Sentence
- A sentence is a group of words that has a
complete thought.
- It is composed of a subject and a predicate.
Subject
- Doer of the action/ topic of the sentence.
- It is what (or whom) the sentence is about. It
may be a noun or pronoun.
Predicate
- Tells something about the subject.
Linking Verb
- It expresses a state of being, not an action, and
is followed by a predicate noun or pronoun
which tells what the sentence is or renames the
subject in different terms, or by a complement
adjective, which describes or modifies the
sentence subject.
Transitive Verb
- It expresses an action that has a direct object or
receiver of the action.
Intransitive Verb
- It expresses an action but does not have a
direct object that receives the action. The subject
of the sentence performs an action but not to,
for, or against anything or anybody.
Direct Object
- Is the noun or noun phrase that receives the
action of the verb
Subject + Verb + Who or What
Indirect Object
- It is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that
occurs in the addition to a direct object after
some verbs and indicates the person or thing that
receives what is being given or done.
Subject + Verb + Direct Object + To Whom,
To What, For Whom, or For What
Subject Complement
- It either renames or describes the subject and is
usually a noun, pronoun, or adjective.
- It occurs when there is a linking verb within
the sentence.
Object Complement
- Is a word (usually a noun or an adjective) that
remains the direct object or state what it has
become.
Basic Sentence Patterns
1. Subject + Linking Verb + Complement (S-
LV-C)
2. Subject + Intransitive Verb (S-IV)
3. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (S-
IV-DO)
4. Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object +
Object Complement (S-TV-DO-OC)
5. Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object +
Direct object (S-TV-IO-DO)
Subject Verb Agreement
1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number.
2. Don’t get confused by the words that come
between the subject and verb.
3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and
verb usually do not affect the agreement.
4. If a sentence starts with “there” or “here”, the
subject will always be placed after the verb.
5. Subjects can come after the verb in questions.
6. If two subjects are joined by “and”, they
typically require a plural verb.
7. If two subjects are separated by “and” refer to
the same thing, the verb is singular.
8. If both subjects are singular and connected by
or, nor, neither/nor, either/or and not only/but
also, the verb is singular.
9. f both subjects are plural and connected by the
words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not
only/but also, the verb is plural.
10. f one subject is singular and one plural and
are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor,
either/or, and not only/but also, use the subject
that is nearest the verb.
11. Units of measurement usually use a singular
verb.
12. Collective nouns usually take a singular
verb.
13. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are
treated as singular.
14. Two infinitives separated by and take a
plural verb.
15. Gerunds alone take a singular verb. Gerunds
linked by and took a plural verb.
16. f the words each, every or no come before
the subject, the verb is singular.
17. Most indefinite pronouns take singular
verbs.
18. Both, few, many, others, and several take a
plural verb.
19. When the subject is all, any, more, most,
none, or some, this is the ONLY time you must
look at the object of the prepositional phrase to
determine whether it is singular or plural.
20. Only the SUBJECT affects the verb.
Verb Tense
- Is a combination of “time” and “aspect” of an
action.
Time
- Refers to past and present—some would
include future.
Aspect
- Refers to simple, progressive, and Perfect.
Verb Tenses: Simple Tenses
1. Simple Present Tense
- Indicates that an action is taking place at the
time you express it, or an action that occurs
regularly.
Example:
The students listen attentively. [an action taking
place when it is expressed]
2. Simple Past Tense
- Indicates that an action is completed and has
already taken place.
Example:
Ms. Lea gave the examination last week. [an
action completed in the past].
3. Simple Future Tense
- Indicates that an action will or is likely to take
place.
Example:
Later today I will clean my room. [a future
action that will definitely occur]
Verb Tenses: Perfect Tenses
- Designate actions that were or will be
completed before other actions. You can form
the perfect tenses with the appropriate tense
form of the helping, or auxiliary, verb have plus
the past participle.
1. Present Perfect Tense
- Refers to an action that either occurred at an
indefinite time in the past or began in the past
and continued to the present time. This tense is
formed by have/has + the past participle.
Example:
I have written an excuse letter. [an action that
began in the past and is finished at the present]
2. Past Perfect Tense
- Indicates an action occurring before a certain
time in the past. This tense is formed by had +
the past participle.
Example:
Jisoo and Lisa had eaten lunch when Jennie and
Rosé came.
3. Future Perfect Tense
- Indicates that an action will be finished by a
certain time. This tense is formed by will + have
+ the past participle.
Example:
By Thursday, the President will have apologized
for his mistake.
Verb Tenses: Progressive Tenses
- Express continuing action. You can form them
with the appropriate tense of the verb be plus the
present participle.
1. Present Progressive Tense
- Indicates that something is happening at the
time you express it.
Example:
Cha Eun-Woo is listening to his favorite song.
2. Past Progressive Tense
- Indicates two kinds of past action.
Example:
Poe’s writing was becoming increasingly bizarre
and dark. [a continuing action in the past]
3. Future Progressive Tense
- Indicates a continuing action in the future.
Example:
She will be attending a wedding next week.
Verb Tenses: Perfect Progressive
- Is used to say that an event or action is, was, or
will be continually occurring (progressive) but
that it is, was, or will be completed at a later
time, or that it relates to a later time (perfect).
1. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
- Indicates action continuing from the past into
the present and possibly into the future. This
tense is formed by has/have + been + the
present participle.
Example:
The teacher has been grading since yesterday
afternoon.
2. Past Perfect Progressive Tense
- Indicates that a past action went on until
another occurred. This tense is formed by had +
been + the present participle.
Example:
Mary had been living there for a year when she
decided to move to Korea.
 4. Past Subjunctive
- It is used to express an untrue condition or
possibility, or a wish or a desire.
3. Future Perfect Progressive Tense
Example:
- Indicates that an action will continue until a
certain future time. This tense is formed by will I hope to see you again.
+ have + been + the present participle.
Listening
Example:
- A process or activity of paying attention to
On Tuesday I will have been working on this what one hears and trying to understand or to get
paper for six weeks. the meaning conveyed or implied by the
speaker.
Mood
- Listening can be acquired, learned, and
- Is the form of a verb that shows how it is
practiced.
regarded.
- When we listen effectively, we pay attention
Kinds of Mood
and think about what we hear.
1. Indicative Mood
Take Note!
- Used in statements. This states facts, opinions,
- Listening and hearing are not the same.
or asks questions.
- Listening is not a natural process.
Example:
- Listening requires effort.
She is driving the car.
- All listeners do not receive the same message.
2. Imperative Mood
Type of Listening
- Is used in commands. It expresses a command
or a request. 1. Appreciative
Example: - Deriving entertainment, enjoyment, or pleasure
from what he/she hears.
Please Drive the car.
2. Empathic
3. Present Subjunctive
- To provide emotional support for the speaker.
- It is used to express a suggestion, a necessity,
There is an attempt to understand what the other
or an indirect command / order.
person is feeling.
Example:
3. Comprehensive or Active
I suggest that Dawn drive the car.
- When a listener hears the sound, tries to
understand it, remembers it, and most
importantly acts on it intelligently.
4. Critical or Analytical
- It is when one has decided whether to accept or
reject what one has told, or decide on the true
worth of information mentioned, make a
judgment on the claims made, and make
decisions.