INQUIRIES REVIEWER

SAMPLING

1. Sampling Basics:
- Sample (n) represents a subset of the total population (N).
- Deciding sample size is crucial to avoid resource waste.
- Advantages include time and cost savings, along with increased attention to specific
elements.

2. Slovin's Formula:
- Used to determine sample size.
- Requires population size (N) and margin of error (e).
- Formula: n = 1 + Ne².

3. Sampling Techniques:
Probability Sampling:
- Simple Random Sampling: Equal chance for every member.
- Systematic Random Sampling: Every nth element chosen.
- Stratified Random Sampling: Splitting the population into groups and then picking
from each group.

Non-Probability Sampling:
- Convenience Sampling: Selecting available participants.
- Snowball Sampling: Referrals from key informants.
- Purposive Sampling: Selection for specific purpose.
- Quota Sampling: - Imagine you have different groups, like boys and girls.
- You want to make sure your sample includes enough of each group.
- So, you set a goal, like having 50 boys and 50 girls.
- You keep picking people until you reach those goals for each group.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Research Questions:
- Questions that guide research.
- Should be clear, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound.

2. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM:

- Specific: Clear question.
- Example: "Who performs better in math, male or female?"
- Measurable: Can be measured.
- Attainable: Can be answered with available resources.
- Realistic: Based on observable facts.
- Time-bound: Answerable within a set time frame.

3. General Guidelines for Formulating Research Problems:

- Plan questions before starting research.
- Sub-questions should be clear.
- Each question should have one clear meaning.
- Questions should contribute to solving the main problem.

TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

- Factor-isolating: Identify factors.
Example: "What difficulties do high school students face in the New Normal educational
setup?"
- Factor-relating: Find relationships between factors.
Example: "Is there a connection between family income and student learning?"
- Situation-producing: Suggest actions or policies.

Example: "What projects could empower parental involvement in education?"

- Situation-relating: Observe changes due to experiments.
Example: "How does modular distance learning impact student learning behavior?"
ETHICALLY SELECTING, CITING, AND SYNTHESIZING RELATED LITERATURE:

Characteristics of Materials to be Cited:

Features of information that should be mentioned in research.
- Recency: How recent the information is.
- Objectivity: Information should be fair and without bias.
- Relevance: Information should be related to the topic.
- Conciseness: Information should be enough but not too much.

5. Sources of Related Literature:

Where to find information for research.
- General References: Books, articles, or journals.
- Primary Sources: Original research or studies.
- Secondary Sources: Articles, essays, or textbooks.
- Tertiary Sources: Books that explain other works.

6. Including Materials in Your Review:

Deciding if certain sources should be used.
Example:
- Yes: Recent report from the Department of Education.
- No: Book published in 2015.
- No: International journal from 2018 by an unknown organization.
ORGANIZATION OF THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1. Three Parts:
- Introduction: A catchy opening that introduces the topic.
- Body: Detailed discussion of perspectives and concepts found in the materials
reviewed.
- Conclusion: A solid closing paragraph summarizing the discussion and identifying any
research gaps.

2. Organization of Topics and Concepts in the Body:

- Chronological: Arranging the review based on the timeline of development or
publication year.
- By Topic/Concept: Grouping similar ideas together to show their interrelationship.
- By Author/Writer: Presenting different viewpoints or perspectives from various
authors.

3. Legal Charges Against Unethical Writing:

- Plagiarism : Copying someone else's work without permission.
- Copyright Infringement: Unauthorized use of copyrighted material.

4. Format Used in Citing and Listing References:

- American Psychological Association (APA) Style: Including the author's surname and
year of publication in citations.
- Modern Language Association (MLA) Style: Another citation format used in academic
writing.
- Chicago Manual of Style: Another common citation style for research papers.

5. APA Style In-Text Citation Examples:

- Works by three to five authors: (Garcia, Santos, Hilario, Cruz & Aduan, 2019).
- Government agencies as authors: According to Department of Education (2020).
- Websites: Use "n.d." for sources with no date.