CHAPTER 2:

Rocks and Minerals

BY: JARELLE LUCKY T. YANGA
SHS INSTRUCTOR
Learning Objectives:

 Identify common rock-forming minerals

using their physical and chemical properties
 Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic
Lesson 1: Minerals

 MINERAL
 Naturally-occuring

 Inorganic

 Solid

 Definitechemical composition
 Ordered internal structure
Physical Properties of Minerals
 HABIT
 Outer appearance of the mineral’s crystal form
 E.g. granular, tabular, needle-like, etc.

 CLEAVAGE
 The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of
weakness
 FRACTURE
 Occurs in minerals with no cleavage
Physical Properties of Minerals
Physical Properties of Minerals
 LUSTER
 Describes the appearance of light when reflected on the
mineral’s surface
 Metallic – e.g. polished metal

 Nonmetallic – e.g. vitreous, resinous, silky, etc.

 COLOR
 Most observable physical property, however, it can be altered
by chemical impurities
 STREAK
 Color of the mineral in its powdered form
Physical Properties of Minerals
Physical Properties of Minerals
 HARDNESS
 Measurement of the strength of the chemical bonds in its
structure
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 Measurement of the density of the mineral

 MAGNETISM
 TASTE
 EFFERVESCENCE
 FEEL
Physical Properties of Minerals
Common everyday objects that can be
used for hardness test…

Object Hardness

Fingernail 2 – 2.5

Copper 3 – 3.5
coin/wire

Nail 5 – 5.5

Glass 5.5

Steel knife 6.5 – 7

Mohs Hardness Scale: Pros and Cons

PROS CONS
Easy to do the test The scale is qualitative and
not quantitative
Can be done anywhere, Cannot be used to test
anytime as long as the place is accurate hardness of
not dark industrial minerals

Mohs scale is highly relevant

for field geologists to roughly
identify using scratch kits

Can be done without or few

kits - handy
Composition of Minerals

 SILICATES
 Silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons
(SiO42-)
 Major rock-forming minerals (e.g.
Olivine, quarts)
 OXIDES
 Metal cations bonded to oxygen
anions
 E.g. Magnetite, hematite
 SULFIDES
 Metal cation bonded to the sulfide
(S2-)
 E.g. Galena, pyrite
Composition of Minerals

 SULFATES
 Metal cation bonded to the SO42- anionic
group
 E.g. Gypsum
 HALIDES
 Halogen ion (e.g. chlorine or fluorine),
which forms halite or rock salt and fluorite
 CARBONATES
 Carbonic ion (CO2-) bonded to calcium or
magnesium to form calcite or dolomite
 NATIVE METALS
 Single metals (E.g. copper and gold)
Crystal Structure of
Minerals

 6 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES:
 Isometric

 Tetragonal

 Orthorhombic

 Monoclinic

 Triclinic

 Hexagonal
Lesson 2: Rocks and Rock Cycle

 ROCK
 It
is a naturally occurring, coherent aggregate of
minerals or solid materials.
Rock-Forming Elements
ELEMENT SYMBOL ABUNDANCE

OXYGEN O 46.6%
SILICON Si 27.7%
ALUMINUM Al 8.1%

IRON Fe 5.0%
CALCIUM Ca 3.6%

SODIUM Na 2.8%
POTASSIUM K 2.6%

MAGNESIUM Mg 2.1%

OTHERS 1.4%
Rocks and Rock Cycle

 ROCK CYCLE
 Itis a model that describes all the processes by
which rocks are formed, modified, transported,
decomposed, melted, and reformed.
Rocks and Rock Cycle
Rocks and Rock Cycle

Solidificati Igneous
Magma Uplift
on Rocks

Melting Weathering Erosion

Metamorph
Sediments
ic Rocks

Metamorph Transporta
ism tion

Sedimentar Lithificatio
Deposition
y Rocks n
Rock Cycle – Terminologies
 MAGMA
 Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface

 SOLIDIFICATION
 The exposure of magma to lower temperature
forming igneous rocks
 UPLIFT
 The exposure of magma (lava) or igneous rocks to
Earth’s surface
 WEATHERING
 The breakdown of rocks through the contact with
the Earth’s atmosphere, water, and biological
organisms
Rock Cycle – Terminologies
 EROSION
 The movement of rocks by agents such as water, wind,
and gravity being transported and deposited in other
locations
 SEDIMENT
 The result from the breakdown of rocks due to
weathering and erosion
 TRANSPORTATION
 The movement of sediments by agents such as water,
wind, and gravity being transported and deposited in
other locations
 DEPOSITION
 It occurs when the forces of transportation is
insufficient, thereby, allowing the rocks to settle down
(deposited)
Rock Cycle – Terminologies
 LITHIFICATION
 The process by which sediments compacted under
high pressure and temperature gradually becomes
a solid rock
 METAMORPHISM
 The chemical transformation in structure of a rock
due to increasing temperature and pressure
eventually forming metamorphic rocks
 MELTING
 The exposure of metamorphic rocks to more
intense high temperature and pressure converting
it to magma
Formation of Igneous Rocks

 3 WAYS:
 Below the surface, from slowly cooling magma
Formation of crystals
‘Intrusive’ or ‘plutonic’

 On the surface, from rapidly cooling lava

Formationof very small crystals
‘Extrusive’ or ‘volcanic’
Formation of Igneous Rocks

 3WAYS:
 On the surface, from the consolidation of particle
erupted by explosive volcanic activity
 ‘Pyroclastic’
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

 3 WAYS:
 From the cementation of sediments that have
been deposited from a long period of time
‘Clastic’

 From the precipitation of minerals from ions in

solution
‘Non-clastic’
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks

 3 WAYS:
 From the compaction and cementation of
plant/animal remains
‘Bioclastic’
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

 2 WAYS:
 Pressure-induced

‘Foliated metamorphic rocks’

Regional metamorphism

 Heat-induced

‘Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks’

Contact metamorphism
Lesson 3: Classification of Rocks

 Rocks are classified based on ‘texture’ and

‘composition’

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 ‘Igneus’– fiery or o fire
 Forms when the magma/lava solidifies
Classification of Rocks

2 CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

CRYSTALLINE
Form from cooled magma or lava

PYROCLASTIC
Form from consolidated eruption products
(E.g. volcanic ash)
Classification of Rocks

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 CRYSTALLINE
 A. Intrusive or plutonic rocks
 Form from slowly cooled magma

 Large mineral crystals

 2 Textures of Intrusive Rocks

• Phaneritic
 Slowly cooled → large crystals
• Pegmatitic
 Very slowly-cooled → very large crystals
Classification of Rocks

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 CRYSTALLINE
 A. Intrusive or plutonic rocks

DIORITE GRANITE
Classification of Rocks

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 CRYSTALLINE
 B. Extrusive or volcanic rocks
 Form from rapidly cooling lava

 Small or fine mineral crystals

 2 Textures of Extrusive Rocks

• Aphanitic
 Small or fine crystals
• Vesicular
 Few or no crystals
Classification of Rocks

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 CRYSTALLINE
 B. Extrusive or volcanic rocks

BASALT ANDESITE
Classification of Rocks

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 CRYSTALLINE
 B. Extrusive or volcanic rocks

RHYOLITE OBSIDIAN
Classification of Rocks

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 CRYSTALLINE
 C. Porphyritic texture

 Magma intrudes the shallow depth of the Earth’s

surface
 Cools slowly

 Magma extrudes onto the Earth’s surface

 Cools rapidly

 Results in at least two distinct crystal sizes

Classification of Rocks

 IGNEOUS ROCKS
 Pyroclastic
 ‘Pyro’ – fire ; ‘ klastos’ – shattered
 Forms from the lithification of erupted volcanic
material

IGNIMBRITE
Classification of Rocks

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Sediments

 ‘sedentarius’ – sitting
 Deposited and settled on the Earth’s
surface
Classification of Rocks

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CLASTIC
 Form from lithification of rock and mineral fragments
 E.g. quartz, feldspar, and clay
 NONCLASTIC

 Form from precipitation of solution

 E.g. dolomite, calcite, halite, and gypsum
 BIOCLASTIC

 Form from the accumulation of organic material or

biologic activity
Classification of Rocks

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CLASTIC

SANDSTONE SHALE
Classification of Rocks

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 NONCLASTIC

DOLOMITE ROCK SALT

Classification of Rocks

 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTS:
 Clay or silt
 < 1/16 mm

 E.g. Clay minerals

 Sand
 1/16 – 2 mm

 Feldspar

 Gravel
 > 2 mm

 Angular quartz, rounded quartz, and rock fragments

Classification of Rocks

 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 ‘Metamorphism’ – change in form
 Form from parent rocks altered by heat, pressure, and
chemical activity of fluids
 2 CLASSIFICATION

 FOLIATED
 Dominant agent is pressure

 NONFOLIATED
 Dominant agent is heat
Classification of Rocks

 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 FOLIATED
 Slaty
 Minerals are microscopic

 Foliation may not appear to the naked eye

 Phyllitic
 Minerals are barely visible to the naked eye

 Alignment results in an obvious but not clearly-

defined foliation
Classification of Rocks

 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 FOLIATED
 Schistose
 Minerals are visible to the naked eye

 Layering is more distinct

 Gneissic
 Minerals are visible and elongated

 Exhibit coarsely branded appearance

Classification of Rocks

 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 FOLIATED

SLATE PHYLLITE
Classification of Rocks

 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 FOLIATED

SCHIST GNEISS
Classification of Rocks

 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 NONFOLIATED

Exposed in heat to induced recrystallization of

the existing minerals
Composed of only one type of mineral
Classification of Rocks

 METAMORPHIC ROCKS
 NONFOLIATED

QUARTZITE MARBLE
 Geosphere

Rocks Minerals

Luster

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Color

Streak
Crystalline Pyroclastic Nonfoliated Foliated
Hardness

Cleavage
Crystalline Clastic Bioclastic
Specific
Gravity
Pegmatitic Phaneritic Pophyritic Aphanitic

Gneissic Schistose Phyllitic Slaty