Mr. Philip Genare E.

Sanchez
• The learners describe general features of
the history of life on Earth, including
generally accepted dates and sequence of
the geologic time scale and characteristics
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-8)
 Targets for today:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

Identify and articulate Demonstrate the Engage in discussions and

collaborative activities
the dates and sequence ability to classify and
with peers to share
of the periods in the identify various types insights and perspectives
geologic time scale, of fossils, using on the history of life on
demonstrating observational skills to Earth, fostering a sense
comprehension of the of curiosity, appreciation,
differentiate between
chronological framework and respect for the
of Earth's history. different fossil types.
scientific study of
Earth's past.
Mr. Philip Genare E. Sanchez
- formed about 4.6
billion years ago.
a. How old
- formed by is Earth?
collisions
b. How wasinita large
of particles
formed?
cloud of material.
Slowly
c. Howgravity gathered
did life begin
together
on Earth?all these
particles of dust and
gas and formed larger
clumps.
• No evidence of life.

• Oldest known rock (Acasta Gneiss, Northwest Territories, Canada;

4.0 Ga)
• Development of atmosphere and oceans.
• Oldest known mineral grain (zircon; 4.4 Ga)
• Formation of Earth's crust and differentiation of interior.
• Formation of the Earth (accretionary phase; 4.54 Ga).
• Oldest known fossils (stromatolites formed by prokaryotic
cyanobacteria; 3.5 Ga).
• Oldest chemical evidence of life (3.8 Ga).

• Rocks of this age are rare.

• Cooling of Earth's interior.
• Numerous small "protocontinents" covered the Earth.
• Little to no free oxygen.
- First trace fossils
- First macroscopic multicellular life
- First microscopic multicellular life
- First eukaryotes

- Major ice age at the end of eon ("Snowball Earth")

- Formation of Laurentia by suturing of protocontients
- Grenville Orogeny results in the formation of supercontinent Rodinia
- Increasing levels of atmospheric oxygen due to photosynthetic life.
- Accretion of protocontinents into larger continents
 • More than 85% of earth's history falls
under this supereon, from 4.6 billion years
ago to 540 million years ago.

https://project.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/images/hadean.gif
 • The Paleozoic Era is literally the era of
“old life.” It lasted from 544 to 245
million years ago and is divided into six
periods.

• The era began with a spectacular burst

of new life. This is called the Cambrian
explosion.

• The era ended with the biggest mass

extinction the world had ever seen. This
https://www.rdchdwck.com/fossils/paleozoic/misc.html is known as the Permian extinction.
 • The Cambrian Period: The Age of Trilobites
(544–505 million years ago). Many types of
primitive animals called sponges evolved.
Small ocean invertebrates called trilobites
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-
2.0/section/5.7/primary/lesson/life-during-the-paleozoic-bio/ became abundant.

• The Ordovician Period (505–440 million years

ago), the oceans became filled with
invertebrates of many types. Also during this
period, the first fish evolved and plants
colonized the land for the first time. But
animals still remained in the water.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-b7z1G0-
ZCCU/U0s86MXrqrI/AAAAAAAAENY/7dzY_ux7QQI/
w1200-h630p-k-no-nu/Sacabambaspis_NT.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOgcfgP7yfo
 • The Silurian Period: Age of Corals (440–410 million
years ago), corals appeared in the oceans, and fish
continued to evolve. On land, vascular plants
appeared. With special tissues to circulate water and
https://www.deviantart.com/mickeyr
other materials, these plants could grow larger than
ayrex/art/Silurian-Animals-691097071 the earlier nonvascular plants.

• The Devonian Period: Age of Fishes (410–360 million

years ago), the first seed plants evolved. Seeds have a
protective coat and stored food to help these plants
survive. Seed plants eventually became the most
common type of land plants. In the oceans, fish with
lobe fins evolved. They could breathe air when they
raised their heads above water. Breathing would be
https://images.ctfassets.net/cnu0m8re1exe/7KLRbofxYIWh2
necessary for animals to eventually colonize the land.
ujIWP7fyt/8195a8edb3aeed0cf32441a3426f4587/tiktaalik.jp
g?fm=jpg&fl=progressive&w=660&h=433&fit=fill
 • The Carboniferous Period: Next, during the
Carboniferous Period (360–290 million years ago),
widespread forests of huge plants left massive
deposits of carbon that eventually turned to coal.
https://www.geologyin.com/2019/09/c

•
rinoids-fossils-that-inspired-alien.html
The first amphibians evolved to move out of the
water and colonize land, but they had to return to
the water to reproduce. Soon after amphibians
arose, the first reptiles evolved. They were the
first animals that could reproduce on dry land.

• Mississippian (Age of Crinoids) & Pennsylvanian

(Age of Plants) Periods.
https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-
4145eec52113608733c2ebd3a7cc287c-lq
 • The Permian Period: Age of Amphibians
(290–245 million years ago), all the major
land masses collided to form a
supercontinent called Pangaea.
https://natmus.humboldt.edu/sites/default/files/styles/pano
poly_image_original/public/permian.jpg?itok=UT90abMo
• Temperatures were extreme, and the
climate was dry. Plants and animals
evolved adaptations to dryness, such as
waxy leaves or leathery skin to prevent
water loss.

• The Permian Period ended with a mass

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/41/Permian_amphibians.jpg
extinction.
• In the mass extinction that ended the Permian,
the majority of species went extinct. Many
hypotheses have been offered to explain why
this mass extinction occurred.

• These include huge meteorites striking Earth and

enormous volcanoes spewing ashes and gases into
the atmosphere. Both could have darkened the
skies with dust for many months. This, in turn,
would have shut down photosynthesis and cooled
the planet.

• Despite the great loss of life, there was light at

the end of the tunnel. The Permian extinction
paved the way for another burst of new life at
the start of the following Mesozoic Era. This
included the evolution of the dinosaurs.
• The Mesozoic Era is the era of “middle
life.” It is also known as the AGE
OF DINOSAURS.
• The Mesozoic began with the
supercontinent Pangaea. Then, during the
era, Pangaea broke up and the continents
drifted apart. The movement of continents
changed climates. It also caused
tremendous volcanic activity.
• Mass extinctions occurred at the end of
the Triassic and Cretaceous Periods. The
first extinction paved the way for a
dinosaur takeover. In the second
extinction, the dinosaurs finally
disappeared.
Is the
Philippines a
part of
Pangaea?
ANSWER: NO
The Philippines was once
part of the super
continent Rodinia about
1.1 billion to 750 million
years ago. The break up is
attributed to a
phenomenon called Super
Continent Cycle.
 • The Triassic Period: Age of Reptiles (245–
200 million years ago), the first dinosaurs
branched off from the reptiles and colonized
the land, air, and water.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c3/7f/dc/c37fdc47be3317c2362aa2340c060841.png
• Huge seed ferns and conifers dominated the
forests, and modern corals, fish, and insects
evolved.

• The supercontinent Pangaea started to

separate into Laurasia (today’s Northern
Hemisphere continents) and Gondwanaland
(today’s Southern Hemisphere continents).

• The Triassic Period ended with a mass

https://static.scientificamerican.com/blogs/cache/file/077C3E1E-4F71-42CC- extinction.
8681EB08D09C7A0C_source.jpg?w=590&h=800&32037965-0C94-4968-91E49F459071B0EA
 • The Jurassic Period: The next period, (200–145
million years ago), began after the mass
extinction that ended the Triassic Period.

• This mass extinction allowed dinosaurs to

flourish in the Jurassic Period. This was the
golden age of dinosaurs. Also during the
Jurassic, the earliest birds evolved from
reptile ancestors, and all the major groups of
mammals evolved, though individual mammals
were still small in size.

• Flowering plants appeared for the first time, and

http://www.globalweatherclimatecenter.com/
uploads/7/0/9/4/70941227/jurassic-
11_orig.jpg
new insects also evolved to pollinate
the flowers. The continents continued to move
apart, and volcanic activity was especially
intense.
 • The Cretaceous Period: Age of
Dinosaurs (145–65 million years ago),
dinosaurs reached their peak in size
and distribution.

• Tyrannosaurus Rex, weighed at least 7

tons. By the end of the Cretaceous, the
continents were close to their present
locations. Earth’s overall climate was
warm; even the poles lacked ice.

• The period ended with the dramatic

https://media.tenor.com/Sp7MxEyYrc4AAAAd/tyrannosaurus-trex.gif extinction of the dinosaurs.
 • What happened to the
dinosaurs? Why did they go
extinct at the end of the
Cretaceous Period?

• Some scientists think a comet

or asteroid may have collided
with Earth, causing skies to
darken, photosynthesis to shut
down, and climates to change.
https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1312015131/photo/dinosaurs-and-
asteroid.jpg?s=612x612&w=0&k=20&c=Alnd8NH9vYjHq5tEZWV3zj0Zq
hW6ovkup-_V5UP6XQE=
 • The Cenozoic Era literally
means the era of “modern
life.” It is also called the
AGE OF MAMMALS.
Mammals took advantage of
the extinction of the
dinosaurs. They flourished
and soon became the
https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QTAfGwSqg5THjV6vK1w3_PgXiTI=/1500
dominant animals on Earth.
x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Ice_age_fauna_of_nor
thern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Antn-244ee77865b641b6b4f94872d35b205a.jpg
 • The Paleogene Period: During the
Paleogene Period (66–23 million years
ago) Earth’s climate was generally
warm and humid.

• This allowed mammals and birds to

evolve further and fill virtually all niches
vacated by the dinosaurs.

• The first primates evolved, and

flowering plants and insects were
numerous and widespread.
https://dr282zn36sxxg.cloudfront.net/datastreams/f-
d%3A2be38595c2793bc8ccefeafa4ead3be7df08ab7b3cbe164783bd9905%2
BIMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_TINY%2BIMAGE_THUMB_POSTCARD_TINY.1
 • The Neogene Period: During the
Neogene Period (23–2.58 million
years ago), the continents of North
and South America connected, and
the Earth’s climate became cooler
and drier.

• Modern rain forests and grasslands

appeared. Many mammals increased
in size, and early human ancestors
appeared.
https://cdn.yoo.rs/uploads/171877/photos/1659828441-habilis.jpg
 • The Quaternary Period: Age of Man
• During the Quaternary Period (2.58 million
years ago–present), Earth’s climate cooled,
leading to a series of ice ages. Sea levels
fell because so much water was frozen in
glaciers.

• This created land bridges between

continents, allowing land animals to move
to new areas.

• Some mammals, like the woolly mammoths

adapted to the cold by evolving very large
https://www.history.com/.image/ar_16:9%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progres
size and thick fur. Other animals moved
sive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_768/MTcwOTI1NjE4NDA0Mjc
xMjQ4/human-evolution-gettyimages-122223741.jpg
closer to the equator or went extinct, along
with many plants.
• Fossils - are the preserved remains of plants and animals
whose bodies were buried in sediments, such as sand and mud,
under ancient seas, lakes, and rivers. Fossils also include any
preserved trace of life that is typically more than 10,000 years
old.

• Fossils shows us that life on Earth has not always been the
same as it is now. Dinosaurs once roamed Earth, as did large,
elephantlike animals called wholly mammoths.

• Fossils are also used to support the continental drift theory.

1. Unaltered Preservation - small
organism or part trapped in amber,
hardened plant sap.

2. Permineralization/ Petrification - the

organic contents of bone and wood
are replaced with silica, calcite, or
pyrite, forming a rock-like fossil.

3. Replacement - hard parts are

dissolved and replaced by other
minerals, like calcite, silica, pyrite, or
iron.
4. Carbonization or Coalification - the
other elements are removed and only
the carbon remains.

5. Recrystallization - hard parts are

converted to more stable minerals or
small crystals turn into larger crystals.

6. Authigenic preservation - molds and

casts are formed after most of the
organism have been destroyed or
dissolved.
• Knowing the age of a fossil can help a scientist establish its
position in the geologic time scale and find its relationship
with the other fossils. There are two ways to measure the
age of a fossil: relative dating and absolute dating.

• How Relative Age is Determined?

• Law of Superposition: if a layer of rock is undisturbed, the

fossils found on the upper layers are younger than those
found in the lower layers of rocks.
• However, because the Earth is active, rocks move and may disturb the layer
making this process not highly accurate.

• Rules of Relative Dating

A. LAW OF SUPERPOSITION: Sedimentary layers are deposited in a specific

time- youngest rocks on top, oldest rocks at the bottom.

B. LAW OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY: Deposition of rocks happen

horizontally- tilting, folding or breaking happened recently.

C. LAW OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS: If an igneous intrusion or a

fault cuts through existing rocks, the intrusion/fault is YOUNGER than the rock
it cuts through INDEX FOSSILS (guide fossils/ indicator fossils/ zone fossils):
fossils from short-lived organisms that lived in many places; used to define and
identify geologic periods.
ABSOLUTE DATING
• Determines the actual age of the
fossil.
• Through radiometric dating, using
radioactive isotopes carbon-14 and
potassium-40.
• Considers the half-life or the time
it takes for half of the atoms of
the radioactive element to decay.
• The decay products of radioactive
isotopes are stable atoms.
 Group Pecha Kucha
• 10 slides x 20 seconds
• Fixed Time
• Automatic Advancement
• Visual Emphasis