ORAL COMMUNICATON - One best way to convince the audiences is
through the application of ethos, pathos, and
MIDTERM HANDOUTS
THE COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS
I. ROOTS OF COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
a. Sender-oriented Barriers (lack of planning,
clarity about the purpose of communication,
improper choice of word, wrong choice of
channel).
b. Receiver-oriented Barriers (poor listening, lack
of interest).
c. Channel- oriented Barriers (noise, wrong
selection of medium).
II. THE BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
A. PHYSICAL/ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIER
- Include barriers like noise, closed doors, faulty
equipment used for communication, closed
cabins, etc.
- Time, Place, Space, Climate, and Noise are the
key environmental constraints.
B. LINGUISTIC/LANGUAGE BARRIERS
- If the sender and speaker does not share the
same language.
- Language proves to be a barrier at different
levels, such as semantic (meaning), syntactic
(grammar), phonological (pronunciation),
intonation, pitch etc.) and finally linguistic
(across languages).
C. PSYCHOLOGOCAL BARRIERS
- There are various mental and psychological
issues that may be barriers. Some people have
stage fear, speech disorders, phobia, depression
etc.
D. PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS
- Certain disorders or diseases or other
limitations. E.g., shrillness of voice, dyslexia,
etc.
- The physiological barrier is exacerbated by the
limitations of the human body and intellect.
E. ATTITUDINAL BARRIERS
- obstacles that arise from' attitudes, beliefs, and
emotional states that individuals possess.
F. CULTURAL BARRIERS
- Different cultures have a different meaning for
several basic values of society. Dressing,
Religions or lack of them, food, drinks, pets, and
the general behavior will change drastically from
one culture to another.
THE CONTEXT OF COMMUNICATION
I. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE
A. INFORMATIVE/EXPOSITORY
- aims to instruct and educate by explaining,
describing, or giving information to the
listeners.
- The speech must include accurate facts, figures,
and statistics hence the use of slides, charts,
figures, and other instructional materials.
B. PERSUASIVE
- aims to convince the listeners about a particular
issue that you believe in. This speech uses
sound reasoning, solid evidence, facts, and
examples, and quotes from experts.
logos in your speech style.
b.1 Ethos - credibility (speaker’s level of
education, accolades received, events/seminars
attended)
b.2 Pathos – human emotions
b.3 Logos – facts in logical manner
C. ENTERTAINMENT
- aims to amuse the audience and make them
enjoy, smile, and even laugh at your message.
D. INSPIRATIONAL
- It is a way to stir up people's higher-order
values and plant positive and valid ideals in life.
- An Inspirational speech is written to persuade,
or convince the listeners, that they can succeed.
II. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
A. MANUSCRIPT SPEECH
- is the written or typed text of a speech prepared
ahead of time.
- it is most often used in conferences or meetings
- Government officials, Newscasters, valedictory
address are just few samples of this variety.
B. MEMORIZED SPEECH
- is one that is delivered from memory.
- A speech is written and memorized prior to the
delivery time.
- Politicians and actors usually commit to
memorization.
C. IMPROMPTU SPEECH
- is a speech delivered with little or no preparation
at all from the speaker.
- The person may have to speak in a few minutes.
- It is an advantage to support the main point
with various concrete examples.
D. EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
- is a type of speech that allows the speaker to
prepare his message but only uses notes or index
card to help deliver the speech.
DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
I. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
a) The use of body language, gestures, and facial
expressions to convey information to others.
b) Messages that people exchange beyond and
alongside the words themselves.
c) It can go without verbal communication.
II. CATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL SYMBOLS
A. KINESICS (BODY MOVEMENTS)
- the study of the way in which certain body
movements and gestures serve as a form
of nonverbal communication.
- This includes facial expression, gestures, and
body stance.
a. Facial Expression is used to convey emotional
messages such as concern, interest, joy, fear,
sadness or surprise. Eye contact is a special
type of facial expression.
b. Gestures or hand and body motions consist of
clenched fist, upturned thumb, pointing,
waiving, and other movements.
 c. Body Stance refers to posture, positions of
arms and legs, distribution of body weight and
overall body movement.
B. HAPTICS (TOUCH LANGUAGE)
- powerful messages can be sent through the use
of touch – a pat on the shoulder, a hand shake,
and others.
C. PROXEMICS
- The study of how space and distance influence
communication.
- Deals with the effective use of space in social
settings.
- Every culture has different levels of physical
closeness appropriate to different types of
relationships.
D. CHRONEMICS
- Refers to the study of how time affects
communication.
- How long one keeps someone waiting or how
early or late he arrives for an appointment can
convey nonverbal messages.
- Promptness and knowing when to stop talking
are time consideration.
-
E. VOCALICS
- Involves the study of voice quality, volume,
speed rate, and the manner of speaking beyond
the words.
Example:
• Shakey voices reveals nervousness.
• Clear voice resonates confidence.
F. OCULESICS
- We also communicate through eye behaviors,
primarily eye contact.
- How & how much do we look at others when
communicating.
Example:
• Anger – eyes glaring and wide open.
• Boredom – eyes not focused, or focused on
something else.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTENT
A. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- The term “intra” means “inside”.
- Intrapersonal communication means talking to
oneself or “self-talk.”
B. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
- Interpersonal communication transpires
between two or more individuals exchanging
ideas and feelings.
C. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
- Refers to communication that requires you to
deliver or send the message before or in front
of a group.
- Use slides or a Power Point presentation is
common.” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19)
D. MASS COMMUNICATION
- This refers to communication that takes place
through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and
other types of media.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
A. INTIMATE
- Uses completely private language among family
members and very close friends.
- It may contain words that are only shared
between two people or a small group. In
includes pet names, familiar phrases, and inside
jokes.
B. CASUAL
- Common among friends and colleagues who are
close to each other.
- Slang words, Colloquialism, trendy languages,
and jokes are examples of this.
- The people talking know one another and share
a common perspective.
C. CONSULTATIVE
- used to convey factual information.
- It involves two-way participation, often in a
form of questions and answers.
Example:
• teachers and students
• doctor and patient
• judge and lawyer
D. FORMAL
- is more of a one-way kind of communication.
- Speakers are more correct with their grammar
and pronunciation.
Examples:
• Sermons by priests and ministers
• State of the Nation Address of the President
• Pronouncements by judges.
E. FROZEN
- This style is “frozen” in time and remains
unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
Examples:
• Preamble to the Constitution
• Lord’s Prayer
• Allegiance to country or flag.
THE SPEECH ACTS
- It is an utterance or spoken word that
performs a certain social function.
a. Locutionary Act (Utterance)
- Locutionary act refers to the utterance of
something with certain meaning.
Example:
“Our class will end in five minutes.” (The
teacher’s actual utterance)
b. Illocutionary Act (Intention)
- It refers to the utterance of something with
intention or conventional force. It includes
apologizing, giving permission, informing,
ordering, promising, requesting, and the like.
Example:
“Our class will end in five minutes.” (Informing
the students to finish their task immediately
because it’s time to go home)
c. Perlocutionary Act (Response)
- It refers to the utterance of something to
achieve a response from or produce an effect to
the listener. Examples of perlocutionary act
include convincing, persuading, surprising, etc.
Example:
“Our class will end in five minutes.” (The
listener’s respond by finishing their task right
away)
When somebody says "Is there any salt?" at the
dinner table, the illocutionary act is a
request: "please give me some salt" even
though the locutionary act (the literal sentence)
was to ask a question about the presence of salt.
The perlocutionary act (the actual effect), might
be to cause somebody to pass the salt.