Features of Javal Java Buzzwords : | a Pay Java has become a popular and useful programming language because ofits excellent features, ‘which play a very important role in contributing to the popularity of this language. The Java features are called “Java Buzz Words”. ‘Dr Kumaresh Shelovant, Associate Presse, CSE{AIML) (00P With 308 Bcs206A ‘imate: > Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax i simple, clean and easy to understand > According to Sun Miero Systems, Java language is a simple programming language because: Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it fter C+). Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for example, explicit pointers, operator overloading, et. There is no need to remove unveferenced objects because there is an Automatic Garbage Collection in Java, Object Oriented: > Java strongly supports the concepts of Object-Oriented Programming due to which it is called a pure object-oriented language. > Java supports major Object-Oriented programming features like Encapsulation, ‘Abstraction, and Inheritance > Almost everything in Java is an object. All programs and data live within objects and classes, “Objects” model Java rather than the “processes’ Java comes with an extensible sat of classes organized in packages. Platform Independent: > The most significant feature of Java is that it provides platform independence which leads toa facility of portability, which ultimately becomes its biggest strength. > Being platform: independent means a program compiled on one machine can be executed ‘on any machine inthe world without any change. > Java achieves platform independence by using the concept of the BYTE CODE, > The Java compiler never converts the source code to machine code like that of the cic compiler. > Instead, it converts the source code nto an intermediate code called the byte code and this byte code is futher translated to machine-dependent form by another layer of software called JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Intropret > Usually, a computer language can be either compiled or interpreted. Java integrates the ower of Compiled Languages with the flexibility of Interpreted Languages. > Java compiler (avec) compiles the java source code into the bytecode > Java Virtual Machine (JVM) then executes this bytecode which is executable on many ‘operating systems and is potable, The diagram below shows the above process‘Secured: > Java is best known for is security. With Java, we can develop virus-free systems, Java is secured because + No explicit pointer + Java Programs run inside a vitual machine sandbox-A separate environment that allows users to execute their applications without affecting the underlying system thas a bytecode verifier that checks the code fragments for any illegal code that violates the access right. Portable: > Java is portable because it facilitates the programmer to carry the Java bytecode to any platform, > In Java, the size of the primitive data types is machine-independent, which were dependent in the case of C/C++. So, these provisions make Java programs portable among different platforms such as Windows, Unix, Solaris, and Mac. > Moreover, any changes and updates made in Operating Systems, Processors and System resources will not enforce any changes in Java programs. Architecture Neutral: > This buzzword means that the program written on one platform or OS is independent of ‘other platforms oF environments and can run on any other Operating System without recompiling them. > mother words, tf based on the “Write-once-run-anywhere” (WORA) or “Write-onee * (WORE) approach > Byte-code is not dependent on any machine architecture and Java Virtual Machine (GVM) can easily transtate bytecode into a machine-spcific code. run-everywhet ‘Dr Kumarsh Sheeavan, Associate Professor, CSE(AIML) 4 (20° wh 30 acs2064 2 Robust simply means strong. > Javais robust because: uses strong memory management There isa lack of pointers that avoids security problems, There is automatic garbage collection in java which runs onthe Java Virtual [Machine to gt rid of objects which are not being used by a Java application anymore There are exception handling andthe type checking mechanism in Java. All these Points make Java robust. ‘Dynamic: > Java is dynamic and extensible means with the help of OOPs, we can add classes and ‘add. new methods to clases, creating new classes through subclasses. This makes it easier for us to expand out ov clases and even modify them. > Java gives the facility of dynamically linking new class libraries, methods, and objects, Itishighly dynamic as it can adapt to its evolving environment > Java even supports functions written in other languages such as C and C+ to be written in Java programs. These functions are ci dynamically linked at euntime. led “native methods”, These methods areHigh Performance: > The performance of Java is impressive for an interpreted language because of its intermediate bytecode. > Java provides high performance with the use of “JIT — Just In Time con, 6/56 the compiler compiles the code on-demand basis, that is, it compiles only that method which is being called. This saves time and makes it more efficient. > Java architecture is also designed in such a way that it reduces overheads during runtime, The inclusion of multithreading enhances the overall execution speed of Java programs > Bytecodes generated by the Java compiler are highly optimized, so Java Virtual Machine can execute them much faster. Dr-Kumaresh Sheelavant, Associate Professor, CSE(AIML) 5 (OOP With Java BCS206A, Multi-Thre > A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. > We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. > The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn’t occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. > Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications, etc. Distributed: > Java is distributed because it encourages users to create distributed applications. > In Java, we can split a program into many parts and store these parts on different computers, > A Java programmer sitting on a machine can access another program running on the other machine. This feature in Java gives the advantage of distributed programming, which is very helpful when we develop large projects. > Java helps us to achieve this by providing the concept of RMI (Remote Method Invocation) and EB (Enterprise JavaBeans). > Java comes with an extensive library of classes for interacting, using TCP/IP protocols such as HTTP and FTP, which makes creating network connections much easier than in cic++ > It also enables multiple programmers at many locations to work together on a single project.Object Oriented: ‘© Object oriented programs are written based on -Who is being affected! around, which manages the increasing complexity. ‘© Itorganises program around data and well defined interfaces of that data. * Characterised as data controlling access to code. Ex: C++, JAVA, Small Talk etc The Three OOP: The three important features of OOP are: + Encapsulation + Inheritence «Polymorphism Encapsulation: ‘* Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates, and keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. ‘© In Java the basis of encapsulation is the class. A class defines the state and behavior ( data & code) that will be shared by set of objects. ‘+ Each object contains the structure and behavior defined by the class. The data defined by the class are called instance variables(member variables), the code that ‘operates on that data are called methods(member functions). inheritence: ‘+ Inheritence is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another ‘object. This is important as it supports the concept of hierarchical classification. ‘By the use of inheritence, a class has to define only those qualities that make it ‘unique. The general qualities can ber derived from the parent class or base class. ‘© Ex: A child inheriting properties from parents. Polymorphism Polymorphism (meaning many forms) is a feature that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. The specific action determined by the exact nature of the situation. This concept is often expressed as — one interface, multiple methods! ‘+ Ex: -til can be used for addition of 2 numbers and also concatenation of 2 strings. System out printin(2+4); /! outputs 6 as answer Dr.Kumaresh Sheelavant, Associate Professor, CSE(AIML) 7 ‘OOP With Java BCS306A ‘System.out printin(-Hellol + ~Gautham!); // outputs Hello Gautham as answerPolymorphism, Encapsulation and Inheritence work Together ‘© The 3 principles of OOP Polymorphism, Encapsulation and Inheritence combines together to make the programming robust and scalable ‘© Encapsulation allows to migrate the implementation without disturbing the code that depends on class. ‘* Polymorphism allows to create clean, sensible, readable, resilient code. ‘© Inheritence mainly deals with the code reusabilityJava programs are a collection of whitespace, identifiers, literals, comments, operators, separators, and keywords. * Java is a free from language- means no need to follow any indentation rules. © Whitespace is a space, tab, or newline.Key Words: Java program is basically a collection of classes. A class is defined by a set of declaration statements and methods containing executable statements. Most statement contains an expression that contains the action carried out on data. The compiler recognizes the tokens for building up the expression and statements. Smallest individual units of programs are known as tokens. Java language includes five types of tokens, They are (a) Reserved Keyword (b) Identifiers (c) Literals. (d) Operators (e) Separators,Identifiers: Identifiers are programmer-designed token used for naming classes methods variable, objects, labels etc. The rules for identifiers are They can have alphabets, digits, dollar sign and underscores. . They must not begin with digit. . Uppercase and lower case letters are distinct. They can be any lengths. }. Name of all public method starts with lowercase. . In case of more than one word starts with uppercase in nextword. . Alll private and local variables use only lowercase and underscore. . All classes and interfaces start with leading uppercases. CP RNFHBAWHE . Constant identifier uses uppercase letters only. Example for valid identifiers: Var_1, count, $value etc identifiers: 6name, var@value, my/name etc Literals in Java are sequence of characters that represents constant values to be stored in variables. Java language specifies five major types of Literals. They are: 1. Integer Literals. Floating-point Literals. Character Literals. String Literals. oF wD Boolean Literals Operators: An operator is a symbol that takes one or more arguments and operates on them to produce an result.Separators: Separators are the symbols that indicates where group of code are divided and arranged. Some of the operators are: ‘Symbol Name [Purpose 0 Parentheses |Used to contain lists of parameters in method definition and invocation. |Also used for defining precedence in expressions, containing expressions |in control statements, and surrounding cast types. 0 Braces Used to contain the values of automatically initialized arrays. Also used |to define a block of code, for classes, methods, and local scopes. u [Brackets [Used to declare array types. Also used when dereferencing array values. a Semicolon _ [Terminates statements. w ‘Comma ‘Separates consecutive identifiers in a variable declaration. Also used to [chain statements together inside a for statement. Period Used to separate package names from subpackages and classes. Also lused to separate a variable or method from a reference variable.The Scope and Lifetime of Variables + Java allows variables to be declared within any block. A block is begun with an opening curly brace and ended by a closing curly brace. A block defines a scope. ‘* Ascope determines what objects are visible to other parts of your program. It also determines the lifetime of those objects * Many other computer languages define two general categories of scopes: global and local. However, these traditional scopes do not fit well with Java_s st object-oriented model ct, + Asa general rule, variables declared inside a scope are not visible (that is, accessible) to code that is defined outside that scope. Thus, when you declare a variable within a Dr.Kumaresh Sheelavant, Associate Professor, CSE(AIML) 24 (OOP with Java BCS306A scope, you are localizing that variable and protecting it from unauthorized access and/or modification. class Scope { public static void main(String argsf)) { int x; known to all code within main x if(x == 10) IT start new scope { int y = 20; // known only to this block x and y both known here ‘System. out printin(’x and y: "+x" + y);x Jy = 100; // Error! y not known here 11x still known here, System out println("x is * + x); Note: ‘© There should not be two variables with the same name in different scope. ‘+ The variable at outer scope can be accessed in inner scope but vice versa is not possiblefe C20) ieee bo } for G= OQ > ji Syngit ty. aohhee . Ltt prot ae eee 2 Jty J | : Ae 5 3 4 CAblecation iss Mone | Cl piteeonise pati at Bi > OW ie ae “AO stable cil dei) 2S ( (8-19 leclass BasieMath public static void main(String argst)) ( OUTPUT: // arithmetic using integers ie nea Integer Arithmetic System.out printin("Integer Arithmetic”); ima=1+1; im b=a*3; ime=b/4; int d=c-a; inte =-4; System.out printin("a =" + a) System.out printin("b =" +b); System,out printin("e =" +0) System.out printin("d =" +d); System.out printin("e =" +e) r. Kumaresh 5, Assoc ProfTYPES OF OPERATORS IN JAVA ¥ Java provides rich set of operators. Y Mainly divided into four groups, Arithmetic, Bitwise, Relational and Logical Pein Prey oe) | A ARITHMETIC OPERATORS “Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions in the same way that they are used in algebra Operator Result he operands of the arithmetic operators must be of a numeric type or You cannot use them on boolean types, [s a but you can use them on char types since the char type in Java is a subset of Arithmetic Operators Sr ee + Addition 10+2 2 Subtraction 30-2 8 + Multiplication 10*2 20 1 Diwision 10/2 % —— Medulus(remainder) 10% 2 4+ Increment 10) = Decrement ‘a= (consider a= 10) += AdditionAssignment a= 10 (consider “= Subtractionassignment a= 10 (consid ‘= Multipliation assignment a *= 10 (consider /= —Divisionassignment ——_a/= 10 considera = 10) X= Modulusassignment a %= 10 (consider = 10), » stiri comRELATIONAL OPERATORS +The relational operators determine the relationship that one operand has to the other. “ Specifically, they determine equality and ordering. “The outcome of these operations is a boolean value. The relational operators are most frequently used in the expressions that control the if statement and the various loop statements. Result Equal to Not ey +*Example: inta=4; int b=1; boolean c= acb: RELATIONAL OPERATORS OPERATOR | MEANING as RESULT < Less than 1<2 True Note: a Greater than b2 False > Integers, Floating, Characters and <= Less than or 1<=2 True boolean values can be compared equal to using equality operators >= Greater than 1>=2 False >Only numeric types can be or equal to compared using the _ ordering operators, ss Equal to 1==2 False l= Not equal to resh SUAUSc Prof. 106BOOLEAN LOGICAL OPERA +The Boolean logical operators shown here operate only on boolean operands “All of the binary logical operators combine two boolean values to form a resultant boolean value. Operior Resut 1 n 7 [oR agi ~ OR aim a TearASSIGNMENT OPERATOR ‘The assignment operator is the single equal sign, +P The assignment operator works in Java much as it does in any other computer language Ithas this general form var = expressi “Here, the type of var must be compatible with the type of expression, “The assignment operator can create a chain of assignments. + For example, consider this fragment: int x,y, 2 == 100; // set x, y, and z to 100 + This fragment sets the variables x, y, and z to 100 using a single statement. This works because the = is an operator that yields the value of the right-hand expres n. “Thus, the value of z = 100 is 100, which is then assigned to y, which in turn is assigned to x. eUsi 1g a chain of assignment is an easy,snayelosat.a.eroup of variables to a common valug, TERNARY OPERATOR “Java includes a special ternary (three-way) operator that can replace certain types of if- then-else statements, “This operator is the ? Or 2: eneral form: sxpression1 ? expression2 : expression3 > Here, expression can be any expression that evaluates to a boolean value. > Ifexpressiont is true, then expression? is evaluated; otherwise, expression3 is evaluated > Both expression2 and expression3 are required to return the same type, which can‘t be void.TERNARY OPERATOR class Tern { 7 public static void main(String args[]) // get absolute value of i System.out.print("Absolute value of "); OUTPUT: System.out.printin(i + "is" +k); ‘Absolute value of 10 is 10 Absolute value of -10 is 10 “10; <02-i: is // get absolute value of i System.out.print("Absolute value of " System.out.printin(i +" 8*4°KSs BITWISE OPERATORS J->Bitwise operators act upon the individual bits of their operands [apa est Java defines binvise operators that can be applied to | sey NOT € ie AND and byte. T ine OR {ine integer types, long, int, short, the bitwise operators operate on individual bits of the De mADECR: Stig Integer types. > Ssh eo It is better to know how integer types are represented = = i ise ANDanigment J<> Binary numbers > Integers E Tie ORaignnent ine eacuive ORasignment Sigh angen Sl igh eo BaigentSemele wel} isin an iter valet either left orgh a specified numberof tines refered to as Let Right Shift Operator ‘Types of Shift Operators in Java shit Operators SIGNED LEFT SHIFT OPERATOR Let shift operator shifts the all of the bits in valve >The symbol for this operator is <<, a FAs a result, the left-mo bit (mostsignificam) is Aiscarded and the right-most positon(east-signifcant) remains vacant, Tis vacancy i illed with Os SIGIR CT am Mela ie eke sg > Right shift operator shifts the all ofthe Dts na value towards FIgh a specified numberof positions > The symbol for this operators >>. >General Form: 1 the meaning is to shift the bits of towards right specified postions >>> shifts the bts towards the right and also preserve the sign bit, which isthe leftmost bit >The | bit represents the sign of the number. The sign bit @ represents a positive number, and I represents a negative number >So after performing >> on a positive number, we get « postive value inthe result also. When we perform > ve number, again wees .negatne salve GC USO the op (lfros) bi filled with the previous content ofthe top it > Thin is called sgn extension ans needed to preserve he sgn of native numbers when we sift them ht. ea fhifip poppe ebb P 4 von fifa pape]Control Statements ‘© Java's program control statements can be put into the following categories: selection, iteration, and jump. '* Selection statements allow your program to choose different paths of execution based upon the outcome of an expression or the state of a variable. ‘* Iteration statements enable program execution to repeat one or more statements (that is iteration statements form loops) ‘+ Jump statements allow your program to execute in a nonlinear fashion, Java's Selection Statements ‘* Java supports two selection statements: f and switch. The if statement ‘+ The if statement executes a block of code only if the specified expression is true. ‘+ Ifthe value is false, then the if block is skipped and execution continues with the rest of the program. ‘+ You can either have a single statement or a block of code within an if statement. ‘+ Note that the conditional expression must be a Boolean expression. Syntax: if () { Example: public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { int a=10, if (@>b) ‘System. out printin("a > b” if (@ a");«The if statement is Java’s conditional branch statement. It can be used to route program execution through two different paths. * Here is the general form of the if statement: Syntax: if (condition) statement; else statement2; ‘* Here, each statement may be a single statement or a compound statement enclosed in curly braces (that is, a block). ‘* The condition is any expression that returns a boolean value. The else clause is optional ‘© The if works like this: If the condition is true, then statement is executed. Otherwise, statement2 (if it exists) is executed Example: public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { inta = 10, b= 20; if (@>b) ‘System. out.printin(“a > b"); else ‘System.out.printin("b > a");‘The switch statement ‘The switch case statement is a mult-way branch with several choices. switch is easier to implement than a series of ilelse statements Structure of Switch: +The site statement begins with a keyword, followed by an expression that equates too long integral value. + Following the controling expression is a code block that contains zero or more labeled cases + Each label must equate oan iteger constant and each must be unigue Working of switch case: ‘When the switch statement executes, it compares the value ofthe controlling expression to the values ofeach case label Dr umaresh Shela, Associate Profesor, CSE(AIML) (00° with Jv cs3068 ‘© The program wil select the value of the case label that equals the value of the contrlling expression and branch down that path to the end ofthe code block. + If none of the case label values match, then none of the codes within the siteh statement code block will be executed Java includes a default label to use in cases here there are ro matches, ‘© We an havea nested switch within acase block of an outer switch ‘syntax: ‘witch (; break ase label2: ; break; ase label: ; break; default: } Exampl Public class Example { publi static void meinStig( ars) { inta=10,=20, intstaus = Warbawaroe 43/56 status = 1 Jelse if (0> 0) { suas =2 else { staus=3 > ‘switch (status) { case ‘Systm. out pritin"a is te greatest) break; caseSystem out.prntin("bis the greatest’); break; case 3 System. out print ‘cis the greatest’); break; default System out printin(*Cannot be determined”) ‘+The break statement is optional. If you omit the break, execution will continue on into the next case. ‘+ Itis sometimes desirable to have multiple cases without break statements between them. ‘© For example, consider the following program: 1 Ina switch, break statements are optional class MissingBreak { public static void main(String argsQ) { for(int i=0; i<12; i++) switeh(i) { case 0: case: case 2 case 3: case 4: System. out printin(" break; is less than 5") case 5: case 6: case 7 case 8: case 9) Dr.Kumaresh Sheelavant, Associate Professor, CSE(AIML) 44/56 _ (00? with Java BCS306A, System.out.printin(” break; is less than 10"); default ‘System. out.printin(" is 10 or morThe while loop ‘* The while statement is a looping construct control statement that executes a block of code while a conditi true. + You can either have a single statement or a block of code within the while loop. + The loop will never be executed if the testing expression evaluates to false. * The loop condition must be a boolean expression. Syntax: while () { Example: public class Example { public static void main(String{] args) { int count = 1; System.out.printin( "Printing Numbers from 1 to 10"); while (count <= 10) { ‘System.out.printIn(count++);She do-while loop ‘+ The doswhile loop is similar to the while loop, except that the test is performed at the end of the loop instead of at the beginning. ‘© This ensures thatthe loop will be executed at least once. dot } while (); Dr.Kumaresh Sheelavant, Associate Professor, CSE(AIML) 0? with Java BCS306A ‘Example public class Example { public static void main(String(] args) { int count = 1; ‘System.out printin( "Printing Numbers from 1 to 10"); do{ System.out printin(count++) } while (count <= 10); The for loop + The for loop is a looping construct which can execute a set of instructions a specified number of times. I's a counter controlled Loop. for (; ; ) { Example: public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { ‘System.out printin( "Printing Numbers from 1 to 10"); for (int count = 1; count <= 10; count++) { System.out.printin(count); } 47/56The continue statement © A continue statement stops the iteration of a loop (while, do or for) and causes execution to resume at the top of the nearest enclosing loop. + You use a continue statement when you do not want to execute the remaining statements in the loop, but you do not want to exit the loop itself You can also provide a loop with a label and then use the label in your continue statement ‘The label name is optional, and is usually only used when you wish to return to the outermost loop in a series of nested loops. Syntax: continue; / the unlabeled form continue ; // the labeled form Example for continue: public class Example { Public static void main(Stringf] args) { ‘System. out printin("Odd Numbers"); for(int continue; System out printin(i +"); + Example for labelled continue: class ContinueLabel { Public static void main(String args[]) { outer: fo (int i=0; 110; i++) { for(int j=0; j<10; j++) { itg>i){ System.out printing) continue outer; Dr.Kumaresh Sheelavant, Associate Profesor, CSE(AIML) (00? With Java Bess06 iy + 55/56 SSystem.out printing;The return statement * The return statement exits from the current method, and control flow returns to where the method was invoked, syntax: ‘The return statement has two forms: ‘One that returns a value return val; (One that doesn't returns a value return; Example: public class Example { public static void main(String{] args) { int res = sum(10, 20); ‘System. out.printin(res); private static int sum(int a, int b) { return (a+b);Jump Statements + Java supports thee jump statements: break, continue, and return. These statements transfer cont acter part of your program. ‘The break statement ‘The break statement transfers control out ofthe enclosing top (fr, while, do or ‘switch statement), You use @ break statement when you want to jump immediately to the statement following the enclosing contol structure © You can aso provide a loop with a label, and then use the label in your break statement ‘©The label name is optional, anc is usually only used when you wish to terminate the ‘outermost loop in a series of neste loops. Syntax: ‘Dexumaeih Shieaan Asai Profs, CSEAIML) Example for break: public cass Examote¢ publi static void main(String) aos) { System out pritin( Numbers 4-20", for(int i= 13 +4) ( 0) break system out print +") ing Example for labeled break: ass Break { public static vod main(String args) { boolean fist: { second: { thie: ¢ System out printn( "Before the break”) I break second; break out of second block System out printn(This won't execute" y System out printn(This won't execute > System out printn(Thisis ater second block”); > + > Running this program generates the following ouput 54/56 fore the break, This is ater second blockJump Statements ‘Java supports three jump statements: break, continue, and return. These statements transfer contro to another part of your program. ‘The break statement +The break statement transfers control out of the enclosing loop (fr, while, do or switch statement. + You use a break statement wien you want to jump immediately tothe statement follwing the enclosing control structure. + You can also provide @ loop with label, and then use the label in your break statement ‘The label name is optional, and i usully only used when you wish to terminate the ‘outermost lop in a series of nested loops. ‘syntax: nf nao tr trek cio he iad om ‘Kumara Shelvant, sci Profesor, CSE(AIML) (008 With Java fcsi06A Example for break: public class Example { public static void main String as) { ‘System outpindn("Numbers 10% for Gti = 1 +40 € =m) break; ‘System out printing! +"); } + > Example for labeled break: las Break { publi static void main(String args) { boolean t= true first { second: { third { ‘System out prntn( "Before the break”); iffy break second; breakout of second block System out printin("This won't execute") ? System out prntin(This won't execute”); } ‘System out printing This is after second block"); , + ? Running tis program generates the following ouput 54/56 Before the break, This is after second block