Last: Page 168

SEPTEMBAR 2023
Page 249 - Criminal Procedures

Last Notes: Page 105

Chair's
Cases
Remedial 20
Law 23
Digest of cases penned by
Associate Justice Ramon #HernanDoIt
Paul Hernando #Hernandonuts
 SEPTEMBAR 2023

BAR OPERATIONS: HERNANDO

SIBLINGS EDITION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special thanks to the following contributors:

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"Always remember, chance favors the #HernanDoIt

prepared one." - J.Hernando #Hernandonuts
All the best to all Bar 2023 takers.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topics Page
I. General Principles

A. Substantive Law vs. Remedial Law

● ARMANDO H. DE JESUS VS. INTER-ORIENT MARITIME ENTERPRISES, 1
INC. G.R. No. 203478, June 23, 2021

● SPOUSES JOON HYUNG PARK AND KYUNG AH LEE vs. HON. RICO 3
SEBASTIAN D. LIWANAG GR No. 248035, November 27, 2019

C. Principle of Judicial Hierarchy

● OLIVIA D. LEONES VS. HON. CARLITO CORPUS G.R. No. 204106, 6

November 7, 2021

● GIL MIGUEL VS. THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF PRISONS 8

UDK-15368, September 15, 2021

● FELINO A. PALAFOX, JR. VS. HON. FRANCISCO MENDIOLA G.R. No. 9

209551, February 15, 2021

II. Jurisdiction

B. Doctrines of Hierarchy of Courts and Adherence of

Jurisdiction

● PHILIPPINE HEALTH INSURANCE CORPORATION (PHIC) VS.

URDANETA SACRED HEART HOSPITAL (USSH) G.R. No. 214485, January 12
11, 2021

C. Jurisdiction of Various Philippine Courts and Tribunals

1. Supreme Court

● ILDEFONSO T. PATDU, JR. VS. HON. CONCHITA

CARPIO-MORALES G.R. No. 230171, September 27, 2021 15

4. Sandiganbayan
● ARTURO O. RADAZA VS. SANDIGANBAYAN G.R. No. 201380, 17
August 04, 2021
 5. Regional Trial Courts

● LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. ESPEDITO Q. ESCARO 19

G.R. No. 204526, February 10, 2021

7. Metropolitan Trial Courts, Municipal Trial Courts,

Municipal Trial Courts in cities, and Municipal Circuit
Trial Courts (Republic Act No. (RA) 11576, An Act Further
Expanding the Jurisdiction of First-Level Courts)

● LORENZO WILLY VS. REMEDIOS JULIAN G.R. No. 207051 23

December 1, 2021

D. Aspect of Jurisdiction

1. Jurisdiction over the Subject Matter

● SAO PAULO ALPARGATAS VS. KENTEX MANUFACTURING 25

CORPORATION G.R. No. 202900, February 17, 2021

● EDWIN TALABIS VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 27

214647, March 4, 2020

III. Civil Procedure (A.M. No. 19-10-20-SC)

B. Kinds of Action

2. In Personam

● PNB-REPUBLIC BANK (MAYBANK PHILIPPINES 29

INCORPORATED) VS. REMEDIOS SIAN-LIMSIACO G.R. No.
196323, February 08, 2021

C. Cause of Action (Rule 2)

● JUSTINA DELMOLIN-PALOMA VS. ESTER DELMOLIN-MAGNO G.R. No. 31
237767, November 10, 2021

● SANTOS VENTURA HOCORMA FOUNDATION, INC. VS. MABALACAT 32

INSTITUTE, INC. G.R. No. 211563, September 29, 2021

● FLORANTE VILLAROMAN VS. ESTATE OF JOSE ARCIAGA AND 33

FELICIDAD FULGENCIO G.R. No. 210822, June 28, 2021

D. Parties to Civil Actions (Rule 3)

● ASIAN CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION VS. 36

MERO STRUCTURES INC. G.R. No. 221147, September 29, 2021
● TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY 37
VS. ERNESTO ABRAGAR G.R. No. 201022, March 17, 2021

● CELEDENIO C. DEMEGILLO VS. ARTURO S. LUMAMPAO G.R. No. 42

211253, February 10, 2021

● PNB-REPUBLIC BANK (MAYBANK PHILIPPINES INCORPORATED) VS. 44

REMEDIOS SIAN-LIMSIACO, G.R. No. 196323, February 8, 2021

F. Pleadings

1. Kinds (Rule 6)

● PNTC COLLEGES, INC. VS. TIME REALTY, INC. G.R. No. 219698, 46
September 27, 2021

● PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK VS. ROMEO B. DARADAR G.R. No. 47

180203, June 28, 2021

● HEIRS OF JESUS P. MAGSAYSAY VS. SPS. ZALDY AND 49

ANNALIZA PEREZ GR No. 225426, June 28, 2021

● FLORANTE VILLAROMAN VS. ESTATE OF JOSE ARCIAGA G.R. 51

No. 210822, June 28, 2021

● LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. DEL MORAL, INC. G.R. 54

No. 187307, October 14, 2020

● HEIRS OF AURIO T. CASIÑO, SR. VS. DEVELOPMENT BANK OF 57

THE PHILIPPINES G.R. Nos. 204052-53, March 11, 2020

2. Parts of a Pleading (Rule 7)

● SANTOS VENTURA HOCORMA FOUNDATION, INC. VS. 61

MABALACAT INSTITUTE, INC. G.R. No. 211563, September 29, 2021

● COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS VS. PTT PHILIPPINES TRADING 63

CORPORATION G.R. No. 203138-40, February 15, 2021

3. Manner of Making Allegations (Rule 8)

c) Specific Denial

● ALJEM'S CREDIT INVESTORS CORPORATION VS. 66

SPOUSES CATALINA AND PORFERIO BAUTISTA G.R. No.
215175, April 25, 2022

4. Effect of Failure to Plead (Rule 9)

● HERMINIO T. DISINI VS. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R.

No. 205172. June 15, 2021 69
 5. Amended and Supplemental Pleadings (Rule 10)
● ALPHA PLUS INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISES CORP. VS.
PHILIPPINE CHARTER INSURANCE CORP G.R. No. 203756, 71
February 10, 2021

H. Summons

1. Nature and Purpose of Summons in Relation to Actions In

Personam, In Rem, and Quasi In Rem

● JAY V. SABADO VS. TINA MARIE L. SABADO G.R. No. 214270, May 73
12, 2021

7. Extraterritorial Service

● MARIA LEA JANE I. GESOLGON VS. CYBERONE PH., INC. G.R. 76

No. 210741, October 14, 2020

J. Dismissal of Actions (Rule 17)

2. Dismissals Which Have an Effect of an Adjudication on the

Merits

● PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK VS. ROMEO B. DARADAR G.R. No. 80

180203, June 28, 2021

● PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK VS. 82

LAGUNA NAVIGATION, INC. G.R. No.195236, February 08, 2021

L. Intervention (Rule 19)

● COMMISSION ON AUDIT VS. HON. SILVINO T. PAMPILO, JR. G.R. No. 84

188760/G.R. No. 189060/G.R. No. 189333, June 30, 2020

O. Modes of Discovery

1. Depositions (Rules 23 and 24)

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. MARIA CRISTINA P. SERGIO 87

AND JULIUS LACANILAO G.R. No. 240053, October 09, 2019

S. Judgments and Final Orders

● PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK VS. ROMEO B. DARADAR G.R. No. 180203, 90

June 28, 2021
 2. Summary Judgments (Rule 35)

● ALJEM'S CREDIT INVESTORS CORPORATION VS. SPOUSES

CATALINA AND PORFERIO BAUTISTA G.R. No. 215175, April 25, 92
2022

3. Rendition and Entry of Judgments and Final Orders (Rule

36)

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. MARIA CRISTINA P. SERGIO 94

AND JULIUS LACANILAO G.R. No. 240053, March 21, 2022

● LINO DOMILOS VS. SPOUSES JOHN AND DOROTHEA PASTOR 96

G.R. No. 207887, March 14, 2022

T. Post-Judgment Remedies

2. Appeals

d) Doctrine of Finality/Immutability of Judgment

● MUNICIPALITY OF CORELLA VS. PHILKONSTRAK 99

DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION G.R. No. 218663, February
28, 2022

● MARIA MAGDALENA VS. HEIRS OF SPOUSES WILFREDO 101

AND LEONILA SOMIS G.R. No. 204447, May 03, 2021

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. BENEDICTA MALLARI 102

G.R. No. 197164, December 04, 2019

e) Modes of Appeal (Period, Perfection, Issues to be

Raised)

(4) Appeals from the Court of Tax Appeals, Civil

Service Commission, and Quasi-Judicial
Agencies (Rule 43)

● PROVINCE OF BATAAN VS. HON. ORLANDO C.

CASIMIRO G.R. Nos. 197510-11 & G.R. No. 201347, 104
April 18, 2022

(5) Appeals by Certiorari to the Supreme Court

(Rule 45)

● REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. JOCELYN 106

ASUSANO KIKUCHI G.R. No. 243646, June 22, 2022
● RAQUEL G. DY BUNCIO VS. LEONITA 107
SARMENTA RAMOS G.R. No. 206120, March 23, 2022

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. MA. 108

CONSUELO TOROBA PALMA GIL-ROFLO G.R.
No. 249564 & 249568-76, March 21, 2022

● GEROME B. GINTA-ASON VS. J.T.A. PACKAGING 110

CORPORATION G.R. No. 244206, March 16, 2022

● TELETECH CUSTOMER CARE MANAGEMENT 112

PHILIPPINES, INC. VS. MARIO GERONA, JR. G.R.
No. 219166. November 10, 2021

● JUSTINA DELMOLIN-PALOMA VS. ESTER 114

DELMOLIN-MAGNO G.R. No. 237767, November 10,
2021

● KLM ROYAL DUTCH AIRLINES VS. DR. JOSE M. 115

TIONGCO G.R. No. 212136, October 04, 2021

● PACIFIC ROYAL BASIC FOODS, INC. VS. 118

VIOLETA NOCHE G.R. No. 202392, October 04, 2021

● EAST WEST BANKING CORPORATION VS. IAN Y. 120

CRUZ G.R. No. 221641, July 12, 2021

● RENATO C. TACIS VS. SHIELDS SECURITY 122

SERVICES, INC. G.R. No. 234575, July 07, 2021

● HEIRS OF JESUS P. MAGSAYSAY VS. SPS. ZALDY 125

AND ANNALIZA PEREZ GR No. 225426, June 28,
2021

● INTER-ISLAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, INC. 127

VS. COURT OF APPEALS G.R. No. 187323, June 23,
2021

● HERMINIO T. DISINI VS. REPUBLIC OF THE 129

PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 205172. June 15, 2021

● PRYCE PROPERTIES CORP. (NOW PRYCE 131

CORPORATION) VS. NARCISO R. NOLASCO, JR.
G.R. No. 203990, April 28, 2021

● CELEDENIO C. DEMEGILLO VS. ARTURO S. 132

LUMAMPAO G.R. No. 211253, February 10, 2021

● PNB-REPUBLIC BANK (MAYBANK PHILIPPINES 134

INCORPORATED) VS. REMEDIOS
SIAN-LIMSIACO G.R. No. 196323, February 8, 2021
 ● PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL 135
BANK VS. LAGUNA NAVIGATION INC. G.R.
No.195236, February 08, 2021

● PASTORA GANANCIAL VS. BETTY CABUGAO 137

G.R. No. 203348, July 06, 2020

● REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. JORGE 139

CASTILLO G.R. No. 190453; February 26, 2020

● SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM VS. MANUEL F. 141

SENO G.R. No. 183478, February 10, 2020

● EQUITABLE PCI BANK VS. MANILA ADJUSTERS 143

& SURVEYORS, INC. G.R. No. 166726, November 25,
2019

● TEDDY AND TEOFILO GRANA VS. THE PEOPLE 146

OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 202111, November 25,
2019

3. Petition for Relief from Judgment (Rule 38)

● PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK VS. SPOUSES NESTOR NESTOR 148

AND FELICIDAD VICTOR and SPOUSES REYNALDO and GA
VINA VICTOR G.R. No. 207377, July 27, 2021

4. Annulment of Judgment (Rule 47)

● HEIRS OF PROCOPIO BORRAS VS. THE HEIRS OF EUSTAQUIO

151
BORRAS G.R. No. 213888, April 25, 2022

● METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY VS.

153
HIGH DESERT STOP OVERS, INC. G.R. No. 213287, December 6,
2021

● MARIA MAGDALENA VS. HEIRS OF SPOUSES WILFREDO AND 155

LEONILA SOMIS G.R. No. 204447. May 03, 2021

● MARYLOU R. ANCHETA VS. MARY CAMBAY G.R. No. 204272, 158

January 18, 2021

● ARTURO C. CALUBAD VS. BILLY M. ACERO G.R. No. 188029, 160

September 02, 2020

U. Execution, Satisfaction, and Effect of Judgments (Rule 39)

● LINO DOMILOS VS. SPOUSES JOHN AND DOROTHEA PASTOR G.R. No. 164
207887, March 14, 2022

● OLIVIA D. LEONES VS. HON. CARLITO CORPUS G.R. No. 204106, 166
November 7, 2021
 ● THE LINDEN SUITES, INC. VS. MERIDIEN FAR EAST PROPERTIES, INC. 168
(MFEPI) G.R. No. 211969, October 04, 2021

● EDILBERTO 'EDDIE' PINEDA VS. ABELARDO C. MIRANDA G.R. No. 171

204997, August 4, 2021

● ARTURO C. CALUBAD VS. BILLY M. ACERON G.R. No. 188029, September 173
02, 2020

● HEIRS OF AURIO T. CASIÑO, SR. VS. DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE 176

PHILIPPINES G.R. Nos. 204052-53, March 11, 2020

IV. Provisional Remedies

B. Preliminary Attachment (Rule 57)

● IGNACIO S. DUMARAN VS. TERESA LLAMEDO G.R. No. 217583, August 4, 178
2021

● BANCO DE ORO UNIBANK VS. EDGARDO C. YPIL G.R. No. 212024, 180
October 12, 2020

C. Preliminary Injunction (Rule 58)

● BUREAU OF CUSTOMS VS. RODOLFO RETA G.R. Nos. 192809, 193588 & 182
193590-91, & 201650, April 26, 2021

● BANCO FILIPINO SAVINGS VS. BANGKO SENTRAL NG PILIPINAS G.R. 185

No. 200642, April 26, 2021

V. Special Civil Actions

B. Interpleader (Rule 62)

● BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE VS. TICO INSURANCE COMPANY, 188

INC. G.R. No. 204226, April 18, 2022

C. Declaratory Relief and Similar Remedies (Rule 63)

● COMMISSION ON AUDIT VS. HON. SILVINO T. PAMPILO, JR. G.R. No. 191
188760/G.R. No. 189060/G.R. No. 189333, June 30, 2020

D. Certiorari, Prohibition, and Mandamus (Rule 65)

1. Definition and Distinctions

● THE LINDEN SUITES, INC. VS. MERIDIEN FAR EAST 195

PROPERTIES, INC. (MFEPI) G.R. No. 211969, October 04, 2021
 ● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. MARIA CRISTINA P. SERGIO 197
AND JULIUS LACANILAO G.R. No. 240053, October 09, 2019

2. Requisites, When, and Where to File

● PROVINCE OF BATAAN VS. HON. ORLANDO C. CASIMIRO G.R. 200
Nos. 197510-11 & G.R. No. 201347, April 18, 2022

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. GLORIA F. TUYAY G.R. No. 201

206579, December 01, 2021

● OLIVIA D. LEONES VS. HON. CARLITO CORPUS G.R. No. 204106, 203
November 7, 2021

● ARTURO O. RADAZA VS. SANDIGANBAYAN G.R. No. 201380, 205

August 04, 2021

● BANCO FILIPINO SAVINGS VS. BANGKO SENTRAL NG 207

PILIPINAS G.R. No. 200642, April 26, 2021

● LETICIA A. RAMIREZ VS.. FELOMINO ELOMINA G.R. No. 202661, 210

March 17, 2021

● LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. MAGDALENA QUILIT 212

G.R. No. 194167, February 10, 2021

● HOME GUARANTY CORPORATION VS. ELVIRA S. MANLAPAZ 214

G.R. No. 202820, January 13, 2021

● REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. HEIRS OF SPS. MAURO 216

BORJA G.R. No. 207647, January 11, 2021

● MILAGROS MANOTOK DORMIDO VS. OFFICE OF THE 219

OMBUDSMAN G.R. No. 198241, February 24, 2020

F. Expropriation (Rule 67; See also Guidelines for

Expropriation Proceedings of National Government
Infrastructure Projects, Sec. 4, RA 8974)

3. Ascertainment of Just Compensation

● LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. DEL MORAL, INC. G.R. 223
No. 187307, October 14, 2020

● REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. JORGE CASTILLO G.R. No. 225

190453; February 26, 2020

H. Partition (Rule 69)

● REYNALDO REYES VS. SPS. WILFREDO AND MELITA GARCIA G.R. No. 227
225159, March 21, 2022
 J. Contempt (Rule 71)

● HARBOUR CENTRE PORT TERMINAL VS. LA FILIPINA UYGONGCO 229

CORP. G.R. No. 240984, September 27, 2021

VI. Special Proceedings and Special Writs

G. Writ of Amparo (A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC)

● FE MORADA VS. RANDY RIAS G.R. No. 222226, February 14, 2022 231

VII. Criminal Procedure

B. Prosecution of Offenses (Rule 110)

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. ZZZ G.R. No. 232329, April 28, 2021 234

● THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. XXX G.R. No. 218277, November 235
09, 2020

● SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM VS. MANUEL F. SENO G.R. No. 183478, 237
February 10, 2020

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. BERNABE EULALIO y ALEJO G.R. 240

No. 214882 / 924 SCRA 557, October 16, 2019

C. Prosecution of Civil Action (Rule 111)

● ELIZABETH HORCA VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 224316, 242
Nov 10, 2021

D. Preliminary Investigation (Rule 112)

1. Executive vs. Judicial Determination of Probable Cause

● ELIDAD AND VIOLETA KHO VS. SUMMERVILLE GENERAL 244

MERCHANDISING & CO., INC. G.R. No. 213400, August 04, 2021

● ARTURO O. RADAZA VS. SANDIGANBAYAN G.R. No. 201380, 246

August 04, 2021

E. Arrest (Rule 113)

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. GERALD MORENO Y TAZON G.R. No. 248
191759, March 02, 2020
 H. Motion to Quash (Rule 117)

● ERIC WU VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 207220-21, March 16, 251
2022

● ARTURO O. RADAZA VS. SANDIGANBAYAN G.R. No. 201380, August 04, 253
2021

2. Double Jeopardy

● ELIDAD AND VIOLETA KHO VS. SUMMERVILLE GENERAL 256

MERCHANDISING & CO., INC. G.R. No. 213400, August 04, 2021

J. Trial (Rule 119)

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. MARIA CRISTINA P. SERGIO AND 259

JULIUS LACANILAO G.R. No. 240053, October 09, 2019

● SALVACION ZALDIVAR-PEREZ v. HON. FIRST DIVISION OF 261

SANDIGANBAYAN G.R. No. 204739, November 13, 2019

M. Appeal (Rule 122)

● ELIZABETH HORCA VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 224316, 266
Nov 10, 2021

● TEDDY AND TEOFILO GRANA VS. THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES 267
G.R. No. 202111, November 25, 2019

N. Search and Seizure (Rule 126)

● EMILY ESTORES Y PECARDAL VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. 270

No. 192332, January 11, 2021

VIII. Evidence (A.M. No. 19-08-15-SC)

A. General Concepts

3. Equipoise Rule

● LUIS T. ARRIOLA VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 272

199975, February 24, 2020

B. Admissibility of Evidence (Rule 128)

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. GERALD MORENO Y TAZON G.R. No. 274
191759, March 02, 2020
 8. Competent and Credible Evidence

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. XXX AND YYY G.R. No. 276
225288, June 28, 2022

D. Object (Real) Evidence (Rule 130, A)

2. Exclusionary Rules

● PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. ONNI ADDIN Y MADDAN 278

G.R. No. 223682, October 9, 2019

E. Documentary Evidence (Rule 130, B)

2. Original Document Rule

● HERMINIO T. DISINI VS. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. 281

No. 205172. June 15, 2021

F. Testimonial Evidence (Rule 130, C)

4. Admissions and Confessions

● LUIS T. ARRIOLA VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 284

199975, February 24, 2020

7. Hearsay and Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule

● LUIS T. ARRIOLA VS. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 286

199975, February 24, 2020

G. Burden of Proof and Presumptions (Rule 131)

● HEIRS OF ELISEO BAGAYGAY VS. HEIRS OF ANASTACIO PACIENTE 288

G.R. No. 212126, August 4, 2021

● LAURO CARDINEZ VS. SPOUSES PRUDENCIO and CRESENCIA 290

CARDINEZ G.R. No. 213001, August 4, 2021

H. Presentation of Evidence (Rule 132)

2. Authentication and Proof of Documents

c) Authentication of a Private Writing

● HERMINIO T. DISINI VS. REPUBLIC OF THE 293

PHILIPPINES G.R. No. 205172. June 15, 2021
 ● CRISTINA R. SEMING VS. EMELITA P. ALAMAG G.R. NO. 295
202284, March 17, 2021

d) Public Documents as Evidence; Proof of Official

Record

● REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. JOCELYN 298

ASUSANO KIKUCHI G.R. No. 243646, June 22, 2022

3. Offer and Objection

b) When to Make an Objection
● REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. JOCELYN 300
ASUSANO KIKUCHI G.R. No. 243646, June 22, 2022

J. Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence (Rule 133)

● HEIRS OF JESUS P. MAGSAYSAY VS. SPS. ZALDY AND ANNALIZA 302

PEREZ G.R. No. 225426, June 28, 2021

● PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. GERALD MORENO Y TAZON G.R. No. 305
191759, March 02, 2020
whether the franchise verification was attached to the reply Affidavit filed by SSS so as to prove that JMA Transport was still
in operation after 1999, and whether the RTC gravely abused its discretion in directing the prosecution to conduct
reinvestigation for the purpose of admitting respondents' controverting evidence against the same are both factual in nature
questions of fact!
reconstitution is within the jurisdiction of the rtc
issuance of tct - is in excess of jurisdiction