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MODULE
2
GLOBALIZATION and
CULTURAL and MULTICULTURAL
LITERACIES
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Objectives:

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to develop a clear and
practical understanding of the following:

a. Globalization and its implication on both the national and

individual level;

b. cultural and multicultural literacy in the Philippines; and

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OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to develop a clear and
practical understanding of the following:

c. one’s personal level of cultural and multicultural literacy

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EXPLORING CULTURAL CONNECTIONS

Objective: To understand the impact of globalization on cultural

diversity and the importance of cultural and multicultural literacies in
fostering mutual understanding.
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EXPLORING CULTURAL CONNECTIONS

Instructions:

Divide the class into groups of 4-5 students. Each group represents a
different country or cultural region (e.g., USA, China, India, Brazil,
Nigeria, etc.).

Assign each group a specific cultural scenario or topic related to

globalization (e.g., cultural exchange through music, food, fashion,
language, etc.).
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EXPLORING CULTURAL CONNECTIONS

Instructions:

Incorporate elements of cultural and multicultural literacy into their

role-play, such as language translation, cultural symbolism, and
respectful portrayal of diverse identities.
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GLOBALIZATION
It is the process of interaction and integration between people,
business, entities, governments and cultures from other nations,
driven by international trade and investment and supported by
information technology (Levin Institute, 2017).
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GLOBALIZATION

Because our exposure to the concept of globalization has largely

been through an economic lens, it is tempting to limit globalization
as something that concerns economists and businessmen.
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THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

• Economic, political and military dependence and

interdependence between nations;
• Expanded flow of individual people among societies;
• Interdependence of expressive culture among nations; and
• Expanded flow of instrumental culture around the world.
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Economic Dependence/ Interdependence

The idea that the foreign-owned businesses could come into the
country and freely set-up shop, thereby choking-out local
industries was not a welcome thought, even though it was
erroneous.
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Political and Military Dependence/ Interdependence:

A survey conducted in late 2018 found that three in five Filipinos

believe that the United States would intervene on behalf of the
country in case of war. (Viray, 2018). Despite the current very
conservative stance of the US on its foreign policies, this can be
taken as evidence of the Philippines’ dependence on both the
political and military power of the US in order to maintain its
sovereignty as a nation-state in the Southeast Asia region.
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Expanded Flow of Expressive and Instrumental Culture

Expressive culture as the term suggests, deals with how a particular

cultures expresses itself in its language, music, arts and the like.
Globalization encourages the monetization of these cultural
artifacts and their import/ export among participating cultures;
the increased consumption of which changed the consuming
culture.
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Expanded Flow of Expressive and Instrumental Culture

Instrumental culture on the other hand, refers to “common models

of social order” (Meyer, 2000)- that is, models or ways of thinking
about and enhancing national identity, nation-state policies both
domestic and foreign, socio-economic development, human
rights, education and social progress.
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Expanded Flow of People among Societies:

The fact that globalization encourages the movement of people between

nation-states should come as no surprise to us. The Philippines Statistics
Authority (PSA) estimates that there were 2.3 million Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) during the period of April to September, 2017, who were
responsible for up to 205.2 billion pesos in remittances (PSA, 2018).
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Expanded Flow of People among Societies:

Meyer (2000) observes 3 reasons for this:

A. Socio-Economic migration explains the Philippines OFW phenomenon.

Filipinos travel abroad to find better opportunities for themselves and their
families for lack of said opportunities here.
B. Political Expulsion, on the other hand has more to do with trying to
escape the political climate of a particular country, thereby forcing an
individual to seek asylum (and ultimately, resettlement) in another more
favorable country.
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Expanded Flow of People among Societies:

Meyer (2000) observes 3 reasons for this:

C. Travel for the sake leisure (i.e, tourism) is a strong indicator of economic
development as more and more Filipinos are able to finance short travels
abroad, fueled by curiosity that is fed by social media and enabled by
globalization.
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Cultural Literacy

Cultural literacy refers to the knowledge and understanding of the

cultural references, symbols, traditions, and values that are
commonly shared within a particular society or community. It
encompasses familiarity with historical events, literature, art, music,
language, customs, beliefs, and other aspects of culture that shape
people's identities and interactions.
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Cultural Literacy in the Philippines

Being culturally literate in the Philippines means knowing and respecting

the customs and traditions that are important to Filipino families and
communities. It's about appreciating the diversity of Filipino culture and
understanding how it shapes the way people live and interact with each
other.
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Cultural Literacy in Education

Cultural literacy in education refers to the understanding, knowledge,

and appreciation of various cultural aspects within society. It
encompasses familiarity with the history, traditions, customs, beliefs,
values, and artifacts of different cultures, both past and present.
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Cultural Literacy in Education

Promoting Diversity and Inclusion: By incorporating cultural literacy into

education, schools can create a more inclusive environment that
celebrates diversity. Students learn about different cultures and
perspectives, fostering empathy and respect for others.
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Cultural Literacy in Education

Enhancing Critical Thinking: Cultural literacy encourages students to

critically analyze and evaluate information from diverse cultural sources.
It helps them develop a broader worldview and challenges them to think
critically about their own cultural biases and assumptions.
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Cultural Literacy in Education

Preparing Global Citizens: In today's interconnected world, cultural

literacy is crucial for preparing students to become global citizens.
Understanding cultural differences and similarities enables individuals to
navigate cultural interactions effectively, whether in local or international
contexts.
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Cultural Literacy in Education

Preserving Cultural Heritage: Cultural literacy also plays a role in

preserving and promoting cultural heritage. By learning about their own
culture and the cultures of others, students gain an appreciation for the
richness and diversity of human heritage.