Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur

Assignment 1.1
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1. Find the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal wire dipole antenna in free space whose
𝜆
overall length is 40. (CO 1)
2. Derive an expression for the fields of an infinitesimal Dipole carrying current Io which is
located at the origin of the coordinate system? (CO 4)
3. Calculate the effective aperture and directivity of a parabolic reflector antenna having
diameter of 2 Meter and operating frequency is 5 GHz. (CO 3)
4. Describe the physical interpretation of the auxiliary potential function. How does it help
in representing the electromagnetic field around an antenna? (CO 4)
5. Discuss how smart antennas differ from traditional antennas and their advantages in
improving signal quality and coverage? (CO 3)
6. Explore how tropospheric propagation is influenced by weather conditions and its impact
on microwave communication systems. (CO 2)
7. Compare ground wave and sky wave propagation. (CO 2)
8. The radial component of the radiated power density of an antenna is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 sin 𝜃 /𝑟 2 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the peak value of the power density, θ is
the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial unit vector. Determine the total
radiated power. (CO 1)

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.2
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 7, 8, 12, 13, 14

1. An antenna has a loss resistance 10 Ω, power gain of 20 and directivity 22. Calculate its
radiation resistance? (CO 1)
2. Calculate the effective aperture and directivity of a parabolic reflector antenna having
diameter of 2 Meter and operating frequency is 5 GHz (CO 3)
3. Describe the physical interpretation of the auxiliary potential function. How does it help
in representing the electromagnetic field around an antenna? (CO 4)
4. Compare the radiation characteristics (e.g., radiation pattern, directivity) of an
infinitesimal dipole to that of a finite dipole. (CO 1)
5. Compare the characteristics of fixed weight beamforming and adaptive beamforming in
smart antennas. (CO 3)
6. Compare ground wave and sky wave propagation. (CO 2)
7. Compare the characteristics of duct propagation and tropospheric scattering. (CO 2)
8. The radial component of the radiated power density of an antenna is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 sin 𝜃 /𝑟 2 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the peak value of the power density, θ is
the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial unit vector. Determine the total
radiated power. (CO 1)

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.3
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 15, 16, 17, 19, 20

1. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (𝜃) =cos2 𝜃, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90o. Find Half power
Beam width.
2. What is the need of Auxiliary potential function and explain the methodology to analyze
field equations.
λ
3. The radius of a small loop of constant current is . Find the physical area of the loop
25
and compare it with its maximum effective aperture.
4. Describe the physical interpretation of the auxiliary potential function. How does it help
in representing the electromagnetic field around an antenna?
5. Explain the concept of steering the beam in a specific direction using fixed weights and
its applications in enhancing communication links.
6. Define duct propagation and explain the conditions under which it occurs.
7. The radial component of the radiated power density of an infinitesimal linear dipole of
length l << λ is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 sin 𝜃 /𝑟 2 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the
peak value of the power density, θ is the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial
unit vector. Determine the maximum directivity of the antenna.
8. Find the radiation resistance of a single turn and an 8 turn small circular loop antenna.
𝜆
The radius of the loop is 30 and medium is free space.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.4
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 21, 22, 23, 24, 26

1. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (𝜃) =cos2 𝜃, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90o. Find Half power
Beam width.
2. Calculate the maximum effective aperture of a microwave antenna which has a
directivity of 20 dB.
3. What is the need of Auxiliary potential function and explain the methodology to analyze
field equations.
4. A vertical infinitesimal electric dipole of constant current I0 is placed symmetrically
about the origin and directed along the z-axis. Analyze the far-zone fields radiated by the
dipole.
5. Describe the physical interpretation of the auxiliary potential function. How does it help
in representing the electromagnetic field around an antenna?
6. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of fixed weight beamforming and adaptive
beamforming approach, considering factors such as adaptability to changing
environments, complexity, and computational requirements.
7. Define duct propagation and explain the conditions under which it occurs.
𝜆
8. The radius of a small loop of constant current is 30. Find the physical area of the loop and
compare it with its maximum effective aperture.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.5
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 27, 30, 31, 33, 34

λ
1. The radius of a small loop of constant current is . Find the physical area of the loop
30
and compare it with its maximum effective aperture.
2. A vertical infinitesimal electric dipole of constant current I0 is placed symmetrically
about the origin and directed along the z-axis. Analyze the far-zone fields radiated by the
dipole.
3. Calculate the effective aperture and directivity of a parabolic reflector antenna having
diameter of 3 Meter and operating frequency is 5 GHz
4. Explain the significance of radiation resistance in the context of antenna performance.
5. Explain the concept of steering the beam in a specific direction using fixed weights and
its applications in enhancing communication links.
6. Discuss the key factors influencing ionospheric propagation and its relevance in long-
distance communication.
7. Investigate challenges associated with duct propagation, such as signal attenuation and
fading.
8. The radial component of the radiated power density of an infinitesimal linear dipole of
length l << λ is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 sin 𝜃 /𝑟 2 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the
peak value of the power density, θ is the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial
unit vector. Determine the maximum directivity of the antenna.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.6
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 35, 38, 39, 40, 41

1. What is the need of Auxiliary potential function and explain the methodology to analyze
field equations.
2. A horizontal infinitesimal electric dipole of constant current I0 is placed symmetrically
about the origin and directed along the z-axis. Analyze the far-zone fields radiated by the
dipole.
3. Calculate the effective aperture and directivity of a parabolic reflector antenna having
diameter of 2 Meter and operating frequency is 3 GHz
4. Explain the concept of steering the beam in a specific direction using fixed weights and
its applications in enhancing communication links.
5. Discuss the key factors influencing ionospheric propagation and its relevance in long-
distance communication.
6. Define duct propagation and explain the conditions under which it occurs.
7. The radial component of the radiated power density of an antenna is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 sin 𝜃 /𝑟 2 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the peak value of the power density, θ is
the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial unit vector. Determine the total
radiated power.
8. Find the radiation resistance of a single turn and an 8 turn small circular loop antenna.
𝜆
The radius of the loop is 50 and medium is free space.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.7
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 42, 43, 46, 47, 49

1. An antenna has a loss resistance 15 Ω, power gain of 25 and directivity 20. Calculate its
radiation resistance?
2. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (𝜃) =cos2 𝜃, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90o. Find First Null
Beam width.
3. Derive an expression for the fields of a finite Dipole carrying current Io which is located
at the origin of the coordinate system?
4. What is the need of Auxiliary potential function and explain the methodology to analyze
field equations.
5. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of fixed weight beamforming and adaptive
beamforming approach, considering factors such as adaptability to changing
environments, complexity, and computational requirements.
6. Discuss the role of atmospheric layers in creating ducts and its impact on signal
propagation
7. The radial component of the radiated power density of an antenna is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 cos 𝜃 /𝑟 2 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the peak value of the power density, θ is
the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial unit vector. Determine the total
radiated power.
𝜆
8. The radius of a small loop of constant current is 15. Find the physical area of the loop and
compare it with its maximum effective aperture.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.8
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 50, 51, 52, 54, 56

1. Find the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal wire dipole antenna in free space whose
𝜆
overall length is 32.
2. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (𝜃) =cos2 𝜃, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90o. Find Half power
Beam width.
3. What is the need of Auxiliary potential function and explain the methodology to analyze
field equations.
4. A vertical infinitesimal electric dipole of constant current I0 is placed symmetrically
about the origin and directed along the z-axis. Analyze the far-zone fields radiated by the
dipole.
5. Explain the significance of radiation resistance in the context of antenna performance.
6. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of fixed weight beamforming and adaptive
beamforming approach, considering factors such as adaptability to changing
environments, complexity, and computational requirements.
7. Analyze the significance of tropospheric scattering in enabling beyond line-of-sight
communication.
8. The radial component of the radiated power density of an antenna is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 cos 𝜃 /𝑟 2 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the peak value of the power density, θ is
the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial unit vector. Determine the total
radiated power.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.9
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 57, 58, 59, 60, 61

1. An antenna has 80% efficiency, a loss resistance 10 Ω and directivity 25 dB. Calculate
its radiation resistance?
2. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (𝜃) =sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90o. Find first
Null Beam width.
λ
3. The radius of a small loop of constant current is . Find the physical area of the loop
55
and compare it with its maximum effective aperture.
4. Define and calculate the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole.
5. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of fixed weight beamforming and adaptive
beamforming approach, considering factors such as adaptability to changing
environments, complexity, and computational requirements.
6. Analyze the factors that affect the efficiency of each propagation mode and discuss their
applications in broadcasting and communication.
7. Explain how tropospheric scattering contributes to signal propagation, especially in line-
of-sight and near-line-of-sight communication scenarios.
8. The radial component of the radiated power density of an antenna is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 sin 𝜃 /𝑟 3 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the peak value of the power density, θ is the
usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial unit vector. Determine the total radiated
power.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.10
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 62, 63, 64, 65, 66

1. An antenna has 90% efficiency, a loss resistance 5 Ω and directivity 15 dB. Calculate its
radiation resistance?
2. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (𝜃) =sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90o. Find first
Null Beam width.
3. What is the need of Auxiliary potential function and explain the methodology to analyze
field equations.
4. Compare the radiation characteristics (e.g., radiation pattern, directivity) of an
infinitesimal dipole to that of a finite dipole.
5. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of fixed weight beamforming and adaptive
beamforming approach, considering factors such as adaptability to changing
environments, complexity, and computational requirements.
6. Explain how tropospheric scattering contributes to signal propagation, especially in line-
of-sight and near-line-of-sight communication scenarios.
7. Analyze the conditions under which duct propagation and tropospheric scattering
phenomenon is more likely to occur and their impact on different types of
communication system.
𝜆
8. The radius of a small loop of constant current is 35. Find the physical area of the loop and
compare it with its maximum effective aperture.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.11
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 68, 69, 70, 71, 72

1. An antenna has 60% efficiency, a loss resistance 25 Ω and directivity 45 dB. Calculate
its radiation resistance?
2. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (𝜃) =𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90o. Find first
Null Beam width.
3. What is the need of Auxiliary potential function and explain the methodology to analyze
field equations.
4. Compare the radiation characteristics (e.g., radiation pattern, directivity) of an loop
antenna to that of a finite dipole.
5. Compare the characteristics of fixed weight beamforming and adaptive beamforming in
smart antennas.
6. Analyze the factors that affect the efficiency of each propagation mode and discuss their
applications in broadcasting and communication.
7. Analyze the conditions under which duct propagation and tropospheric scattering
phenomenon is more likely to occur and their impact on different types of
communication system.
𝜆
8. The radius of a small loop of constant current is 40. Find the physical area of the loop and
compare it with its maximum effective aperture.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory

 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan Jaipur
Assignment 1.12
Semester: 6 Subject: Antenna and Propagation (6EC4-04) MM:40

For Roll No.: 73, 74, 75, 300, 301, 200

λ
1. The radius of a small loop of constant current is . Find the physical area of the loop
15
and compare it with its maximum effective aperture.
2. A horizontal infinitesimal electric dipole of constant current I0 is placed symmetrically
about the origin and directed along the y-axis. Analyze the far-zone fields radiated by the
dipole.
3. Calculate the effective aperture and directivity of a parabolic reflector antenna having
diameter of 1 Meter and operating frequency is 5.5 GHz
4. Explain the significance of radiation resistance in the context of antenna performance.
5. Explain the concept of steering the beam in a specific direction using fixed weights and
its applications in enhancing communication links.
6. Discuss the key factors influencing ionospheric propagation and its relevance in long-
distance communication.
7. Investigate challenges associated with duct propagation, such as signal attenuation and
fading.
8. The radial component of the radiated power density of an infinitesimal linear dipole of
length l << λ is given by 𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝑤𝑟 = 𝑎̂𝑟 𝐴𝑜 sin 𝜃 /𝑟 3 (𝑊/𝑚2 ) , where 𝐴𝑜 is the
peak value of the power density, θ is the usual spherical coordinate, and 𝑎̂𝑟 is the radial
unit vector. Determine the maximum directivity of the antenna.

Reference Book: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory