Calculus I for Bus

and Econ
By Daria Vyachkileva
Continuity

Source: WeAreTeachers

2
One-sided limits

~
Left
t

3
One-sided limits -

E)

Right
left

4
One-sided limits

Consider a function
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥≥0
Does the limit of 𝑓 𝑥 exist at 0?

No !
I
x

E lim f(x) = 1
x+ pt
1
lim f(x) = -
1

X 10 -

Since lim f(x) = lim f(x) ,

jeo-1
-

xept x- 10

lim f(x) DNE

x+ 0

5
One-sided limits

Example. Show that lim 𝑓 𝑥 exists for

𝑥→0
−𝑥, 𝑥<0
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥, 𝑥≥0

1) f(x) lim
!+ =
=
0

x+ ot

2) /im( x) 0
(n f(x)
=
= -

x -

feorem from slide y the limf(x)

by the ,
x+ 0

f(x) then lim f(x)

0
because limf(x) /m
=

0
exists
=

=
, x+0
ot x -

6
Continuity
-

Wil
7
Continuity

Three reasons why a function is NOT continuous at a point 𝑎.

1. 𝑓 𝑎 is not defined
2. lim 𝑓 𝑥 does not exist
𝑥→𝑎
3. 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ lim 𝑓 𝑥

·
𝑥→𝑎

re ③
>0

-
Gx2
x 0
for
=

x 2 ,

f(x
+
,
X
=

3 X =
0
,

8
Continuity

Explanation.

A function is continuous on an interval when its graph is a single unbroken curve that you could draw without lifting
your pen from the paper.

A function is not continuous on an interval if on that interval its graph has holes, gaps, jumps or breaks Break

Wi
continuous
1994
Jump

-
9
Continuity

Example. Find the values for which the function is continuous:

8𝑥 10 − 4𝑥 + 1
𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥2 + 1

1 .
Find values for which the function is

discontinuous

candidates for discontinuity :

x +
1 =
0

x = -1 hot because x > 0 for all xeR

possible
-

continuous IR
=>
g(x) is on

10
Continuity

Example. Find the values for which the function is continuous:

4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 1
𝑔 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2

Candidate for discontinuity

is continuous
x
<

-
-
3x
-
+ 2
=

0 g(x)
XFZ
~

for all XF1 or

(x - 1 (x 2) =

0
2) V(2 10)
-

or (-c , 1U(1,
,

x =
1

x -- 2

11
Continuity

Example. Find the values 𝑎 and 𝑏 such that the function 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥<2
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ3𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎, 2≤𝑥≤4
11 − 𝑏𝑥 2 , 𝑥>4

lim f(x) = /im f(x) = f(z)

+ -

X-2 x+ 2

-
lim f(x3 =

lim f(x) =
f(x)
x- 4t x+ 4-

12
Continuity

Example. cont

((m(3bx +

a) =

bb +
a

=>)

lim (ax 3) 4a 3
= +
+

x- 2-

6b +

a
=

4a +
3

6b -

3
=
3a

a
=

2b -
1

13
Continuity

Example. cont

2) lim (11-bx2) =
11-16b
x-4t =>

lim (3bx a) +
= R2b +
a

x + 4-

11-16b =
12b +
a

a =
x1 -
16b -
12b =

x1 -

28b

13
Continuity

Example. cont

2b 11 28b

E
1
= -

2b
-

a =
-
1
=>
a
=
11 -

28b 30b =
12

b =
5 =
=

a = 2 .

5 -

1 =

5 -
1
=

I -

5 = -

I
b E the function is
for a = -

= and =

continuous

13
Continuity

Example. Recall the profit function of the gas station

0.15𝑥 − 1,000 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5,000
0.15𝑥 − 1,250 for 5,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 10,000
𝑝 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 =
0.15𝑥 − 1500 for 10,000 < 𝑥 ≤ 15,000
…

lim P(x) = DNE

x+5000

Not continuous

5000 ,, po ..

I
·

14
Intermediate value theorem

Source: MathFail

15
Intermediate value theorem

f(a)

Wi
...... -

-----

- i
f(b)
-----

16
Intermediate value theorem

#I

&
- - -

f(a) >0

m f(b) ----
I

17
Intermediate value theorem
=ANT
Example. Show that the equation 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 has at least one solution.

continuous
5)
is
f(x) is
polynomial
a so it
,

on R or (-x , 1)

and b f(alco f(b) >

0

2) Find a s t .

↑such
.

that
,

·
1

I
f(0) =

10 -
I

f( 1) 20
i

4 3 2 1
=
-
- - +
=
- +

f(x) at least ..
3) By NT has one 2
-

solution on (-1 07 ,

18
Continuity

Warning.

The intermediate value theorem does not hold if the function is not continuous, as the following example shows:

ot appl a
X x <0 can

E
-
1 .

f(x) =

x 1
+ x >0
,

f(1) =

( + 1 =
2 ⑳

f( 1)
-
=
-
1 -
1
=
-
2

19
Continuity

Example. Show that

𝑥3 = 1 + 𝑥
has at least one solution.
x 1 -

R =

f(x) =

x -
1 -
x is continuous on
to d
,

f(0) 0 1 0 10
=
- -
-
=

f(4) =
64 -

1 -
230

f(x) has least

by at
NT one

solution

20