satisfied for a chemical reaction to occur: particles of

reactants must collide with one another and colliding

particles must have sufficient energy.
_________7. A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular
or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a
change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.
_________8. Ratio of solute in a solution to either solvent or total
solution. Concentration is usually expressed in terms of
mass per unit volume.
_________9. A catalyst that occupy the same phase as the reaction
mixture.
________10. A catalyst that occupy a different phase.

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION
The Collision Theory
The collision theory explains how a chemical reaction takes
place. According to this theory, there are conditions must be
satisfied for a chemical reaction to occur:
1. Reactant particle must collide
2. They must have proper orientation
3. They must have sufficient energy

The collision theory is very useful in explaining many

characteristics of chemical reactions. No reaction can take place
between two particles if they are far apart. They must come in
contact so that they may be able to break bonds, exchange
atoms, and form new bonds. Not all colliding particles react and
form products. For example, a match does not burn spontaneously
even in the presence of oxygen. The match must be ignited by heat
caused by friction for combustion to take place. This suggests that
not only must reacting particles collide, but must have proper
orientation and certain amount of energy. This is the energy of
activation (Ea), or activation energy; it is the minimum amount of
energy needed for a reaction to occur. If colliding particles possess
energy that is greater than the activation energy, the collision can
result in a reaction. On the other hand, if the particles have energy
4 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek8_v2
that is less than the activation energy, they just bounce off each
other unchanged.
The Arrhenius Law - Activation Energies

All molecules possess a certain minimum amount of energy.

The energy can be in the form of kinetic energy or potential energy.
When molecules collide, the kinetic energy of the molecules can
be used to stretch, bend, and ultimately break bonds, leading to
chemical reactions. If molecules move too slowly with little kinetic
energy, or collide with improper orientation, they do not react and
simply bounce off each other. However, if the molecules are
moving fast enough with a proper collision orientation, such that
the kinetic energy upon collision is greater than the minimum
energy barrier, then a reaction occurs. The minimum energy
requirement that must be met for a chemical reaction to occur is
called the activation energy, Ea.

Figure 1. An analogy of activation energy. The energy required for a person to roll the ball
in the hill from A to B is called activation energy, Ea.

Source: https://images.slideplayer.com/15/4577354/slides/slide_2.jpg

The speed by which reactants are converted to products is

referred to as the rate of reaction. A reaction that takes a long time
to complete is described to have a low reaction rate. A reaction
that occurs quickly has a high reaction rate. While some reactions
may occur almost instantaneously, other may take hours, days, or
even years to progress to completion. However, a reaction can be
speeded up or slowed down by manipulating many different
factors, which include concentration and particle size of reactants,
temperature of the reaction, and presence or absence of catalyst.

5 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek8_v2
 The reaction pathway is similar to what happens in Figure 1. To
get to the other end B, an object must roll with enough speed to
completely roll over the hill of a certain height. The faster the object
moves, the more kinetic energy it has. If the object moves too
slowly, it does not have enough kinetic energy necessary to
overcome the hill; as a result, it eventually rolls back down. In the
same way, there is a minimum amount of energy needed in order
for molecules to break existing bonds during a chemical reaction.
If the kinetic energy of the molecules upon collision is greater than
this minimum energy, then bond breaking and forming occur,
forming a new product (provided that the molecules collide with
the proper orientation).

Effects of Enzymes on Activation Energy

One of the important factors that affect the rate of a reaction

is the presence of catalyst. Catalysts are substances that hasten
reaction without themselves being consumed in the reaction. They
do so by lowering the activation energy that a reaction must
overcome in order to achieve successful collisions and progress
(see Figure 2).

Figure 2. The potential energy diagram of a reaction containing a catalyst (red line) and
without a catalyst (blue line). Notice that the activation energy containing a catalyst is
lower than the activation without a catalyst.

Source: https://chemistryonline.guru/catalysis-short-note/

In biological systems, catalysts are termed enzymes. They are

proteins considered absolutely essential to most life forms because
many important chemical reactions that occur in the body would
6 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek8_v2
progress much too slowly without them. Enzymes are also used in

facilitate the decomposition of starch, proteases of proteins and

lipases for fats and oils.
Types of Catalyst
Catalysts are classified into two: homogenous catalyst and
heterogeneous catalyst. Homogenous catalysts exist in the same
phase as the reactants in a reaction mixture. Conversely,
heterogeneous catalysts exist as a separate phase from the
reactants in a reaction mixture. Most heterogeneous catalysts are
solids. Solid catalysts work by providing a surface to which reactant
molecules can adhere.
An example of a homogenous catalyst is the destruction of
ozone in the stratosphere. The catalyst is Cl atoms from
chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs), which are substances containing
chlorine and fluorine and used primarily as refrigerants and
propellants. The uncatalyzed reaction of ozone, O3(g) is:
O3(g) + O(g) + 2O2(g)
In the presence of Cl atoms, the catalyzed reaction occurs in
two successive steps in the presence of UV rays.
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2
Notice that one Cl atom is used in the first reaction, however
it is regenerated in the second reaction. Note that a catalyst
participate in the reaction and its concentration remains the same.
In the reaction, the Cl atom is not used up since it is a catalyst. The
Cl atom is very effective in destroying ozone molecules in the
stratosphere, not only because it speeds up the reaction, but also
because it is regenerated and can react with ozone many times.
As a matter of fact, one chlorine atom can destroy up to 100 000
ozone molecules. An example of heterogenous catalyst is the
hydrogenation reaction. The hydrogenation reaction is an example
of addition reaction in which the hydrogen H2(g)will attaches to a

7 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek8_v2
double bond. The catalyst used for hydrogenation reaction nickel,
Ni(s). Below are the steps involving in a hydrogenation reaction:
1. Absorption of the reactant onto the surface of the catalyst
2. Activation of the absorbed reactant
3. Reaction of the absorbed reactant
4. Diffusion of the product from the surface into the gas or
liquid phase (desorption).

The figure below shows the mechanism of hydrogenation

reaction. There are four steps in the catalysis of the reaction C2 H4 +
H2 C2H6 by nickel. (a) Hydrogen is adsorbed on the surface,
breaking the H H bonds and forming Ni H bonds. (b) Ethylene is
-bond and forming Ni C
bonds. (c) Atoms diffuse across the surface and form new C H
bonds when they collide. (d) C2H6 molecules escape from the
nickel surface, since they are not strongly attracted to nickel.

Figure 3. A schematic diagram of hydrogenation reaction. Notice that nickel, Ni(s) (the catalyst) facilitates the
reaction of H2(g) and ethylene (containing a double bond).

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryformajorsxmaster/chapter/catalysis-missing-figures-os-
issue/

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Evaluation/Post-test
A. Multiple Choice. Directions. Choose the letter of the correct
answer and write it in your notebook.

1. This is a substance that when added to a reaction mixture

this increases the rate of the reaction but is itself unchanged
after the reaction is completed.
a. Inhibitor c. heterogeneous catalyst
b. Catalyst d. homogeneous catalyst

8 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek8_v2
 2. What do you call to the minimum amount of energy needed
for a reaction to occur.
a. Endothermic reaction c. activation energy
b. Exothermic reaction d. catalyst

3. A substance that slows down reactions is called ______.

a. Inhibitor c. rate of reaction
b. Catalyst d. collision theory

4. This explains how a chemical reaction takes place.

a. Energy c. rate of reaction
b. Collision theory d. inhibitor

5. The speed by which reactants are converted to products is

referred to as _______.
a. Rate of reaction c. heterogeneous catalyst
b. Homogeneous catalyst d. chemical reaction

B. TRUE or FALSE. Directions. Write True if the statement is correct

and False if the statement is wrong. Write your answer in your
notebook.

______1. Temperature is directly proportional to kinetic energy. An

increase in temperature results in an increase in the
kinetic energy of the reacting particles.
______2. If there is a higher concentration of one or more of
reactants, there is a greater chance that collisions will
occur among particles of the reactants.
______3. Increasing the pressure of a gas decreases the volume
where the gas particles can freely move. This follows that
an amount of gas would be of higher concentration in a
high-pressured container than in a low-pressured one.
_______4. Catalysts are substances that hasten reaction without
themselves being consumed in the reaction.
_______5. The speed or rate of any event is measured by the
change that occurs in a given interval of time.

9 NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLKWeek8_v2