SAMPLING  RANDOM SAMPLE- If the bulk system is
homogenous for a particular component, then one
SAMPLING- “A defined procedure where a part of a
substance, material, or product is taken to provide for
testing or calibration to give a representative sample of
the whole” ISO/IEC 17025.
IMPORTANCE
“No analytical method, no matter how simple or
sophisticated, no matter how specialized or routine, no
matter how easy or difficult, and no matter how costly,
will produce the correct result if the sample is not
correctly obtained and prepared.”
TYPES OF SAMPLES
 REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE - Sample that is typical of
the parent material under inspection.
• The critical part of any sampling task is to obtain a
sample that represents the bulk system as well as
possible
• The sample must possess all the characteristics of the
entire bulk system with respect to the analyte and the
analyte concentration in the system
 COMPOSITE SAMPLES– the small samples taken are
mixed and made homogenous to give the final
sample to be tested.
 SELECTIVE SAMPLE– analysis on the individual
samples.
If there are suspected variations, small samples must be
taken from all suspect locations
sample is taken from one location at random in the
bulk system
SAMPLE HANDLING
CHAIN OF CUSTODY- The procedures to account for the
integrity of each specimen by tracking its handling and
storage from point of specimen collection to final
disposition of the specimen.
- Documentation of sample handling
MAINTAINING SAMPLE INTEGRITY
- All sample custodians must maintain the sample in its
original physical and chemical condition so that it
remains representative of the bulk system in terms of
the analyte identity and concentration.
- Sample stability should also be considered in handling
specimens
CLINICAL SPECIMENS
BLOOD SAMPLES- Used primarily for the study of
cellular elements of the peripheral blood and those
components of the plasma
PHLEBOTOMY- Collection of blood samples for
laboratory analysis to diagnose and monitor medical
conditions
URINE SAMPLE- Frequently collected urine samples
include random, first morning, midstream clean- catch,
24-hour samples, catheterized and suprapubic
aspirations
- Analyzing urine aids in the diagnosis of disease,
screening asymptomatic populations for undetected
disorders, and monitoring the progress of disease and
the effectiveness of therapy
 TYPE OF URINE SAMPLES SYNOVIAL FLUID

 Random specimen • Synovial fluid, or “joint fluid”, is a viscous fluid found

 First morning sample
 Midstream clean catch
 24 hour sample
FECAL SAMPLE- Used for the detection of
gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, and
identification of pathogenic bacteria or parasites
in the cavities of the movable joints that lubricates and
reduces friction between bones during joint movement
• It can be used to determine the pathologic origin of
arthritis
SPUTUM- Sputum is mucus or phlegm collected from
the trachea, bronchi and lungs

- Used to test for active tuberculosis and pneumonia

TISSUE BIOPSY- Biopsy is a medical procedure that

involves taking a sample of a tissue and examined under
a microscope

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID- is collected to diagnose

meningitis, subdural hemorrhage and other
neurological disorders.

Tube 1 – for chemistry

Tube 2 – for microbiology

Tube 3 – hematology

SEMEN- collected and tested to evaluate fertility and

post vasectomy procedures.