INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS

SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

ECE 105 Material Science and

Engineering

Amor A. Lacara, ECE, M.Eng. (ECE)

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 Introduction
• What is materials science?
• Why should we know about it?

• Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now
• Silicon Age
• Polymer Age

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What is Materials Science and
Engineering?

An interdisciplinary field that

addresses the fundamental
relationships between the
Processing, Structure and
Properties of materials and
develops them for the
desired technological
application (Performance).

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Materials through the ages
Stone Age (beginning of life – 3000 BC)

Feature: Using naturally occurring materials with only

changes in shape
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Materials through the ages
Bronze Age (3000 BC – 1200 BC) Copper and Tin alloy

Ability to modify materials

by refining (using heat),
chemical modifications
(alloying) and
mechanical deformation
(cold working)

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Materials through the ages
Iron Age (1200 BC – Present)

Casting and alloying wasn’t

perfected until 16th century

Mastery of Steel (Iron alloy)

technology enables Industrial
Revolution in the 18th and 19th
century

Ability to heat treat at high

temperature, control
microstructure at different length
scale and ability to design
specific microstructures for
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specific properties
 Materials through the ages
Silicon Age (1950 - Present)
Commercialization of silicon technology (integrated circuits, electronic
devices, etc…) leads to the information age, which gives boost to human
productivity
Ability to control alloying accurately,
ability to make thin films

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Materials through the ages
Polymer Age (1940 - Present)
Discovery of polymers, and the ability to synthesize and
process polymers.

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WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCI. & ENG.?

• To be able to select a material for a given use based

on considerations of cost and performance.

• To understand the limits of materials and the change

of their properties with use.

• To be able to create a new material that will have

some desirable properties.

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MATERIALS SICENCE VS MATERIALS
ENG.
On the basis of structure-property correlations:

•Materials science involves investigating the

relationship between structures & properties of
materials.

•Materials Eng. is designing or engineering the

structure of a material to produce a predetermined
set of properties.

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 MATERIALS SICENCE VS
MATERIALS ENG.

On the basis of functional prospective:

•The role of materials scientist is to develop or

synthesize new materials

•Materials Eng. is called upon to create new

products or systems using existing materials,
and/or develop techniques for processing
materials.

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 What
What do we mean are
whenmaterials?
we say “materials”?
1. Metals 2. Ceramics 3. Polymers
- - clay - polyvinyl
4.
aluminum - silica chloride (PVC)
Composites
- copper glass - Teflon
- wood
- steel - alumina - various
- carbon
(iron alloy) - quartz plastics
fiber resins
- nickel - glue
- concrete
- titanium (adhesives)
- Kevlar

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Length Scales of Material Science

• Atomic – < 10-10

m
• Nano – 10-9 m
• Micro – 10-6 m
• Macro – > 10-3 m
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 Atomic Structure – 10-10 m

• Pertains to atom electron structure

and atomic arrangement
• Atom length scale
– Includes electron structure –
atomic bonding
• ionic
• covalent
• metallic
• London dispersion forces
(Van der Waals)
– Atomic ordering – long range
(metals), short range (glass)

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 Nano Structure – 10-9 m
• Length scale that pertains to
clusters of atoms that make
up small particles or material
features
• Show interesting properties
because increase surface area
to volume ratio
– More atoms on surface
compared to bulk atoms
– Optical, magnetic,
mechanical and electrical
properties change 15
 Microstructure – 10-6
• Larger features composed of either nanostructured
materials or periodic arrangements of atoms known as
crystals
• Features are visible with high magnification in light
microscope.
– Grains, inclusions other micro-features that make up material
– These features are traditionally altered to improve material
performance

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 Macrostructure – 10-3 m

• Macrostructure pertains
to collective features on
microstructure level
• Grain flow, cracks,
porosity
are all examples of
macrostructure features

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 TYPES OF MATERIALS
Most engineering materials can be classified into one of
three basic categories:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
Their chemistries are different, and their mechanical
and physical properties are different
In addition, there is a fourth category:
4. Composites
-is a nonhomogeneous mixture of the other three types,
rather than a unique category

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Ceramics

Materials

Metals

Polymers

Composite

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 TYPES OF MATERIALS (con’t)

Source: Fundamentals of Modern

Manufacturing materials: processes and
systems, M.P. Groover, 5th edition, John
Wiley & Sons Inc. (2007).

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 METALS
Metallic bonds
– Strong, ductile, resistant to fracture
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.

Familiar objects that are made of metals and metal alloys

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 Metals
• Metals consist of alkaline, alkaline earth, metalloids
and transition metals
• Metal alloys are mixtures of two or more metal and
nonmetal elements (for example, aluminum and copper,
Cu-Ni alloy, steel)
• Bonding: Metallic
– No particular sharing or donating occurs. Electron cloud is
formed (that is, free electrons)
– Strong bonds with no hybridization or directionality
• Properties:
– Electrically conductive (free electrons)
– Thermally conductive
– High strength – large capacity to carry load over x-section area
(stress)
– Ductile – endure large amounts of deformation before breaking.
– Magnetic – ferromagnetism, paramagnetic
– Medium melting point 22
 Metal Applications
• Electrical wire: aluminum, copper, silver
• Heat transfer fins: aluminum, silver
• Plumbing: copper
• Construction beams (bridges, sky scrapers,
rebar, etc.): steel (Fe-C alloys)
• Cars: steel (Fe-C alloys)
• Consumer goods:
– cans
– appliances (stainless steel sheet metal)
– utensils
– tools
– Many, many, many more…

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 CERAMICS
Ionic bonding
–Brittle, glassy, elastic
–Non-conducting (insulative to the passage of heat & electricity)
–Transparent, translucent, or opaque
–Some exhibit magnetic behavior (e.g. Fe3O4)

Familiar objects that are made of ceramic materials

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 Ceramics
• Consist of metal and non metal elements
• Typically a mixture of elements in the form of a chemical
compound , for example Al2O3 or glass
• Three types: composites, monolithic and amorphous ceramics
• Bonding covalent – ionic
– Typically covalent. In some cases highly direction covalent
bonding
– Ionic in case of SiO2 glasses and slags
• Properties:
– wear resistant (hard)
– chemical stability: corrosion resistant
– high temperature strength: strength retention at very high
temperatures
– high melting points
– good insulators (dielectrics)
– adhesives
– good optical properties

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 Ceramic Applications

• Window glass: Al2O3 – SiO2 – MgO – CaO

• Aerospace, energy and automotive industry
– heat shield tiles
– engine components
– reactor vessel and furnace linings
• Consumer products:
– pottery
– dishes (fine china, plates, bowls)
– glassware (cups, mugs, etc.)
– eye glass lenses

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 POLYMERS/PLASTICS
Covalent bonding  sharing of e’s
–Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
–Thermal & electrical insulators
–Optically translucent or transparent.
–Chemically inert and unreactive
–Sensitive to temperature changes

Familiar objects that are made of polymeric materials

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 Polymers
• Polymers consist of various hydro-carbon
(organic elements) with select additives to
elucidate specific properties
• Polymers are typically disordered (amorphous)
strands of hydrocarbon molecules.
• Bonding: Covalent-London Dispersion Forces
• Properties:
– ductile: can be stretched up to 1000% of
original length
– lightweight: Low densities
– medium strength: Depending on additives
– chemical stability: inert to corrosive
environments
– low melting point

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 Polymer Applications

• Car tires: vulcanized polymer (added sulfur)

• Ziploc bags
• Food storage containers
• Plumbing: polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Kevlar
• Aerospace and energy applications: Teflon
• Consumer goods:
– calculator casings
– TV consuls
– shoe soles
– cell phone casings
– Elmer’s Glue (adhesives)
– contact lenses
– Many, many. many more…
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 COMPOSITES
– Light, strong, flexible
– High costs

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 Composites
• A mixture of two different materials to create a new material with
combined properties
• Types of composites:
– Particulate reinforced – discontinuous type with low aspect ratio
– Whisker/rod reinforced - discontinuous type with high aspect ratio
– Fiber reinforced - continuous type with high aspect ratio (naturally)
– Laminated composites - layered structures (surf boards, skate
boards)
• Bonding: depends on type of composite (strong-covalent, medium-
solid solution, weak-tertiary phase layer)
• Properties: Depends on composites
– High melting points with improved high temperature strength:
ceramic-metal, polymer-metal
– High strength and ductile with improved wear resistance: metal-
ceramic, polymer-ceramic
– High strength and ductile: ceramic-polymer, metal-polymer

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 Composites: Applications

• Wood: naturally occurring biological material

consists of very strong fibers imbedded in a
soft matrix
• Plywood: laminated wood for buildings
• Concrete: basements, bridges, sidewalks
• Fiberglass: boats
• Carbon fiber resins: bicycle frames

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 Advanced Applications Ceramics &
Composites
• Aerospace and Defense Applications
– Structural materials used for missiles, aircraft, space
vehicles
– What type of materials may be used?
• Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic-Composites (UHTCs)
– Metal-nonmetal, Covalent bonded compounds (ZrB2 –
SiC-Zirconium diboride-silicon carbide composites)
– High melting point materials; strong materials at
temperature; excellent oxidation resistance
• Why these materials?
– Service temperatures are in excess of 2000°C
(~1/3 surface temperature of our sun)
– Materials have high melting points (>3000°C)
– Excellent strength retention at services temperatures
– Relative chemical stability at service temperatures
– Light weight
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 Advanced Applications Ceramics &
Composites
Structural materials for use in hypersonic
aircraft Next-generation re-entry vehicles

Why is the space

shuttle shaped
the way it is?
To reduce the
amount of heat
generated UHTC materials
upon re-entry. can change the
shape of next-
generation space
planes because
of their unique
combinations of
properties 36
 Advanced Applications Polymers
• Self-decontaminating polymers
– medical, military, security and environmental
applications
– current applications: look for attachment to
textiles for self toxin cleaning fabrics (that is,
chemical scavenging and cleaning clothing)
• Sulphonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK)
and polyvnvyl alcohol (PVA) aqueous
solutions
• Excite solutions with light to form strong
reducing benzophenyl ketyl (BPK) radicals;
helps break down organic toxic chemicals
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 Advanced Applications Metals
• Hydrogen-absorbing metal alloys for energy
transportation or batteries
– Electorlyzed hydrogen from water (fuel cell technology) can
be stored in tanks fabricated from Hydrogen-absorbing
metal alloys (HAMA)
– Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries use the same
principle, but to improve battery self discharge
– Volume density is significantly higher for gaseous
hydrogen; more hydrogen per tank
• Typical alloys consist of Mn-Ti-V, Mg-Ni, Zr-Mn/Ti/V,
Mn-Ni, La-Ni.
• BCC metals show higher storage and desorption
properties
• Some metals can absorb a gas densities equivalent
to liquid hydrogen densities 38
 ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials that are utilized in high-tech applications
•Semiconductors
Have electrical conductivities intermediate between conductors
and insulators
•Biomaterials
Must be compatible with body tissues
•Smart materials
Could sense and respond to changes in their environments in
predetermined manners
•Nanomaterials
Have structural features on the order of a nanometer, some of
which may be designed on the atomic/molecular level

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 Example – HIP IMPLANT

• Requirements
– mechanical strength
(many cycles)
– good lubricity
– biocompatibility

Adapted from Fig. 22.26, Callister 7e.

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 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Bar chart of room-temperature density values for various metals, ceramics,

polymers, and composite materials

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 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Bar chart of room-temperature stiffness values for various metals, ceramics,

polymers, and composite materials

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 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Bar chart of room-temperature strength (i.e. tensile strength) values for various
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials

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 Types of Materials (Con’t)

Bar chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture for various metals,

ceramics, polymers, and composite materials

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 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

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 STRUCTURE, PROCESSING, &
PROPERTIES
• One aspect of Materials Science is the investigation
of relationships that exist between the processing,
structures, properties, and performance of
materials.
• The performance of a material depends on its
properties
• Properties depend on structure ex: hardness vs
structure of steel
• Processing can change structure
Ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

The four components of the discipline of materials science and

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engineering and their interrelationship
• Transmittance:
-- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material’s structure (i.e.,
single crystal vs. polycrystal, and degree of porosity).
polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal no porosity some porosity

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 STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
• By structure we mean how some internal
components of the material is (are)
arranged.
• In terms of dimensionality, structural
elements include subatomic, atomic,
microscopic, and macroscopic

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 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 μm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 12.31(a) and
12.32 with 4 wt% C composition, and from
400 (b) Fig. 17.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(a) Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 12.19;
4 μm
300 (b) Fig. 11.29; (c) Fig. 12.33; and (d) Fig.
12.21, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. (Figures
30 μm 12.19, 12.21, & 12.33 copyright 1971 by United
200 30 μm States Steel Corporation. Figure 9.30 courtesy
of Republic Steel Corporation.)

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
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 How do we test materials?
We use mechanical, chemical and optical methods
• Mechanical testing gives strength, ductility and toughness
material information
– tensile tests
– bend tests
– compressive tests
– fracture testing
• Chemical testing tells us about composition and chemical
stability
– x-ray diffraction and fluorescence – composition testing
– corrosion testing
• Optical testing is more of a way to view atomic, nano and
microstructures, and gives us insight to structure property
relationships
– light optical microscope – microstructure
– scanning electron microscope – microstructure and nano structure
– transmission electron microscope – nanostucture and atomic structure
– scanning tunneling electron microscope – atomic structures
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 Mechanical Testing

Schematic stress-strain curve created from

experiments using universal test frame

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 Mechanical Testing

universal testing machines

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 Mechanical Testing
• What is stress and strain?
Is it like force and length change (displacement)?
• Stress is defined as the force per unit cross-section area; S =
Force/Area
• Strain is defined as the ratio of length change to original length;
e = (Lf – Li)/(Li) (normalizes the length change)
• Why these terms?
Stress Scenario: If I apply a force on the eraser of a pencil and apply the same force on a
table top, how does each material behave? Can you distinguish which material is stronger?

Force as a strength description is inadequate because different sized objects

accommodate the force differently. Just because both objects could handle the
same force does not mean they are the same STRENGTH!
Strain Scenario: If I pull on a 1 inch long piece of taffy and apply the same pulling force on
a piece of 2 inch long putty and both lengthen (both have equal diameters), with the taffy
and putty stretching the same distance, what does this say about the two materials? They
both stretched the same distance.

Displacement only cannot distinguish materials that can accommodate large

deformations or changes in shape. Thus, the taffy can accommodate larger
shape change because the ratio of length change to original length is larger
than the putty. 53
Chemical Methods

x-ray diffraction
mass spectroscopy
gas chromatography
x-ray fluorescence

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Viewing Methods Transmission Electron
Scanning Electron Microscope
Microscope

Atomic Force Optical (Light)

Microscope Microscope

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