making and strategic competitive advantage. Major application categories of information
systems include operation support systems, such as transaction processing systems, process
control systems and enterprise collaboration systems, and management support systems, such as
management information systems, decision support systems and executive information systems.
Other major categories are expert systems, knowledge management systems, strategic information
systems and functional business systems. However, in the real world, most application categories are
combined into cross-functional information systems that provide information and support for decision
making and also perform operational information processing activities. ( O’Brien, James A.
Business Application
EM 8- Technical of Information Systems, p. 35. Management Information Systems (5th
Writing
Edition). McGraw Hill Irwin Co., 2002. )
26
Example for Partition: Researchers who apply Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to the study of
consumer personality believe that human drives are largely unconscious and that consumers are
primarily unaware of their true reasons for buying what they buy. These researchers tend to see
consumer purchases and/or consumption situation as a reflection and an extension of the consumer’s
own personality. In other words, they consider the consumer’s appearance and
possessions—grooming, clothing, jewelry and so forth—as reflections of the individual’s personality.
( Schiffman, Leon G. & Leslie Lazar Kanuk. Freudian Theory and “Product Personality”, p.96.
Consumer Behavior (7th Edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey. 2000. )
D. Visual Materials in Technical Writing

Research has established that “people remember about 15% of what they hear and
about 50% of what they see.” Thus if appeal to the eyes increases the amount of information
retained by a reader, the use of visual aids wherever possible should therefore, be
encouraged.
 Charts- or graphs are means of “presenting numerical quantities visually so that

trends of, and relationships among the numerical quantities can be easily grasped.
They may also mean “method of presenting statistical data in visual form.”
 Bar or Line Charts- bar or column charts are used to represent amounts or values by
bars or gradual lengths. The bars may be arranged vertically or horizontally, either for
representing the amount of a dependent variable at different periods of time or for
representing different amounts of several items at one.
Bar Chart Line Chart
 Pie Chart or a circle chart is a circle representing 100%. The circle is divided into
segments of varying percentages, usually to show proportions of expenditures,
income or taxes. It readily shows the reader a simultaneous comparison of the parts
to one another and comparison of one part to the whole.
 Organizational Chart is a diagram that shows the most important aspects of an

organizational structure. It shows the flow of authority and responsibility by giving
relationships between positions.

 Pictogram/Pictograph/ Picture Chart/Drawings are valuable in engineering,
architecture ad descriptive sciences because they draw attention of the reader. They
are effective in representing physical objects and places such as project sites,
buildings, laboratories, shops, equipment, etc.
 Flow Chart shows successive movements of a product or a process. The styles are
enclosed in boxes, circles, blocks that
maybe of different shapes. Arrows are used
to indicate movements of the direction of the
flow.
 Point Graph- Point graphs provide a visual
representation of selected data.
Learning Task
Read the instructions very carefully. Outputs must be submitted in our next face to face
session. Please check the writing rubric in page 1.
 Cutout paragraphs from newspapers and magazines employing different

special techniques.
 One clip/paragraph for each technique in a paper.

 Paste the clippings on a long size bond paper and write down the author and
title of the material.
 Then write your own paragraph employing the techniques after the cutouts.
Here is the rubric for your activity:

 Neatness  5 (Outstanding)
 Completeness  4 (Very Good)
 Correctness  3 (Good)
 2 (Satisfactory)
 1 (Needs Improvement)
Self-evaluation. Complete the table that follows. Tear this part and submit it in our next face
to face session.
Special Techniques When to use… in a paragraph?
Definition
Mechanism Description
Process Description
Analysis or Partitioning
Classification
Comparison
Contrast
Causation/ Causal Analysis
1. Informal definition consists of one or more synonymous expressions substituted for

the unfamiliar term
2. Formal sentence definition has three parts: term, genus and differentia.
3. Etymology is the historical method of definition, clarifies the meaning of a word by
revealing its origin and the changes in meaning it has undergone.
4. Exemplification is the giving examples is one of the most convenient and effective
ways to prove a point or explain a rule or generalization.
5. Analogy is a comparison of two different things that are alike in some way.
6. Comparison emphasizes the similarities, contrast the differences.
7. Cause-Effect shows how events are influenced by or caused by others
8. Illustration is to explain a general statement by means of more specific examples.
9. Elimination is a way of finding an answer or solution by first deciding which answers
or solutions are not possible.
10. Analysis examines a subject by evaluating one of its aspects--weighing evidence

and possible causal linkages.
11. Detailed Physical Description focuses on the physical characteristics or attributes
of the device and its parts.
12. Description of a Process is explaining how something is done, thus, it deals with
processes and procedures and is characterized by the detailing of a series of steps
to achieve some result.
13. Operational Definition tells the reader what to do in order to experience physically
or mentally whatever is being defined.
14. Classification is a systematic process of dividing materials into kinds or classes.
15. Partition is the analysis that divides a singular item into aspects, parts or steps.
Name: _________________________________________ Score: ______________
I. Sentence formal definition. Underline once the term, underline twice the class, and
enclose in parentheses the differentia.
1. BASIC is a simple computer language popularly used by students and
microcomputer owners in which line numbers precede each statement.
2. A marsupial is an animal that shelters its young in an external abdominal pouch
containing mammary glands.
3. An acoustic coupler is a modem that attaches to a telephone handset to transmit
computer information over telephone lines.
4. A hypothesis is an interference that accounts, within the framework of a theory, for a
set of facts that can be used as a basis for action or further investigation.
5. Modems are devices that make possible the transmission of data to or from a
computer via telephone.
6. Hypertext Mark-Up Language (HTML) is a code used to make documents readable
across a variety of platforms and software.
7. The Internet is a global system of networked computers that allows user-to-user
communication and transfer of data files.
8. Assets is a property of business either cash or non cash.
9. Serendipity is the faculty of stumbling upon fortunate, unexpected discoveries.
10. Refrigeration is a process whereby heat is transferred from a place where it is
undesirable to a place where it is unobjectionable.
II. Special techniques in technical writing. Read the following paragraphs and identify the
technique used. Explain your answer.
1. The word run suggests rapid motion, but it has other meanings, too. A clock that runs is
simply operating. A sore that runs is oozing. You find sheep in a run, run butter is melted,
and run-down means exhausted.
________________________________________________________________________.
2. A computer is very much like a bank. Bits of information are deposited, like money, into
the machine, transformed into a numerical language tabulated and stored. And like
money on account, the information patiently sits there until, when needed, it is
withdrawn.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Suppose the cake swells uniformly as it cooks, but the raisins themselves remain of the
same size. Let each raisin represent a cluster of galaxies, and imagine you inside one of
them. As the cakes swells you will observe that all other raisins move away from you.
When the cake has swollen to twice its initial dimensions, the distance between all the
raisins have doubled itself—two raisins that were initially one inch apart will now be two
inches apart; two raisins that were initially a foot apart will have moved two feet apart.
Since the entire action takes place within the same interval, obviously, the more distance
remains must move faster that those must at close range. So it happens with the cluster
of galaxies.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. When two objects rub against each other, forces of friction act on their respective
surfaces. The “work done against friction” is in good part the work done in accelerating
the particles in the surfaces, and these particles, through collisions, in turn impart greater
speeds to particles in the interior of the objects. Thus the work done against friction is
converted at least in part into increased kinetic energy of the particles. In a solid, there is
an increase in vibration energy of the crowded atoms; in the simplest gases, there is an
increase in the kinetic energy of the molecules moving in random fashion throughout the
container; and in a liquid, both types of motion play their parts. In all three cases there is
a rise in temperature corresponding to this increased kinetic energy; by this mechanism,
work done against frictional forces can result in the heating of the bodies involved.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. Isn’t English wonderful? It is wonderfully confusing—and among the confusions is

something called amphiboly. To quote Webster’s Third, an amphiboly is an “ambiguity in
language; a phrase or sentence susceptible to more than one interpretation by virtue of
an ambiguous grammatical construction.” For example: Nothing is too good for my
mother-in-law. There is also the advertisement that tells us, presumably unintentionally,
that nothing is more effective that Esoterica. A friend in Aklan, Marinduque, Valerie O.
Aquino, was impressed by that ad. “Naturally, I use nothing,” she said. My own pet
amphiboly became a popular song toward the end if the 1970’s: If I said you had a
beautiful body, would you hold it against me? An Indianapolis newspaper item reported
that a suspect had been arrested “for entering a bedroom of the opposite sex.”
_________________________________________________________________________
References

Inc.

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LEARNING MODULE SURIGAO STATE COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Title: EM 8- Technical Writing

Topic: The Foundation in Technical Writing

Time Frame: 7 hours

Introduction: The course exposes the

 Understand the nature of communication and nature of technical writing.

Criteria Rating Scale

1. What comes in to your mind hearing the word communication?

The Foundation of Technical Writing

Components of Technical Writing

1. Encoder refers to the writer of the written message.

knowledge, effectiveness or pleasure. They may be expected in the field or in related

4. Situation refers to the formal or informal contextual setting such as business,

Writing is a method of human intercommunication by means of arbitrary visual

Characteristics of Technical Writing

Purposes of Technical Writing (Alcantara and Espina, 1995, pp. 1-2)

3. It persuades and influences decision by showing how a business of an industry

Writing Helps Thinking

Many people like to blame poor writing on

Anyone in industry knows the impact

Although your technical knowledge

Difference of Technical Writing and Creative Writing

Example of Technical Writing Example of Creative Writing

The study specifically A Mindanaoan woke up in the midst

20. Research papers/theses

Basic Principles of Good Technical Writing

1. The writer of the report must

1. What is the significance of technical writing? (5 pts)

Creative Writing Material Technical Writing Material

Review of the Concepts

1. Communication is the transmission of ideas, thoughts, feelings and information from

Name: ________________________________ Year & Section: ___________ Score: __________

De Belen, R. and Bobis-Enriquez, B. (2015). Elements of Business and Technical Writing.

Title: EM 8- Technical Writing

Topic: Writing Style and Its Importance

Time Frame: 7 hours

Introduction: Students who are regular readers

Criteria Rating Scale

1. What comes in to your mind hearing the term writing style?

Writing Style and Its Importance

Gobbledygook was coined by an exasperated Congressman, Maury Maverick of

Good Technical Writing

Processes of a Good Writing

Hobelman and Wiriyachitra (1995, p.

 Identify why they are writing

Poor Technical Writing

Importance of Style in Technical Writing

Elements of Technical Writing

Practical Problems in Technical Writing Style

According to Alcantara and Espina

A. USERS of the report

Who they are

B. USES of the report

1. As a guide for action

1. Discuss the five elements of technical writing (15).

Write-up 1 Your Answers

Write-up 2 Your Answers

Name: __________________________ Year & Section: _ Score: ______

Name: _____________________ Score:

Name: ___________________________ Score: