7 QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS &

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
 PROCESS CONTROLS

FUNDAMENTALS OF
STATISTICS

CHARACTERISTICS OF

WHAT WE'LL NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

CURVE

DISCUSS CAUSES OF PROCESS

VARIABILITY

ACCURACY & PRECISION

STANDARD NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION

ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVEL

 Introduction to statistics in quality control
involves understanding concepts like mean,
median, standard deviation, and using statistical
methods to analyze and improve processes.
Statistical tools aid in decision-making and
identifying areas for improvement in quality
management.
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1. Check Sheets: Simple
forms used to collect data
in a structured manner,
facilitating easy
identification of patterns
or issues.
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2. Pareto Analysis: Focuses
on the vital few by
identifying the most
significant factors
contributing to a problem,
helping prioritize
improvement efforts.
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3. Cause-and-Effect
Diagrams (Fishbone
Diagrams): Visual
representation of potential
causes for a specific
problem, aiding in root
cause analysis.
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4. Histograms:Graphic
representation of data
distribution, providing
insights into variations and
central tendencies in a
dataset.
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5. Scatter Diagrams:
Graphical representation
of the relationship
between two variables,
helping identify potential
correlations.
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6. Control Charts: Monitors
the stability and
consistency of a process
over time, highlighting
variations that may require
attention.
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7. Flowcharts:Visual
representation of a process,
helping to identify
inefficiencies, bottlenecks,
and areas for improvement
in a workflow.
PROCESS CONTROL
AN ST AT I ST I CS, P ROCE SS CONT ROL REFERS T O T HE
MONI T ORI NG AND MANAGE MENT OF A P ROCESS T O
E NSURE I T OP E RAT E S WI T HI N SP ECI FI ED P A RA MET ERS
OR T OL ERANCE S. I T I NV OL VES COL L ECT I NG DA T A
FROM T HE PROCE SS, ANAL YZI NG I T T O D ET ECT A NY
DE V I AT I ONS OR V ARI AT I ONS, A ND T A KI NG
CORRECT I VE ACT I ONS I F NE CESSA RY T O MA I NT A I N T HE
PROCESS WI T HI N D E SI RE D L I MI T S. P ROCESS CONT ROL
I S E SSENT I AL I N I NDUST RI E S L I KE MA NU FA CT U RI NG,
WHE RE CONSI ST E NT QUAL I T Y A ND EFFI CI ENCY A RE
CRUCI AL . T ECHNI QUE S SUCH A S CONT ROL CHA RT S,
ST AT I ST I CAL P ROCE SS CONT ROL ( SP C) , A ND SI X SI GMA
ME T HODOL OGI E S ARE COMMONL Y U SED I N P ROCESS
CONT ROL T O ACHI E V E AND MA I NT A I N D ESI RED
PE RFORMANCE L E V E L S.
FUNDAMENTALS OF STATISTICS
STATISTICS
branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data.

POPULATION
collection of all individuals or items under consideration in a
statistical study.

SAMPLE
is that part of the population from which information is collected.
DESCRIPTIVE & INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
consist of methods for organizing and summarizing information.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
consist of methods for drawing and measuring that reliability of
conclusions about population based on information obtained from
a sample of the population.
 MAJOR TYPES OF
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

MEASURES OF FREQUENCY MEASURES OF

count, percent, frequency DISPERSION/VARIATION
range, variance, standard deviation

MEASURES OF CENTRAL MEASURES OF POSITION

TENDENCY percentile, quartile, decils
mean, median, and mode
CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION CURVE
A normal distribution is perfectly symmetrical
around its center. That is, the right side of the
center is a mirror image of the left side. There is
also only one mode, or peak, in a normal
distribution. Normal distributions are
continuous and have tails that are asymptotic,
which means that they approach but never
touch the x-axis. The center of a normal
distribution is located at its peak, and 50% of
the data lies above the mean, while 50% lies
below. It follows that the mean, median, and
mode are all equal in a normal distribution.
CAUSES OF PROCESS VARIABILITY
Process variability refers to the inherent
fluctuations, inconsistencies, or differences in a
process's outputs. For a manufacturing line,
this might manifest as slight differences in the
dimensions of produced items. In a service
environment, it might refer to the varied time it
takes to complete a task.
 2 SOURCES OF PROCESS VARIABILITY
COMMON CAUSES
These are the natural or
expected variations that occur
within a process. They are part of
the system and arise even when
the process is under statistical
control. Examples include minor
fluctuations in raw material
quality or ambient temperature
changes.
SPECIAL CAUSES
These are unexpected sources
of variation, arising due to
unforeseen disturbances or
issues. Examples might include a
malfunctioning machine, an
untrained worker, or an
unexpected external event
affecting the process.
 ACCURACY &
PRECISION
Precision and accuracy are two ways that
scientists think about error. Accuracy refers to
how close a measurement is to the true or
accepted value. Precision refers to how close
measurements of the same item are to each
other. Precision is independent of accuracy.
That means it is possible to be very precise but
not very accurate, and it is also possible to be
accurate without being precise. The best
quality scientific observations are both
accurate and precise.
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
The standard normal
distribution, also called the z-
distribution, is a special normal
distribution where the mean is
0 and the standard deviation is
1. Any normal distribution can
be standardized by converting
its values into z scores. Z
scores tell you how many
standard deviations from the
mean each value lies.
 ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LEVEL
The acceptable quality level
(AQL) is a measure applied to
products and defined in ISO
2859-1 as the “quality level
that is the worst tolerable.”
The AQL tells you how many
defective components are
considered acceptable during
random sampling quality
inspections.