1024

a•h°'tdP P•" t and applied to the surface C HA P T E R 3S

soft camel-hair or four coats being
bnisji, hours• The followirtg day tbg 8afety Presau ti ans I n t he P tating 8lioy
repeated if neoeesary and by
Pealth mel S@ery or llatí drr/PZ¥ p/eozr Lee jz4g'r i'ii.
which time
With the provision of proper facilities and the exercise of reasonable
Fin'lly, "’ sur°aoe sh°t'd be pr°tected by acquering Or wax poiishing.
Com tron COyttpoSi$ jQq
care by the operatic, electroplatlog ahoul4 not be considered es being on

Ammonia solution sp. gr. 0.g.gp - 70 ales the appr priate safety provisions and the growing use of automatic and
'*?* 'S •/w Anni-automatie equipment is lessening the neod for operadors to come into
S°diu ' Chlorid• — ‘ - — - 14.0 3 2o,/gu close contaet with the prooessing solutions.
Amm0llitlm Chloride — — jd,p l 2oz/gi ckapter, information on safeiy precnutioni and ftrst aid treatment
Ammonium cetate — — — — 14.0 is given on ihe rono i»

”i°° °# '"°°* # • •"G9u° d•l« sviiabto

ana
"^'!’•°' aftiCles such as brush backs, mirrpt
from the highiighlz of the pattern. A suitable paste may be prcpatnd by
rigm°nt such as •BerIin Black• witii „ 1033
of a molt hair brush T f b fng takGn to brush it wen Of the article by means
into the reccsses of the
Electric shock .. . „ í036
. . „ 1037
The artieles are then sat asidg for a minuto or so, and afterwards . „ 1038
Resumitation methods .. . . ..
is protected W sPraying with methxlated spirit. Skin complaints .¡
with a ckar oellulose lacquer. Contents of first aid boxee . . .. 104s

As pan of any safety programme it is reconunended that:

Simple notices be displayed urging staff to us the appropriate safety
At least one member of start be trained in first aid.
Periodic dernozetrations be arranged of oxygen rmuscitstiou equipment,
cyeni‹fe antidotes and other lust aid equipment.
Prooedy ure in the event o( a case of poisonings be laid down, eo thet
Regular safety audits be uadertakczt to easurc that all eguipzneat is io
aafe aad effeetive operatiag conóitioo, tt›et Tflb appropriata protettive
cïotblag Js avaifab1e and io good cocdigoa, and that cbe dret aid
facúftïm

TAsaguüpsmotsssuppGcdshoddtnoorporetsagproprmtisafotykehss«

tu all wet work arees the fi or should ho acid aad alkali proof a•d clv
Yeifl tio•
In shopi where elmtroplating and other chemical treatments
taken effective vmtiletio6 ahoutd be provided. (See also page
1027).

During cold weather incoming fresh air should be warm (if possible) to
avoid condensation.
Where fianamable gases, e.g. hydrogc n, are evolved, ventilation must
be so effective that the low'er 1 i mit of explosion of the gas n i xture is not
reached.
Fume extraction is generally applied to all heated tan ks to control steam.
On tan ks where fume or spray is evolved fume extraction should be pro›’ideu
or z'here appropriate a spray suppressant employed.
VorLing Heights of Tant;s
The tops of tan kS must be of a safe lie igla t above the floor or adjacent
»'*tl kw a› , i I not other w' ise protected to prevent an yonc from falling in.
I u the U . K . factories Act, a laeigl i t of 36 inches is specified, in the German
safety regulations the heigh t specified is 700 mm.
Services
The provision of services e.g. u. a ter, steam, high pressure hot water, gas,
d ra inagc sts oul cl be in accordance with the appropria ie regul ati ons and codes
of pract ice, and colour coded for identification.
Water connections should be provided at appropriate positions for swillin g
of fioOrs and for dilution in case of accident.
DrainS should be so constructed that there is no danger of injury arising
ma rn toxic gases or vapours.
Plant Maintenance
The equi pment should be regularly
maintained and particular attention
given to duck boards, wa]k-ways and cat walks, z'here broken boards may
cause falls.
S*WNY PRRC*UTiONS iN THE PL*TiMG sH0P 1027
The regular periodic examination of all equipment, structures and tanks
should include checks to ensure that there are no faults in the protective
coatings and linings and that corrosion or chemical attack does not occur.
Where it is necessary for maintenance work to be undertaken over process
tanks, the appropriate precautions should be taken to avoid the possibility
of a fall occurring.
Checks on Fume Eatraction Systems
In order to maintain the effectiveness of the fume extraction system it is
important that regular inspection and maintenance are undertaken.
Inspection Schedule
Side Ducks—inspect weekly
Slots at tank tops should be kept clear of crystallised salts etc. Where
inspection covers are fitted, these should be removed at regular intervals and
the ducts cleaned where necessary.
Where adjustable baffles have been fitted these should be checked to ensure
that they have not moved from their original settings and that the required
amount of extraction is being obtained.
S]ip joints and flanges and inspection plates should be checked for leakage.
bans—inspect weekly
Visual inspection of the fan interior and impeller should be made by
means of inspection plate provided and the fan cleaned as necessary. Vee rope
drives on fan should be checked for wear and tension as advised in the
appropriate instruction booklets.
Condensate drain outlets—inspect weekl y.
Outlets on side ducts, trunking, fans cowls etc. should always be kept
clear to allow the condensate free drainage.
Biover f'iyes—Holes in blower pipes fitted at tank top should be checked
to ensure that they are free from obstructions and set at the correct angle.
Fume trenches—inspect monthly.
Inspect the condition of the trench lining and remove condensate if present.
Mechanical Equipment
All mechanical equipment should be regularly inspected and maintained
as indicated in the appropriate instruction booklet
Care should be taken to ensure that guards and screens fitted to the mach-
ines and to equipment are in position when the machine is in operation.
Electrical Equipment
All electrical installations should comply with the appropriate regulations
for electrical equipment in damp corrosive conditions.
The use of plastic conduit or ducting is advised with a separate insulated
earthing system.
 SAFE T Y P R E CA UTIO N8 I N T HE P L ATI N G SHO l• 1029

Equipment operating at voltages in excess of 42 volts above earth poten-
tial, which includes electrical contacts or connections which are not covered
with insulating materials and are within reanh, must be protected against
accidental contact. The covers and wire guards cfc. employed must be proof
against mechanical damage and firmly secured.
Protective clothing
When solutions are being prepared and chemical additions made, and in
all cases where manual processing is being undertaken, the appropriate
protective clothing should be worn.

PLATING PROCESSES & MATERIALS

Preparation oF Solutions
All chemical solutions should be prepared in accordance with the appro-
priate instruction sheets and the safety precautions given in these instruction
sheets careFully followed.
In the handling of dry chemicals provision must be made to prevent the
inhalation of dust.
Storage of Chemicals
Where at all possible, a separate store or storage area should be allocated
for plating chemicals. This store should be adjacent to the point of usage
to avoid the neoessily for transporting sma£ quantities of chemicals through
other departments.
Cyanides must be stored well away from acids.
Sacks and drurris of chemicals should be stored on a dry floor, with sacks
stacked on wood pallets.
Carboys of acids and other solutions should be stored on an acidproof
floor with drainage linked to the effluent treatment plant. Acid stores should
be well ventilated and an outside store, with a lean-to type roof for protection
against the weather, is the most suitable providing that it will also protect
against the freezing of liquids in cold weather. A water supply should be
provided for washing down, and as a safety measure in case of an aorident
involving personnel.
Materials which are I table to generate gas pressure during storage such
as ammonia (aqueous), hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorites should be
stored in a cool place out of direct sunlight. They should only be kept in the
original approved containers. In warm weather, containers should be cooled
prior to cautiously opening.
Where practicable, separate marked measures should be kept for the
various chemicals used. Buckets, jugs and measures should be washed out
immediately after use.
Washing facilities should be provided, both in the plating shop and also
store, so that in the event of spillage, chemicals can be rapidly
the skin. Where acids are handled in quantity, the provision U.K. Regulations require thut approved eye protectors must be used
of a spray or shower unit (preferably with tepid water) for use in case of where there is a reasonably foreseeable risk of injury to the eyes. See Protec-
accident, is advised. tion of Eyes Regulations 1974.

Hanll@ Gless and Plastic Conteintrs HANDLING OF CORROSIVE MATERIALS

For the movement of glass and plastic carboys a carboy truck should be
employed and a sack or other protective layer placed over the top of the
container to reduce danger from splashing should the stopper be loose.
Plastic containers must be handled with care. Rough handling can result in
cracking of the plastic.
Alkalis
Care should be taken when handling caustic materials including sodium
and potassium hydroxides, and also strong alkaline cleaners.
When preparing solutions from these materials the solid should be added
Io cold water whilst the solution is stirred. Caustic alkalis evolve heat on
1030 S API TY PR •CAUTIONS I l't T H£ P LA TJ NG SHOP
sxrerv mcs x uuons in buz rcav,N stoop 1031
dissolution, and cart must be taktn to avoid splashing. or the jocal boiJipg
Acids
of the solution due to the too rapid addition of large qugnt¡t¡gs p gpjjd Particular care must be taken wheti hand]jn8 concentrated acids and
othec corrosive materials; for example, when
It ia recommended that the appropriate protective clothing. including solutions and making additions to chrome plating vats an ey•shield and rubber
gloves, an apron, and approved msistant goggles, be worn. gauntlets should be worn to protect the eyes d yttty grotty gp]gg
When making additions or caustic soda or strongly alkal ine cleaners {o hot
solutions, the alkali should be dissolved in cold water before addition to the For the handling of acid in carboys or plastic containers the followin
equipment may be used :
tank unlese the amount to be added is very small.
(1) a carboy safety tipping stand
(2) a carboy barrow
(3) a plastic syphon
(4) a carboy pump.
Th*s• equipments are illustrated on previous page and below.

Acid aarboy bacrow.

Acid Spillage
In the event or «i‹i i mug* the acid may be diluted and washed away qjt

Tke stream of' water should be directed at the edges or the spillage and
not on the oentre. This is particularly important when dealing with concen-
trated sulphuric acid or sulphuric acid/•itric acid mixtur, which „,ay
develop heat upon dilution.

Where nitric acid containing solutions are used special care must be taken
tOavOid the inhalation of nitrous fumes. Nitrous gases (brown
are highly dangerous. Even inhaling smali amounts can
to the respiratory tract ••p•ciaJJy the tuass. 9/i1 aitric acid the effect of
P°' *i*8isddayOdupto 12 ormo,ehou,s
In the event of spi Ilage of nitric acid, the acid must NOT be soaked up
With Sawdust, straw, rags etc. as the use of these materials would result in a
considérable evolution of nîtrous gascs and represent a fire risk. Use sand
or ‹LY eArth to soak up gpiMage.
1032 9*PsTY PRBC*UT|0NS IN TCP PL*T1NG $mOa
CYANIDES
Cxanide colutions are extensively used in the plating industry. In view
of th eir extremely poisonous nature suitable precautions must be taken.
Attention is drawn to H.M. Stationery Office Cautionary Notice S.H.W.38S.
Details are given of the precautions necessary when handling cyanides, and.
in addition, the First Aid treatment required in the event of cyanide
poisoning. This notice must be prominently displayed where cyanides are
used or stored. See also paga 1039.
1. Swallowing cyanide in solid form or in solution.
2, Breathing hydrogen cyanide gas used as such or formed when cyanides
come into contact with acids.
3. Breathing cyanide dust.
4. Absorption through the skin or eyes. Cyanide compounds are also
very irritating to the eyes.
1. Keep cyartides apart from acid ; they must not come into contact with
each othcr.
2. Cyanides must be stored in closed containers in a place accessible only to
authorised persons.
3. Gloves must be worn when handling cyanides or articles contaminated
with cyanide.
4. Wash thoroughly before taking food or drink or smoking and at end of
work period.
5. Food and drink and utensils must not be brought into rooms where cyanide
is present.
6. Great care must be taken to prevent even the smallest quantity of cyanide
from becoming lodged in clothing.
Warnlag Signs
Ingestion of cyanide compounds or inhalation of a few breaths of hydrogen
cyanide gas in high concentration may be rapidly fatal. At lower concentrations
or when absorption has been via the skin, warning signs and symptoms may
be noted :
1. Irritation of throat.
2. Dizziness, nausea, general weakness, headache, occasionally pallor but
more usually flushing, palpitations.
3. A feeling of suffocation — followed by -
4. Deep breathing, sudden unconsciousness, cessation oF breathing, stoppage
of the heart.
At all places where there is risk of cyanide poisoning the cyanide antidote
kit should be kept. For treatment in case of cyanide poisoning see page 1038.
In normal plating plant operation small quantities of cyanide for main-
tenance purposes are required each day. This means that the 50 kg containers
are not used immediatelx on opening. It is essential that these partly used
containers be kept xealed, otherwise moistum will be absorbed from the
ammphemaoddicm htbcpWsbQQtbetsmM1Qu&ntde o[hyFogmn
cyanide gas may be ovolved. Opened drums of cyanide must not be left in
the plating shop, but kept in a locked store.
Cyanide must not be handled with the naked hand but with dry rubber
gloves, iron tongs or scoops. Separate containers and measums should be
kept for these materials and it is important that they be washed our and
dried immediately after use.
FIR ST II D TE EA ZMEN T
A wide range of chemicals is employed in electroplating and allied
solution processes, supervising personnel should therefore acquaint them•
eelves with lhe precautions necessary for the safe handling of the materials
employed in their plant, and with the First Aid treatment required in the
event of an accident.
The following general First Aid advice is given. It is, however, emphaiisod
that unless the accident is of a very minor character, qualified medical attentipp
should be obtained.
Any cuts or abrasions on the hands and arms, however slight, should
receive immediate First Aid treatment, a covering dressing being applied to
tRewounda{aicanñiiJdeansingwithsuigb1cimprngog2dswxbswbict uo
available from local pharmaceutical suppliers.' A suitable alternative is 1%
Cétrirnide solution which because it has a limited shelf life of one month,
must be freshly made-up.
Entered Phosphate Sol ution.•
Monobasic sodium phosphate - - - 70 grammes
Dibasic sodium phosphate----------------------------180 grammar
Brilliant green dye* - - - - - 0.15 grammes
Distilled water------------------------------------------880 ml.
•If required for identification purposes.
Use I part with 1 part water.
This is suitable for treating both acid and alkali burns. Where this is
not available, acid burns may R treated with a bicarbonate of soda solution,
and alkaline (caustic) burns with a weak solution oF boric acid (boracic
acid).
Treainieni
Any corrosive material splashed on to the skin should be immediately
e'ashed off with copious volumes of water, and then treated as below:
Acids and Acidic Materials
After washing well with water, wash with buffered phosphate or
saturated bicarbonate of soda solution (approximately 8 to 10 per cent
which equals four tablespoons to one pint of water).
 1035

Alkalis arid Caustic Materials

After washing well with water, wash with buffered phosphate
solution, a weak boric acid solution, or alternatively, With five per cent
aoetic acid or vinegar, which equals two tablespoons to one pint of
water.

Chromic Acid and Diclirotriale Solutions and Materials

After washing well with water, immediately wash with buffered
phosphate solution or with sodium bicarbonate solution.

H ydrofluoric Acid Solutions (in reporting. stress HF not ffCl byrn)

(n) Immediate first aid treatment.
Thoroughly wash the burn all over, by flooding the skin with cold
or iced water for 20 minutes. Ttien, if available, rub into the burn Acid
Burn Jet Iy• (Calcium Gluconate Gel) both on and around the burn wiih
repeated appl ications. Continue with applications on and atound the
burn for fifteen minutes after the pain from the burn has ceased
completely.
(ti) Further treatment, where doctor is in attendance.
If the burn fails to respond to Acid Bum Jelly' (Calcium GJuconato
Gel), which may in fact take several hours, then an injection of a sterile
10% solution of Calcium G luconate (Sandoz) should be injected into
and underneath the burn area or the coagulum so formed.
11 is important to note that where necrotic coagulum has formed,
this may act as a barrier and prevent penetration of the Gel in the first
plaoe. If this should be the case, the neurotic area should be excised and
the Gel massaged into the base of the burn in the normal manner.
CyaniJes and Cyanide-containing Solutions and lvfaterial.s
After washing well with water, immediately wash with either
buffered phosphate solution or with sodium bicarbonate solution.
Dressing of Burys
After the appropriate washing treatment as given above, burns should
be dried and then dressed as follows:
For slight burns cover with an individual sterilised dry dressing or with
a rifle pros dressing (Paraffin gauze dressing B.P.C.).
More serious burns should receive medical attention and a temporary
dry dressing may be applied in the form of a suitably sized sterilised individual
Vo o intment whatsoe ver should be applied to ony burns.
Burns in the Eyes
In the event of any chemical, solid, I iquid or gaseous coming into contact
with the eyes, thcy should be wel1 flushed out with large quantities of nerile
nnrriJa/ saline.• A fountain type eye wash bottle as illustrated may be used or
alternatively a squeezy polyt hene bottle wi th a thin polythene tube. Eye wash
baths m ust not be used.
The recommended procedure for washing out a chemically burnt eye is
Lay the patient on his back. Where fountain type eye wash units are
Force open thc splashed eye. used follow instructions on the unit.
Wash the eye with solution from the eye-washing bottle for at least
10 minutes using 2 pints (1 litre) of solution.
Apply an eye pad and send the patient to the Works Surgery for a
further 20 minutes washing ; or wash for a further 10 minutes on the
shop floor, apply an eye pad and send to hospital.
Washing out burns of the eyes with buffered phosphate is now not recom-
mended, but buffered phosphate solution is still used for treatment of burns
of the skin.
It is advisable that a sufficient number of eyewash bottles be positioned in
areas of hazard so that in the event of an • -cident personnel can be given
eye irrigation without delay. It is also often advisable to have a drinking foun-
tain somewhere in the vicinity of any chemicals being used which may be
injurious to the eye, e.g. in a plating shop, as well as having the normal
fountain type eye-wash bottle, see also page 1046, Section C.
A drinking fountain may be used very effectively as an emergency eye
wash and specially designed units are also available.
•Normal saline is an isotonic sterile solution con raining 9 graznzriei n/
sodium chloride per litre of water and is available from pharmaceuticalsuppliers.
 S3PETY PxPCAUTiONS iN THR PLAT1NG SHOP 1057
ELECTRIC SHOCK
FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR POISONS
Severe electric shock affects the nerves controlling the breathing and the WHICH ARE SWALLOWED
action of the heart. The victim may become uncOnScious and die unless
prompt aid is given. In the event of poiconing, the patient should be sent to hospital os soon as
Before touching the injured person, make sure that he is not in contact possible. Full information on the poison taken should be provided—if this
with a I ive conductor ; if it is at all possible, switch off the current. If it is not in/ormotion is not avariable , Ihen a sample of the material taken, together with
possible to switch OP cite current try to remove the live conductor by pushing any somil. and coytoiners shoyld be sent to the hospitcil with thr patient. co
it away from the injured person, using a dre plct o|F wood ou othet non- thai /fie particular poison can be identified.
conductor. When it is not possible to carry out any of the foregoing, then
the injured person must be pulled clear from the l ive conductor, but extreme
care must be taken. Pull the person clear by grasping his clothing, if it is Teeutmeut for Specific Poisons
dry, or use your own coat or tie round his leg or arm. If possible, stand on
a pince of dry wood, rubber or any other insulator. POŒOh
Apply mouth tO mouth artificial respitati on as described on page 104 t
A*ids: sucI4 as
if ihe Qetson has Stopped breathing, and this must be continued until the
person commences breathing or until a doctor arrives. i â
lime water oesaÉm‘d/u aydr de
Apply external cardiac compression if necessary. gel. Rep@t the dose at sfiorc inter-
Use oxygen rescusitation equipment as soon as Possible. ab/e oil.
'" 4 dose‘ d :’tab“! fut (20 ml)'of
medical parafhn ai1 5-minute iniervals.

: such as ( ) Dilute w.th laege quant itics of water

: ,a,i
Soüa to whicn a mild acid suclt as 5 per
Amnionii cent aceric aeid or vinegar or lemon
juice has been added, until the
INDUCTION OF VOMITTNG B d “ um'hydroxides, etc. alkali appears to be neutralised.
g c eanen (3) Follow with 4 doses of one table-
Stomach washout should only be used for the most toxiC anü rapidly Sod ium % spoonful (20 ml) of medicinal para-
act ing su bstances. It should not be used after four hours nor after ingestion ffin at intervals of l S minutes.
of corrosive substances of hydrocarbon sol vents. 4)Giew|ŒeoCeggormûb
The preferred method of inducing vomiting is to administer 10 IO 20 ml
of the emelic f pecacuanha Tincture (B.P.) under medical supervision,
followed by a similar dpse, if necessary, after 20 minutes. d$q d um cyanide
All c,:.id,:
haryngeal stimulation may be used but is not often effective in causing
Steel bronze, etc.
Admin istrafiion of salt solution shoul d not be carried out and no attempt spoonFul où sodium thiosulphate
(hypo)in apiotofwaer.
should be made to induce vomiting in unconscious or semi-conscious people. (3) Administcr a tablespoonful (20 ml) of
milk of magnesia, a glass (200 to 230

Treat initially as cyanide poisoning.

Induce vomiting if patient is conscious,

CYANIDE POISONING
Cyanide of sodiurrt and other cyanides and hydrogen cyanide gas and
liquid are deadly and extremely rapid poisons. See also page 1032.
Warning signs include:
1. Irritation of throat.
2. Dizziness, nausea, general weakness, headache, occasionally pallor bu t
more usually flushing, palpitations.
3. A feeling or' suffocation — followed by —
4. Deep breathing, sudden unconsciousness, cessation of breathing, stoppage
of the heart.
Death from cyanide poisoning can be virtually instantaneous but also
can oocur up to an hour later depending on tht quantity of poison taken
and the htalth and strength of the patient.
SPEED IS ESSENTIAL
I. Remove patient to fresh air and keep him warm and at rest.
2. Contaminated clothing must be removed or cut away and any solid cyanide
removed from the skin by gentle brushing. Skin and eyes should lhen
be washed copiously with water to remove all cyanide.
3. Break
Administer oxygen.
4. a capsule of Amyt Nitrite* into a handkerchief and let him inhale
the vapour for I5 to 30 seconds. Repeat every 2 to 3 minutes until capsule
exhausted. A second capsule may be used.
5. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration — the mouth to mouth
method should not be used because of the danger to the first aider of
absorbing cyanide i'rom the patient’s breath. (Sylvester’s method page 1042.)
6. Continue to administer onygen.
7. If a doctor is not. immediately available, transport patient to hospital as
soon as possible. The cyanide antidote kit should be sent with the patient.
Treatment if Cyanide has been Swallowed
In the unlikely event that cyanide compounds are swallowed, about a tumbler-
ful of a mixture of solutions A and B (ryuo/ volumes of ) may be of value if
taken within a few minutes.
Solution A•.’ I 58g BP ferrous sulphate crystals (FeSO 7H O) and 3g BP
citric acid crystals dissolved in 1 litre of cold distilled water.
lsolttiqi y @4; bag anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na9COt) dissolved ie 1 litre
of distilled water.
The ferrous sulphate solution must be stored away from direct sunlight and
must be renewed at least every three months. The sodium carbonate solution
will keep indefinitely.
*Warning: Amyl nitrite is highly inflammable and there must be no source of igni-
tion present during its use. Amyl Nitrite capsules should be stored at temperatures
below l5°C for maximum shelf life. (Rxpiry date given by the supplier). At temprm-
turns above 13°C, shelf life canoot be guaraatood and capsule should be replaced
at leaet every six zaonths.
At 6Il plaoes wbere there is
a risk of cyanide poisoning, a
clearly marked bos — “FirSt
Aid — Cyanide Antidote Kit” —
should be kept. The box should
contain scissors (for cutting
cloth), capsules of amyl nitrite,
ampoules of Kelocyanor (300 mg
dicobalt edetate in 20 rril glucose
solution), ampoules of sodium
thiosulphate (50 ml of 50%
W/V BPC), 20 ml and 50 ml
disposable syringes and needles.
jt i$ jyppttyt for the safety of rescuers that they be trained in the use of and wear
appropriate respiratory protective equipment whenever the presence of gaseous
cyanide is suspected.
Rescuers should wear self-containcd °r air-line breathing apparatus meeting the
standards of BS 4667: 1971 Part 1. 2 or 3. First aiders should also wear breathing
pparatus during the mrnoval of clothing splashed with hydrogen •ranide liquid
untij there is no longer any risk of their inhaling the vapour, unless splashing is alight
and the patient has been removed to fresh air when a canister respirator fitted with
TypcDo,SHCxnucmeeGngtRc1andadsofBS2091:l969maYtmwom.
Note to Medical Practitioner:
Medicat treatment is a matter of clinical judgement for the doctor in indidualc8ses
3jyp tp}J yipg are given as guidelines and should only he carried put t›y a qualified
medical practitioner.
ir when all circumstance arc considered, the doctor accepts the case
cyanide poisoning mad thst it has failed to respond to I\rst
is recomiriended:
1. Continue to administer ozy8en.
2. IN ‹he patient i$ upp nscious or lapsing into unconsciousness, inject slowly lover
about 3 to 4 minutes) by the intravenous route, one ampoule containing 300 mg
dicobalt edctate in 20 ml glucose solution (Kelocyanor). Rapid intravenous
injgqtiona f cobalt salts am likely to cause severe anaphylactic reactions anA
cardiac arrhythmias. dicosait edetate, then 50 ml
If theze is little immediate response to intravw•.bus
of 50 % sodium thiosulphate solution should be given by slow' intravenous in-
jection (over about 5 to 6 minutes).
Ir itie patient does not return to consciousness within l0 minutes, the proc dur s
dg iyd ip para 2 and 3 above should be mpfâted.
gq tpgq is a substantial hazard from the manufacture or ust of Ty nide
cpmpounds and where medical treatment is procurablo suicktr, th* m°ans for add'
tering these injections should be kept available.
RmuGaGon W$ containing ampoules of these solutions are available com-
The aboye fury-carnation on czayiide poise its is taken Ir•m H.M. St• ri•nery Oh icr
Caytionar y Notice S.H.IF.385.
1840 S*FeTY PRECAUTIONS iN THP P1*TING SHOP
METHODS OF ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
In this section, three methods of resuscitation are described:
1. Oxygen resuscitation
2. Mouth to mouth respiratory resuscitation
3. Sylvester respiratory resuscitation.
It is recommended that where cyanides are employed and in other areas
of risk, oxxBen resuscitation equipment should be readily available.
(1) Oxygen Resuscitation
Oxygen/air is the most effective method of resuscitation in cases of poison-
ing, electric shock etc. and it is recommended that suitable equipment be
provided in situations where thtre is any foreseeable risk.
Oxygen should be used where respiration or heart action is impaired or
has ceased to function. Examples of such situations are:
drowning
passing, e.g. by carbon-monoxide
poisoning, e.g. with cyanide
heart attack and circulatory collapse, i.e. cardiac failure
stoppage of heart beat and severe crush injuries
respiratory troubles, i.e. bronchitis and severe asthmatic attacks
chest and brain injuries
shock due to electrical and other accidents
Reference to the use of oxygen in case of cyanide poisoning is made on
page 1038 and in the event of electric shock on page 1036.
If the patient is found to be unconscious there may be signs or as n xiv
i.e. a blueness or cyanosis of the I ips, ear tips and nail beñs. In this situation
oxygen must be given on tht spot as an emergency treatment.
&fore giving oxygen treatment or other resuscitation clear airways by
placing the patient onto his back with support under the shoulders and tilting
head back. Remove any obstruction in the air passages e.g. dentures, debris,
foreign bodies and vomit.
The onygen resuscitation equipment must be used in accordance with the
instructions provided, to give a fortified oxygen air mixture in the evtnt of
weak breathing or positive pmssurc resuscitation if breathing is irregular
or has ceased.
(2) MouWToMonhRespiraoy Re,u1afon
This method is recommended for use in case of electrical shock ; it must
not however be used when poisons have been taken by mouth in solid or
liquid form.
Fig. 2 Fig. 3
Fig. I
Treatment
1. Place casualty on his back.
2. Clear his mouth and nose quickly by wiping with a handkerchief, and his
throat using index and middle finger of your hand. Approach casualty
from either side. Pull up lower jaw with one hand and with other hand
ti It head as far back as possible. This fully stretches the front of neck giving
a free and unrestricted air passage. (see fig. 1).
Open your mouth wide and place as tightly as possible over patient’s
open mouth. At the same time pinch his nostrils shut with the hand which
is holding the head backwards. (see fig. 2).
A Brook-Airway, • if readily available, mo*' be used when administering
mouth to mouth resuscitation in order to eliminate the need for dirert
contact between the mouth of the first aider and that of the patient.
4. Blow air hard into patient’s mouth about every i'our or five seconds removing
one’s mouth after each blow, until patient’s chest ig seen to rig pppt •
eously and then fall on the air return.
5. If his chest does not rise and there is no sound aI breathing resume blowing
rhythmically every four or five seconds and continue until the casualty
starts breathing.
1042 SA F z T Y P R e CA U T I O N S i N T++ z P c xT ING s iiOP
6. From time to time check the head position and make sure his tongue is
not blcicking his throat.
7. If the chest still fails to rise and fall then turn victim on his side ana slap
him sharply between the shoulder blades (see fig. 31 cleaning out foreign
matter from mouth and throat as in fig. 1 and resume blowing (paragraphs
4 and 5).
8. Keep casualty warm, after he has revived treat him as a stretcher case,
however well he feels.
9. If necessary continue respiratory resuscitation by applying oxygen mask.
(3) Sylvester Respiratory Resuscitation
This method is recommended where poisons may have been taken by
mouth in solid or liquid form and particularly in case of cyanide poisoning.
1. Lay casual ty on his back on a firm surface.
2. Raise his shoulders on a folded jacket or in some other way (fig. 1).
The Sylvester rrie thou o)“ Respirator f' Resuscitut i’on.
3. Kneel astride the casualty's head.
! If these materials, used in chromium plating, chromic acifi anodising and
4. If necessary, turn his head to one side to clear out the mouth.
5. Grasp his wrists, cross them near to lower part of his chest.
6. Rock your body forward and press down on the casualty’s chest keeping
your arms extended (fig. 2).
7. Release the pressure and with a sweeping movement firaw the casualty’s
arms backwards and outwards as far as possible (figs. 3 and 4).
8. Repeat the procedure rhythmically (twelve times per minute).
9. Keep the mouth clear.
SAfETY PRECAUT1DNS IN THE PLATTNG SHOP 1043
P R OTE C TION OF THE S4f IN
Where industrial dérmnti/ii develops, this is often due to neglect on
the part of the operator to wash off immediately any chemicals, in thi form
of either solution or salts, from the skin. Personal cleanliness is of the utmost
importance, and it is important to note that cotton waste or rag, if used to
wipe off oils, etc., from the skin, should not be kept in the trouser pocket.
Chemicals liable to cause dermatitis include alkalis, chromic acid,
ehromates and dichromates, nicked salts, formaldehyde. Solvents such ai
paraffin and trichloroethylene remove the natural grease from the skin and
thus render it more liable to damage by other substances.
Where dermatitis occurs, medical aid should be sought.
Protective Clothing
Protective clothing is effective in reducing skin contact. This must be
kept in good condition, being cleaned and washed regularly. (See also
page 1 029.)
Barrier Creams
As an additional precaution against dermatitis, the use of a barrier cream
is recommended. These are useful aids for the prevention of dermatitis, and
in particular nickel itch, chrome sores and cyanide sores.
A range of barrier creams is available to meet varying work conditions,
for example. fiozo/ex No. 8 hcirrirr crc›am' provides protection of thg skin in
wet conditions, and is particularly useful for those handling acids, alkalis and
general chemicals. It is applied to the hands before work.
lt is important that barrier creams be used only as a protective aid and
that the greatest care be taken to avoid contact between corrosive chemicals
and the skin.
Skin Cleaners
The use of barrier creams before work will generally dispense with the
need to use skin cleaners other than soap.
Where materials other than soap are used, it is imponani that these
should be as weak as possible, consistent with effective cleaning, and that
they be completely removed from the skin by washing with soap and water.
For the removal of gross dirt and grease a number of effective proprietary
hand cleaners are available; the Department of Employment in its handbook
of industrial dermatitis recommends the use of any skin cleaners which contain
10 per cent sulphonated castor oil as a constituent. These should be used as
directed on the container.
Chroinlc Acid arid Acid Cfiromates
in chromate passivation processes come into contact with the skin a chronic
type of ulceration can result. Ulceration of the skin is usually the outcome of
lack of personal measures of protection. Nasal ulceration is usually due to
airborne mist, spray or dust.
In the U.K. and in many other countries the level of spray from electro-
lytie chromic acid processes must be limited by the use of exhaust extraction
or of a spray suppressant e.g. ñfinisisr.
To protect the skin and in particular the nasal passages against chrome
ulceration an ointment consisting of 1 part lanolin and 3 parts soft paraffin
jelly is recommended.• This ointment should be applied regularly to each nasal
passage if there should be any soreness or irritation of the nasal passages.
1044 SA FET Y P it E C A U THE N S I N TO I- P L A TI N G S H 0 P

Any breaches of the skin shouia be covered with waterproof adhesive

plaster. The use of a chelating disodium calcium edetate ointment‘ will speed CONTENTS OF FIRST AID BOXES OR CUPBOARDS
up the healing of the indolent (painless) ulceration. A. Statutory Requirements — Health & Safety at Work Aci — Factory
Regulations
Minimum Requirements
No. of Employees
10 or
less I1—50 50 -
(1) A copy of the leaflet giving advice on
first aid treatment (Form 1008) issued
by the Health and Safety Executive.*
(2) A sufficient number of small sterilised
unmedicated dressings for injured
6 12 24
fingers.
(3) A suficient numbcr of medium-sized
sierilised unmedicated dressings for
injured hands or feet. 6 12

(4) A sufficient number of large sterilised

unmedicated dressings for other injured
parts. 6 12

(5) A sufhcient number of adhesive wound

dress ings of an approved type and of
assorted sizes. 12 24 36

Chronic Acid Mist Test Set“ (6) A sumcient number of triangular ban-
dages of unbleached calico, the longest
This test set provides all the a pparatus and reagents necessary for carrying side of which measures not less I han
out the regular tests for chromic acid in the atmosphere required under the 1295 mm (5 I inches) and each of the
Chromium Plating (Amendment ) Regulations 1973. other sides not less than 915 mm (36
inches). 4
The current threshold limit is 0.1 ing CrO3 per cubic metre.
U.K. regulations requirc a regular test, at least once every 14 days of
the atmosphere above electrolytic chromic acid tanks in order to ensure (7) A sufficient supply of adhesive plaster.
that the spray evolved is below the I hreshold limit.
(8) A sufficient supply of a bsor bent sterilised
co I ton wool in half ounce packets.
(9) t A suficient su pply of approved eye
ointment in a container of an approved
This is a not uncommon condition of I he skin caused by nickel salts type and size.
resulting in an irritating rash usually affecting hands and arms. Such a rash
usually occurs in a person who may have become sensitised to nickel at some (l0) A sufficient number of sterilised eye-
time in the past, and they usually give a past history of such sensitization to pads in separate sealed packets. 8
nickel plated metal articles, for example watch straps, metal necklaces, or in
the past meta] suspenders or bra straps with metal pieces. (II) QA rubber bandage or pressure bandage.
When there is a past history of nicked sensitivity it is wise to move the person
away from contact with nickel in any form, otherwise a severe sensitivity (12) Safety pins.
reaction may occur. If on the other hand there is no such obvious history then
follow the usual precautions as outlined on page 1 043 — Protection of the Sk in. ‘ Obtainable from H.M. Stat ioyer y O ffice.

pressure bandages for first aid purposes and the Health and Safety Executive
therefore dace not insist upon the inclusion of thece items in first-aid boxes.”
 sarriv zezcavilows x ixe Ps*nxo sxoP lg›47

B. Recommended Additional Items for Factory First-Ald Eoxes (4) Two tubular steeJ chairs.
(1) One cotton wool dispenser. (5) One couch 1.8 m x 0.6 m (6 ft x 2 It), with tubular steel frame for
(2) Packets of cotton wool for the dispenser. rest room.
(3) 250 ml ( 10 oz) rubber or 8lass stoppered bottle containing one per cent (6) One stretcher, plus one pair trestles for stretcher.
Cetrimide B.P. or suitable impregnated swabs. See page 1033. (7) Four blankets.
(4) 50 ml t2 oz) Gallipot (small container). (8) Two hot water bottles.
(s) Bottle oF plaster remover.
(6) Splinter forceps. (9) Assorted Splints (three sets) or infiatab Ie splints.
(7) Paracetamo 1 tablets. (10) One bin for soiled dressings.
(8) Ten tulle gras dressings (Parafhn gauze dressing B.P.C.), size 10 cm (11) One or two mail brushes.
x 10 cm (4 in x 4 in). (12) Two plastic tumblers.
(9) Tablets of soap or soap dispenser. 113) One x two pint jug,
(10) Paper handkerchieFs or tear-off paper towels.
( 14) One teaspoon.
(11) Tie-on labels for casualties.
(15) Thtoe 150 mm (6 in) kidney dishes.
C. Recommended Additiorial Items for Platiog Shop First-Aid Boues (16) Three 2(D nlm (8 in) bowls.
Drinking fountain and eye wash bottle easily accessible from areas of risk. (17) Two 125 mm (5 in) scissors (blunt nosed with chain).
Eye wash bottle should contain sterlle normal saline. See page 1035. (18) One eye bath.
Burn dressings, i.e., tulle gras dressings (Paramn 8auze dressing B.P.C.). (19) One dressing forceps, medium pointed 1i 0 mm (4j in).
Barrier cream suitable for the work undertaken. EEC HAZARD WARNING SYMBOLS
Chronüuœ Platlog The range oF hazard symbols which are employed in the labelling and
A sufficient supply of assorted sizes of waterproof adhesive wound dressing packaging of all chemical substances are illustrated below. They are all, with
and of waterproof adhesive plasters (requirement of Chromium Plating the possible Inception or' the St. Andrew’s Cross device, already familiar but
Regulations, 1931). less well known may be the basis of the classification employed.
Chrome Ointment — One part lanolin, three parts soft parafhn to be applied Toxie
up each nostril prior to work and at break times. Available as Paralanol
see page 1043. Materials are toxic if when inhaled or taken internally or
Calcium Edetate Chrome Ulcer Ointment — for application to han&. See if they penetrate the skin may involve serious. acute or
page 1044 for details and supplier. (P-or nasal ulceration a topical cortico chronic health risks and even death.
steroid preparation is usually advised.)

Oxy8en Resuscitation equipment. See pa8c t048 for details and supplier. Materials are corrosive if on cñntact with living tissues
Cyanide Antidote Kit. Sin amyt nitrite ampoules plus pads. Dicobalt
edetate ampoules for intravenous injection by medical practitioner or under

Ü
a medical practitioner’s direction. See page 1039 for details and supplier. these are destroyed.

Where hydrofluoric acid or acid fluorides are employed the following should
be available: Materials are considured harmful if in the abovc circum-
Hydrofiuoric Acid Burns Jelly. Sec page 1034 for details and supplier. stances they involve limitéd health risks and irritant if
Calcium Gluconate Gel. through immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the
Sterile 10 per œnt Calcium Gluconate. skin or mucous membrane can cause inflammation.
3ppropriote O icial Cautionory Notices muse be di.cpla yed.
Explosive
n. rmsi noon — nccos msnzo Eoua• Substances and preparations which may explode under
(1) Basin with hot and cold water. the effect of flame or whicb are more sensitive to shocks or
(2) Five hand towels. friction than nitrobemne are classified as Explosive.
(3) Glass topped trolley or a plastic topped table.