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These electromagnetic energy-triggered nanomaterials have been widely used for photothermal
therapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, or radiotherapy, and magnetic hyperthermia to
cause immunogenic cell death. Recently, conical fullerene amphiphiles 126 have emerged as a new
class of amphiphiles, in which a nonpolar apex is supplied by fullerenes and a hydrophilic part is
achieved through functionalization. Therefore, it is essential to develop alternative, simple, and
effective therapy for prevention of cancer. While the disadvantage is its poor dispersion of the NPs (
Komeili, 2012 ). This quenching phenomenon can help to sense the target analyte ( Fig. 22 ). 258
Chiral carbon quantum dots (cCQDs) can exhibit an enantioselective response. The unique features
of nanomaterials are highlighted throughout the review. PtNPs with a spherical shape and an average
size of 20.12 nm were synthesized from pomegranate extract, and the reaction was carried out at
room temperature for 24 h. Passive targeting is the accumulation of NPs in tumor cells, but the
uptake of NPs by cancer cells through active targeting is facilitated through receptor or surface
membrane proteins expressed on targets cells. Jeyaraj, Muniyandi, Sangiliyandi Gurunathan,
Muhammad Qasim, Min-Hee Kang, and Jin-Hoi Kim. PtNPs have been synthesized using leaf
extract from Barleria prionitis. The magnetic properties allowed for the magnetic enhancement of
liquid samples, while their catalytic properties enabled for signal amplification through enzyme-
mimic reactions. However, the history of nanomaterial utilization is ancient, and human beings used
these materials a long time ago for various applications, unknowingly. The unique pattern of the
diffraction beam is compared with the reference database in the Joint Committee on Powder
Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). Photoluminescent alumina membranes can be produced via
introducing cadmium sulfide, gallium nitride, and siloxenes inside nanoporous alumina using
appropriate precursors. 305 Porous alumina also acts as an efficient support and template for the
designing of other nanomaterials. Schematic illustration showing the differential effect of cisplatin (
A ) and platinum nanoparticles ( B ) in cancer cells. For the past decade, considerable progress has
been made in the synthesis of monodispersed and well-defined structures of PtNPs with sizes
ranging from 1.2 to several nm. Furthermore, we discussed the working principles and application of
analytical techniques used for characterization of NPs. Therefore, more studies are required to
explain the synergistic effect of PtNPs with anticancer drugs at a single time point. The development
of PtNPs as an anticancer agent is one of the most valuable and warranted approaches for cancer
treatment. The synthesized NPs were found to be effective against pathogenic fungi. Therefore, the
aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge regarding the
synthesis, including physical, chemical, and biological and toxicological effects of PtNPs on human
health, in terms of both in vivo and in vitro experimental analysis. Expand 493 1 Excerpt Save
Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic side chains. C. Goodman
Catherine D. Antibacterial activity of PtNPs against Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Bacterial Theranostics Antimicrobial resistance has posed serious health concerns in both developing
and developed countries. For example, The Zetasizer Nano provides a simple, fast, easy, and
accurate way to measure zeta potential and free from cross contamination due to use of unique
disposable capillary cell. 4.6. XRD XRD is one of the best methods for characterization of the
crystalline form of organic and inorganic materials. These 2D-MOF sheets show high stability while
retaining 88% of the initial current density over 8 h at 0.77 V vs. RHE. In another report, through
fabricating Co x Zn 2. Middle panel ( b ): Platinum nanoparticle synthesis assisted by phenolic
compounds. The lengths of these ultrathin nanomaterials can be extended to several centimeters. Top-
down methods include mechanical milling, laser ablation, etching, sputtering, and electro-explosion.
This system is designed to measure magnetization vs. Expand 1 2 Excerpts Save Gold Nanoparticle:
Recent Progress on Its Antibacterial Applications and Mechanisms Erkang Tian Yue Wang R.
Expand 60 1 Excerpt Save Gold nanoparticles: interesting optical properties and recent applications
in cancer diagnostics and therapy. HR-TEM image of platinum nanoparticle produced by plant
extracts of Ipomea carnea. The synthesized films are deposited onto desired supports, generating
MOS 1 and 2. Several targeting ligands have been used to actively target NPs including antibodies,
antibody fragments, peptides, proteins, aptamers, and small molecules such as folic acid. It is a well-
crafted template with an instant download facility. The concentration of the precursors and pH
played a major role in the controlled fabrication of PtNPs. NPs are synthesized from metals such as
platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), gold (Au), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc
(Zn). Biological Synthesis Method Biological synthesis is well-known method to synthesize MNPs
by using living organisms like plants and microorganisms (fungi, viruses, bacteria, and actinomycetes)
( Verma et al., 2021 ). The MNPs produced this method are comparatively biocompatible and useful
application in the biomedical field. The system has shown very low detection limits for both viruses,
while 2000 times more sensitive than the standard colloidal gold strip. It involves a small, powerful,
high-speed, benchtop, and compact instrument. C 6 H 5 O 7 Na 3, N 2 H 4, and NaBH 4 are
frequently used for chemical reduction processes. Dr Falath has a PhD degree in Polymers, Textiles,
and Fibers Engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology, USA. The produced particles were
found to be quasi-spherical and single crystalline nanoaggregates with an average size between 20
and 110 nm. Some biological tissue also emits blue light, specifically that involving carbohydrates,
and this interferes with cell imaging carried out with blue-emitting CQDs. However, the discovery of
other carbon-based nanomaterials has put fullerenes in the shade, and the pace of their exploration
has been reduced. As fullerenes are highly symmetrical molecules with unique properties, they can
act as performance boosters, but more attention is needed from researchers for their practical
expansion. 110. It also has certain limitations such as aggregation and is not suitable for the analysis
of nonspherical nanomaterials with heterogeneous size distributions. The flavanols worked as
reducing and capping agents. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from
MDPI journals. The soft template method is a simple conventional method for the generation of
nanostructured materials. This process consumes a lot of time for downstream processing for the
purification of AgNPs from cellular extracts. It is an innovative tool used in various fields such as
nanotechnology, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. The process of decomposition of
organometallic precursors is carried out under the presence of organic surfactants to produce MNPs
of desired size and shape ( Effenberger et al., 2017 ). The stabilizing agents used for the synthesis of
MNPs include fatty acids, hexadecylamine, and oleic acid. Au is famous for its wide applications in
the field of biomedicine or catalysis. SEM images of pristine bulk CaSi 2 (b) and the as-reacted
product (c), with insets showing photographs. Conical fullerene amphiphiles are mechanically robust.
The produced particles were found to be quasi-spherical and single crystalline nanoaggregates with
an average size between 20 and 110 nm. Biological templates used for the synthesis of PtNP are
shown in Table A1. To enhance the resolution of medical images, novel imaging techniques are being
developed. Synthesis of platinum nanoparticles using various types of metal salts.
The absorbed laser energy is used by low laser flux materials, thus converting the material to plasma.
The conversion of metal ion to NP using intracellular signaling pathways involves bacterial enzymes
( Figure 8 ). In the next step, condensation takes place, resulting in an increase in the solvent
viscosity to form porous structures that are left to age. The most famous example is iron oxide, but
uncoated iron oxides are unstable under physiological conditions. HR-TEM image of platinum
nanoparticle produced by plant extracts of Ipomea carnea. A major limitation of AFM is sample
preparation for the study of biological sample. The formulation of MNPs composed of several
materials showing varying physical and magnetic characteristics depending upon their usage in many
applications. Laifa Shen et al. rationally designed an electrode architecture via growing mesoporous
NiCo 2 O 4 nanowire arrays on carbon textiles, which boosted the electrode performance ( Fig. 37 ).
474. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any
commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All
these features, along with the small size, favor the thermodynamics and kinetics of transportation
during heterogeneous reactions. Size control of the particles is important and is regulated by volume
of reversed micelles and ratio of water. Inert gas condensation (IGC) methods involve evaporation
of metals by vacuum chambers filled with inert gas at a typical pressure of 100 Pa. In academics, the
concept of modern nanotechnology was introduced by Feynman's famous talk entitled “There's
Plenty of Room at the Bottom”. Most fungi produce metal NPs either by intracellular or extracellular
processes. Therefore, more studies are required to explain the synergistic effect of PtNPs with
anticancer drugs at a single time point. Furthermore, the obtained silicene sheets yielded ultrathin
monolayers or layers with few-layer thickness and exhibited excellent crystallinity. Air separation
and post-combustion CO 2 capture have become integral parts of mainstream industries related to
the energy sector in order to avoid substantial economic penalties. Furthermore, the elemental
composition and concentration of samples can be analyzed using SEM-EDX. 4.8. TEM TEM is a
common method and an indispensable tool for the characterization of NPs. To enhance the resolution
of medical images, novel imaging techniques are being developed. This synthesis of nanoparticles
slide PPT will allow you to do the detailed research on the nucleic acids that you need for any given
project, experiment, or analysis. HR-TEM micrograph of platinum nanoparticles produced by fungi (
Ganoderma spp.). The alloying of noble metals with other metals has enhanced site-specific activity.
484 At present, more focus is being placed on developing noble-metal-free catalysts for water
splitting. 485 Usually, an efficient electrocatalyst is characterized by: 487 a low overpotential; high
stability; low production costs; and high electrocatalytic activity. For the past decade, considerable
progress has been made in the synthesis of monodispersed and well-defined structures of PtNPs with
sizes ranging from 1.2 to several nm. Furthermore, we discussed the working principles and
application of analytical techniques used for characterization of NPs. It is a potential tool for image
analysis of biological samples on the nanometer scale; particularly, it is used to measure surface
thickness of nanomaterials. The unique supramolecular structure formed via the spontaneous
assembly of one-sided selectively functionalized fullerenes through strong hydrophobic interactions
between the fullerene apexes and polar functionalized portions is soluble in water. Diagrammatic
sketch representing the possible mechanism of platinum nanoparticle induced cytotoxicity in cancer
cell lines. GPt exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on tumor growth with less systemic drug toxicity
and helps in combating hypoxia-induced chemoresistance in an OSCC xenograft mouse tumor
model. This review discusses a brief history of nanomaterials and their use throughout history to
trigger advances in nanotechnology development. Reducing agents like sodium borohydride
(NaBH4), potassium bitartrate (KC 4 H 5 O 6 ), methoxy polyethylene glycol (CH 3 O(CH 2 CH 2
O)nH), trisodium citrate dihydrate (Na 3 C 6 H 9 O 9 ), ascorbate, and elemental hydrogen are used
for the reduction process. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive assessment
of the current knowledge regarding the synthesis, including physical, chemical, and biological and
toxicological effects of PtNPs on human health, in terms of both in vivo and in vitro experimental
analysis.
In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. The catalytic activity was analyzed by
studying the reduction of two different dyes-methylene blue and crystal violet. Peaks were also
obtained for fulvic acid at 280 nm in the presence of phenolic groups. In general, top-down methods
cover the strategy of the single or few-layer exfoliation of MOF nanosheets through various
techniques, including ultrasonic-assisted exfoliation, 416 mechanically forced exfoliation, 417 Li-ion
intercalation-based exfoliation, 418,419 and chemically derived exfoliation. 420 In bottom-up
methods, the direct synthesis is similar to common MOF preparation methods from metal ions and
organic linkers. Heat treatment under acidic or oxidative conditions facilitates the facile introduction
of holes into carbon nanohorns. Chemiresistive semiconducting metal oxides are potential candidates
for gas sensing due to the following features: 499 rapid response times; fast recovery times; low cost;
simple electronic interfaces; user-friendliness and low maintenance; and abilities to sense a wide
range of gases. Physicochemical properties of platinum nanoparticles. The release of nanocomposites
led to a rapid release of silver ions, thus trapping the bacteria in the porous rGO matrix. Different
synthetic methods are used to obtain MNPs of desired size, morphology, stability, and
biocompatibility. Conventional TEM techniques are used to analyze the sample ubiquitously. The
detection of transmitted electrons is very useful to study nanomaterials. Hollow nanostructures have
the unique features of: 518,519 low density; abundant inner void spaces; large surface areas; and the
ability to act as nanoscale containers with high loading capacity, nanoreactors, and nanocarriers.
Most fungi produce metal NPs either by intracellular or extracellular processes. The surface area of
graphene is much higher compared to fullerenes and graphite. SWCNTs and MWCNTs also display
excellent thermal conductivities of ?6000 W m ?1 K ?1 and ?2000 W m ?1 K ?1, respectively. Two
approaches for multifunctional MSN-based drug delivery systems are to design (B) a multifunctional
targeting molecule that acts both as a targeting and capping agent or (C) a stimuli-responsive
gatekeeper that is further modified with a target moiety to achieve multifunctional drug delivery.
The size of NPs plays a key role in the demonstration of different physicochemical properties. Some
of the instruments used for their characterization are Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Energy
Dispersive X-ray Diffraction (EDXD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform
Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, UV Spectrophotometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM),
and Mossbauer Spectroscopy (MS) ( Galloway et al., 2015 ). Size and Surface Morphology Changes
in the size and morphology of MNPs can change their physicochemical properties. Overall, during
the last decade, silicene has been widely accepted as an ideal 2D material with many fascinating
properties, suggesting great promise for a future beyond graphene. The resistance of bacteria against
widespread antibiotics has become a serious health concern in both developing and developed
countries. Transmission electron microscopy image of platinum nanoparticles produced by Bacillus
spp. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in
the field. A Feature. During this meeting, the following concept was presented: “why can’t we write
the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin?” The vision was to
develop smaller machines, down to the molecular level. 6,7 In this talk, Feynman explained that the
laws of nature do not limit our ability to work at the atomic and molecular levels, but rather it is a
lack of appropriate equipment and techniques that limit this. 8 Through this, the concept of modern
technology was seeded. Apigenin functionalized PtNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus ( Figure 15 ). The MNPs aided in the
improvement of different sensing techniques such as PCR, fluorescent detection, colorimetric
detection, and surface-enhanced Raman detection to make them promising platforms for bacterial
detection ( Yuan et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2019 ). Colorimetric detection is a technique, which involves
the qualitative analysis of variations in color induced by bacteria through the naked eye. The
synthesis can also be easily modified using genetic engineering techniques for specific purposes, to
reduce toxicity, and to obtain sustainable NP production. Photoluminescent alumina membranes can
be produced via introducing cadmium sulfide, gallium nitride, and siloxenes inside nanoporous
alumina using appropriate precursors. 305 Porous alumina also acts as an efficient support and
template for the designing of other nanomaterials. Finally, we discuss the biomedical and other
applications of PtNPs. Multifunctional nano-platforms consist of iron-PtNPs (FePt NPs) with a
polypyrrole (PPy) coating as a novel agent for combined photothermal therapy (PTT) and
photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Porous materials are generally defined as nanoporous materials when
they have a pore diameter of less than 100 nm. 283,284 According to the pore size, porous materials
can be divided into three major categories: 285,286.
Comparative studies with a graphene system, the low residual carrier density, and the high gate
modulation suggested the opening of a small bandgap in the experimental devices, proving that
silicene can be considered a viable 2D nanomaterial beyond graphene. Nanoporous alumina can be
prepared in a controlled fashion with any size and shape in polyprotic aqueous media via the anodic
oxidation of the aluminum surface. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms
and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). Hemoglobin-
functionalized copper ferrite nano-particles (Hb-CFNPs) was designed with integration of combined
catalytic and photothermal property to synergistically eradicate pathogenic bacteria ( Liu et al., 2019
). In addition, the intrinsic magnetic property of Hb-CFNPs increased about 20 times photothermal
efficiency through magnetic hyperthermia via magnetic enrichment, which enhanced the bactericidal
efficacy even at a lower dose. Graphene has a substantially high surface-to-volume ratio and atomic
thickness, making it extremely sensitive to any changes in its local environment. The basic principle
of this instrument is electrophoresis, which is mainly based on electric charges, when electric field is
applied into the dispersion, particles, or molecules are having net zeta potential will migrate towards
the oppositely charged electrode with a velocity, known as the mobility, that is related to their zeta
potential. Wet chemical reduction is often used in laboratory research to control particle sizes.
Antibacterial activity of PtNPs against Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The potential
benefit of biological method of synthesis was that the produced nanoparticles were soluble,
biocompatible, sustainable, chemical free, cost effective, and eco-friendly. The conversion of metal
ion to NP using intracellular signaling pathways involves bacterial enzymes ( Figure 8 ). It is difficult
to obtain NPs of desired shape and size through mechanical crushing ( Decastro and Mitchell, 2002
). Jeyaraj, M.; Gurunathan, S.; Qasim, M.; Kang, M.-H.; Kim, J.-H. Paper should be a substantial
original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. Most fungi
produce metal NPs either by intracellular or extracellular processes. However, some innovative
chemical synthetic approaches have made it easier to restrict the nucleation and growth of these
MNPs. The highest rate constant is observed with tetrahedral nanoparticles and the lowest rate
constant was observed with cubic nanoparticles, whereas spherical nanoparticles exhibited an
intermediate rate constant during catalysis. 502 Xiaowei Xie et al. Due to excellent affinity a greater
amount of tetracycline arrived through the mesoporous channels at Cds surface and transformed into
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), water (H 2 O), and smaller molecules ( Figure 7 ). Transmission electron
microscopy image of platinum nanoparticles produced by Bacillus spp. The process of decomposition
of organometallic precursors is carried out under the presence of organic surfactants to produce
MNPs of desired size and shape ( Effenberger et al., 2017 ). The stabilizing agents used for the
synthesis of MNPs include fatty acids, hexadecylamine, and oleic acid. TEM micrographs showed
the formation of crystalline NPs of irregular rod shapes. It includes the use of less harmful materials
and procedures, and widely practiced in biomedical applications ( Indira and Lakshmi, 2010 ). A
neutravidin-modified screen-printed carbon electrode was functionalized with biotinylated p53. So
download to create the best presentation on the entire process of synthesis of nanoparticles. The
basal plane of graphene oxide is generally decorated with epoxide and hydroxyl groups, whereas the
edges presumably contain carboxyl- and carbonyl-based functional groups. 189 The presence of
active functional groups in graphene oxide allows its further functionalization with different
polymers, small organic compounds, or other nanomaterials to realize several applications. 190.
Chemical preparation involves synthesis of metal NPs in a chemical solution, and various chemical
reactions and chemical compositions are used for these purposes. According to the International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the global cancer burden is estimated to have risen to 18.1
million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018 ( ). In the future, more focus is anticipated to be
placed on their synthesis and practical utilization. This counterpart exhibited a detection limit of 20 ?
10 ?12 M, and this detection limit is substantially lower than previously reported MOF-based
fluorescence assays. Effect of apigenin mediated synthesis of PtNPs on cell survival of P. Magnetic-
based microspheres or composites include a large number of magnetic bodies, porous polymeric
structures, and specific metalcore, which offer higher affinities for targeted biomolecules ( Fu et al.,
2009; Haun et al., 2010 ). The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of metal NPs can be
greatly enhanced by ferromagnetic NPs.
Here, we focus on the synthesis, characterization, and properties of PtNPs and discuss the
mechanisms of cytotoxicity and therapeutic applications of PtNPs in cancer cells. 2. Classification of
Nanomaterials NPs are commonly classified based on their morphology, dimensions, shape,
composition, uniformity, and agglomeration. Linhardt Chemistry, Materials Science
Biomacromolecules 2009 TLDR A clean method of synthesizing gold and silver nanoparticles that
exhibit biological functions that demonstrated effective anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory
efficacy, having potential in various local applications is demonstrated. Nanocomposite S-containing
platinum and titanium NPs exhibit very high photodynamic efficiency under a mild ultraviolet
radiation in human cervical cancer cells. EGFR is a part of the ErbF family of receptors and is
expressed in normal cells and over expressed in malignancy of epithelial cancer cells. Synthesis of
platinum nanoparticles using various types of metal salts. They produced NPs intracellularly at an
ambient temperature. This synthesis of nanoparticles slide PPT will allow you to do the detailed
research on the nucleic acids that you need for any given project, experiment, or analysis.
Combination therapy has exhibited reduced systemic toxicity in comparison to either photothermal
treatment or chemotherapy alone. When an external magnetic field is applied on these NPs, they
show magnetic sensitivity and can interact with these external magnetic fields ( Pathak et al., 2021 ).
However, in the absence of external magnetic field shows no magnetism. That is why not a single
method is referred to as the optimal method for the synthesis of MNPs. But this can be done under
very controlled conditions during synthesis. Synthesis is confirmed based on the absorbance of the
samples at wavelength from 230 to 800 nm, and NPs ranging from 1 to 100 nm can be used for
analysis. As the usage of PtNPs shows immense potential in the medical field, various new
modalities need to be developed. Besides, like many other porous materials, 2D-MOFs were also
shown to be a supporting platform for catalytic nanoparticles because of their high specific surface
areas and favorable porosity distributions. Commonly, the put off blood circulation of NPs is prior to
archive the successful drug delivery. Disadvantages of chemical methods include low purity and the
use of toxic chemicals and organic solvents, which can be hazardous to human beings and the
environment. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals.
Another recent report described that five different shapes and sizes of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated
PtNPs ranging between 2 and 20 nm were used to examine the antibactericidal activity against P.
The scientific community needs to address such kind of enormous challenges and has to conduct
hassle-free clinical trials for the development and construction of MNPs for a better future. The
transport and movement of pure iron NPs have been restricted because of their colloidal nature.
Mittu Santwana Padhi Nabanita Patra Jagvir Singh Materials Science, Chemistry 2020 22 Save
Green Synthesis of Bio-polymer Composites of Iron for Pharmaceutical Applications L. The salient
features of nanoIR include multifunctional measurements. PtNPs obtained from tea polyphenol
showed a flower-shaped morphology with sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm. Recently, more attention
has also been given to the remaining group 15 elements, 390 with the novel 2D materials arsenene,
antimonene, and bismuthene being obtained from the key elements arsenic, antimony, and bismuth,
respectively. HR-TEM image of platinum nanoparticle produced by plant extracts of Ipomea carnea.
FTIR measurement depends on the vibration of molecular bonds positioned at various frequencies
and the type of bonds. HR-TEM image of platinum nanoparticle produced by plant extracts of
Ipomea carnea. Moreover, because of the high signal-to-background ratio MNPs can be used as
magnetic probes to detect the analytes in biological samples ( Xie et al., 2011 ). The MNPs are made
up of magnetic-origin elements including iron, cobalt, and nickel, as well as their oxides ( Mornet et
al., 2006 ). Since superparamagnetic particles can only be magnetized by an external magnetic field,
hence there is no potential magnetization in the absence of an external magnetic field ( Majetich and
Jin, 1999 ). The most extensively studied NPs in the nanomedicine field because of their magnetic
features and super biocompatibility. Due to the nanometer thickness and controlled pore structure
distribution, 2D-MOFs have been recognized as a new type of membrane material amongst other
gas-separation membranes.