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Process and Forms of Assessment
Process and Forms of Assessment
2. Assessment is a process used by teachers and students during instruction that provides
feedback to adjust ongoing teaching and leaning to improve students achievement of
intended instructional outcomes (Popham, 1998)
4. Assessment is the process of the process gathering and discussing information from
multiple and diverse sources in order to develop a deep understanding of what students
know, understand, and can do with their knowledge as a result of their educational
experiences, the process culminates when assessments results are used to improved
subsequent learning (Huba & Freed, 2000)
Cronbach (1960) have three important features of assessment that makes it distinct with
evaluation: (1) Use a variety of techniques, (2) reliance on observation in structured and
unstructured situation, and (3) integration of information. The three important features of
assessment emphasize that assessment is not based on on single measure but a variety of
measures. In the classroom, a students grade is composed of quizzes, assignments,
recitations, long tests, projects, and final exams. These sources were assessed through
formal and informal structures and integrated to come up with an overall assessment as
represented by a students final grades.
Assessment Procedures
The process of assessment was summarized by Bloom (1970). He indicated that there are
two processes involved in assessment:
1. Assessment begins with an analysis of criterion. The identification of criterion includes
the expectation and demands and other forms of learning targets (goals, objectives,
expectations, etc)
2. It proceeds to the determination of the kind of evidence that is appropriate about the
individuals who are placed in the leaning environments such as their relevant strengths,
weaknesses, skills and abilities.
The process emphasizes that assessment is embedded in the teaching and learning
process. Assessment generally starts in in the planning of learning processes when
learning objectives are stated. A learning objective is defined in measurable terms to have
an empirical way of testing them. Specific behaviors are stated in the objectives so that it
corresponds on the with some form of assessment. During the implementation of the
lesson, assessment can occur. A teacher may provide feedback based on student
recitations exercises, short quizzes, and classrooms activities that allow students to
demonstrate the skill intended in the objectives. The assessment done during the
instruction should be consistent with skills required in the objectives of the lesson. The
final assessment is then conducted after enough assessment can demonstrate student
mastery of the lesson and their skills. The final assessment conducted can be the basis for
the succeeding objectives for the next lesson.
Structured vs Unstructured
Assessment can come in the form of structured or unstructured way of gathering
data. Structured forms of assessment are controlled, formal and involve careful planning
and organized implementation. Examples of formal assessments are the final exams
where it is announced, students are provided with enough time to study, the coverage is
provided and the test items are reviewed. A formal graded recitation can be a structural
form of assessment when it is announced, questions are prepared, and students are
informed of the way they are graded in their answers. Unstructured assessment can be
informal in terms of its processes. An example would be a short unannounced quiz just to
check if the students have remembered the past lessons, informal recitations during
discussions, and assignments arising from discussion.
Subjective Assessment
According to EnglishPost.org, “Subjective tests aim to assess areas of students’
performance that are complex and qualitative, using questioning which may have more
than one correct answer or more ways to express it.” Subjective assessments are popular
because they typically take less time for teachers to develop, and they offer students the
ability to be creative or critical in constructing their answers. Some examples of
subjective assessment questions include asking students to:
Respond with short answers.
Craft their answers in the form of an essay.
Define a term, concept, or significant event.
Respond with a critically thought-out or factually supported opinion.
Respond to a theoretical scenario.
Subjective assessments are excellent for subjects like writing, reading, art/art history,
philosophy, political science, or literature. More specifically, any subject that encourages
debate, critical thinking, interpretation of art forms or policies, or applying specific
knowledge to real-world scenarios is well-suited for subjective assessment.
Objective Assessment
Objective assessment, on the other hand, is far more exact and subsequently less
open to the students’ interpretation of concepts or theories. Edulytic defines objective
assessment as “a way of examining in which questions asked has a single correct
answer.” Mathematics, geography, science, engineering, and computer science are all
subjects that rely heavily on objective exams. Some of the most common item types for
this style of assessment include:
Multiple-choice
True / false
Matching
Fill in the Blank
Assertion and reason
Informal assessments take different forms in the classroom. For example, a teacher
can ask students to fill out an exit survey with closed-ended questions at the end of a
lesson. In this survey, the students can highlight any difficulties they experienced in the
class and the most important things they learned.
The instructor can also ask students to take part in group quizzes or brief
presentations about a particular subject. Informal assessments allow instructors to provide
immediate feedback to students and address any learning gaps in time.
Definitions
Types
Common types of informal assessment include quizzes, writing samples, and project-
based assignments. In informal assessment, quizzes are used to improve class
engagement and participation. So, you'd find the instructor splitting the class into groups
while every student has a go at the questions.
Project-based assignments and writing samples are intertwined. For example, the
teacher can ask students to create a science project and write a summary of their ideas for
the project.
Examples
Common examples of formal assessment include tests, quizzes, surveys, and
questionnaires. Exit surveys, observation, and oral presentations are examples of informal
assessment.
In some sense, formal and informal assessments can use the same methods. What
matters is how the instructor applies these methods to achieve specific objectives. For
example, the structure of a quiz for formal assessment significantly differs from a quiz
for informal evaluation.
When to Use
Teachers use formal assessments when they want to determine students’ knowledge
based on specific standards and criteria. Instructors use traditional assessment methods
when they need factual data that qualifies a student for the best learning phase, for
example, moving from high school to college.
Also, formal evaluation determines whether a student moves to the next phase in the
learning process. An individual who wants to gain admission into college needs to ace the
required promotional examination.
To some extent, formal assessments are a game of luck—a student can ace an exam
because of the question selection. With informal evaluation, the instructor has a better
picture of a learner's abilities. The teacher can observe a student's performance at
different points in the learning process.
Also, informal assessment gives room for improvement, unlike one-off tests. Since
there's little or nothing at stake, students can make mistakes and improve their knowledge
without undue pressure. Informal evaluation methods allow students to explore different
angles of a particular subject.
Purpose of Assessment
The formal evaluation aims to assess a student's overall knowledge, usually at the
end of a learning experience. Sometimes, formal assessments allow the instructor to
compare a student's performance with others in the same age group or class.
Informal assessment is used to track learners’ progress and identify any challenges
they might face with the subject.
Scope
Flexibility
The instructor can adjust informal assessments based on context and the specific
needs or set of students. For example, if a student cannot communicate their thoughts via
summary writing, the teacher might ask them to give an oral presentation.
A formal assessment uses well-defined criteria for performance evaluation. So, the
instructor cannot deviate from the grading system, even if this system doesn't work for
some students.
Feedback
Both formal and informal assessments provide an opportunity for instructors to give
feedback on a student's performance. However, while informal evaluation methods
include feedback, summative assessment can happen without feedback.
Conclusion
When it’s time to choose one form of educational assessment over the other, the most
important thing teachers should consider is context. Ask questions like, “what do I want
to achieve with this?” and “how does this fit into the existing learning system?”
In many cases, teachers combine formal and informal assessment methods for
evaluation. During the learning process, informal evaluation methods like concept
mapping and straw polls help the instructor track each student’s progress. At the end of
the learning period, the instructor uses formal evaluations like end-of-term examinations
to assess each student’s knowledge and make high-stakes decisions.