by

REPRODuCTIVE
SeepPatint HEALTH
re
--
Research supported by governmental & non-governmental Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
According (WHO) '
Centehnoman
&
t most accepted contraception in India for
Saheli. -> oral contraceptive (females)
↓ physical
females
↓
E
By
reproductive health. -> total well-being -

emotional

MOAsk
delay pregnancy,
behavioural Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Lucknow
Uterus
space children
social
4.1 Reproductive Health - Problems and
->
inserted by doct!s !
Reproductive Health - Problems & Strategies Better awareness
"pert nurses
Strategies
post-natal care

↓ Better-
detection & cure of STDs
=
decreased maternal & infant
as social goal.
plans & programmes
4.2 Population Explosion and Birth Control
mortality rates
India -> -
small families - Intra Uterine Devices as non-medicated IUDs
1st country ↓ medically assisted deliveries (e.g., Lippes loop),

4.3 Medical Termination of Pregnancy

copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375)
family planning " LNG-20)
hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert,
(1951)
Population Stabilisation & Birth Control
4.4 Sexually Transmit ted Diseases 6B -IB

O
RCH programmes World population
-
India population
awareness 7
facilities =
reproductively
healthy society
4.5 Infertility ⑳
2 billion in 1900
6 billion in 2000 ⑰
350 million at (independence)
billion mark in 2000
7.2 billion in 2011.
support 1.2 billion in May 2011
-
probable reasons
&
death rate MRA suppress sperm motility -
So misconceptions x rapid decline
F -d
maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Figure 4.2 Copper T (CuT) - & fertilising capacity ~
->
sex education in schools infant mortality rate (IMR) N
- myths x -
Increase reproducible age people
↑ IUDs increase sperms phagocytosis in uterus
i

Awareness
=
-
IUDs, + hormones = uterus unsuitable for implantation
ideal contraceptive cervix hostile for sperms. ovulation
#
$
② went
X o
#
user-friendly
Oral contraceptives-
/ By
7 easily available

sypol
effective
~-
-- g
reversible
Parents - audio-visual no or least side-effects. Oral administration

close relatives- print-media governmental Implementation action plans medical assistance & care
No disturb sexual drive & Tablets (pills )
-

7 females
(progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations
↓
teachers ~ -
-
-

non-governmental agencies For * 7

pregnancy -
Essential

:
requires

prevent sparatogenet
Take
friends -
-
delivery -
-
21 days
I infrastructural facilities
-
professional expertise
STDs -
abortions -
contraceptive methods. 7 days gap( menstruation )

*11+1
material support
contraception
~ -> inhibit ovulation + implantation + alter cervical mucus quality =

Proper information
prevent/retard sperms entry
menstrual problems, ~ Natural/Traditional,
Barrier Surgical methods.
infertility, etc. IUDs
-
V.effective + lesser side effects + accepted by females.
~ Injectables
Implants Oral contraceptives ->
Saheli new (non-steroidal)
reproductive organs
adolescence - better techniques & new strategies
'once a week' pill + few side effects =
high contraceptive value %- #

related changes,
safe & hygienic sexual practices - !
time to time - efficient care &assistance
Natural methods MOA-block&
Rece
injections or implants contraceptive

⑥
Avoiding ovum & sperms meeting naturally
sexually transmitted diseases (STD), AIDS, etc
-
Amniocentesis Statutory ban
M-a chances
Periodic fineetingWithdrawal or Lactational Prolactivit
0 injections
or implants p/P E + 7
(progestogens or progestogen + estrogen combinations
females

↓ spetes I - - -

Bcz
abstinence coitus interrupts amenorrhea ↳
fetal sex determination test
9 A -
+ IUDs within 72 hr of coitus = emergency contraceptives

-
female feticides menace Calende
Educating people -> fertile couples &marriageable group
⑱Amiotee ~
-
massive child immunisation (absence of menstruation)
-
No coitus from
day 10 to 17
male withdraws penis
from vagina
ovulations -> mode of action > similar to pills
intense lactation - ↓
↓ - menstrual cycle

6
But effective periods much longer
birth control options Max 6 months
breast feeding - Also test down syndrome
No ovulation = mother breast-feeds child =
Avoid ejaculation =
genetic disorder - >
haemoplilia
equal male &female child
- sickle-cell anemia,
no fertilisation avoid insemination No conception ~
care
- -

Ichild - no medicines or devices. = side effects nil.

pregnant
mothers O
post-natal
Figure 4.3 Implants
-
ti
Chances of failure,-> also high.d

Surgical methods & sterilisation

No Awareness uncontrolled population Barrier methods X
conception
E
Both males Terminal method -
No education Avoiding ovum & sperms meeting with barriers I females

-
blocks gamete transport highly effective but

See
reversibility is very poor
social evils. sex-abuse
Condoms
Prevent E
Diaphragms, cervical caps ,vaults LibidoX
sex-related crimes,
3
-

0 thin rubber/latex sheath ~

↓
reusable rubber
penis
So inserted into female
E

O
cover B4 coitus vagina
cervix ~
cover cervix during coitus.

conscious healthy society No ejaculated semen = no

conception.
>
no sperms entry = no conception
-
'Nirodh' popular male condom
Female
Also protecting STDs & AIDS condom female tubectomy
Both male &female condoms
~ male vasectomy
A

-
through small incision on scrotum small incision in abdomen
self-inserted disposable
Spermicidal creams, jellies foams + Or
barriers = increase contraceptive through vagina
efficiency
Male condom
 & ! "

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2017

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STDs) O vitro fertilisation
( outside body)
Induced Abu t India government
-
Reducing venereal diseases (VD)
Other names
reproductive tract infections (RTI).
maternal mortality & morbidity
A illegal abortion Envitro
-

Infections / diseases by sexual intercourse Fertilisation

->

STDs types
.
If pregnancy first 12 weeks, If upto 8 blastomeres
> 1 registered medical practitioners

I xt7
↓
(ZIFT-zygote intra fallopian transfer)

⑲
If pregnancy > 12 weeks, < 24 weeks, ->
3 2 registered medical practitioners
Bacteria Viral Protozoan Fuf-LIFT -IUT
trichomoniasis in-vivo fertilisation (inside body)
>8 blastomeres (IUT - intra uterine transfer)
->

Only if genital herpes

↓
Gonorrhea ----
Embryos
1. pregnant life risk or grave injury physical or mental health syphilis genital warts
Not curable

-I
chlamydiasis hepatitis-B virus
2. child risk physical or mental abnormalities seriously handicapped
HIV ( Aids) - hepatitis-B
For females cant conceive.

3-
Rape '
↓
Most dangerous genital herpes
-> anvivo fertilisation
(GIFT - gamete
HIV infections
$ intra fallopian transfer)
contraceptive method
selection + use

⑧
qualified medical professionals.
->

·
consultation by -

Ovum in Fallopian tube by donor (ovum)

hepatitis-B
HIV -
Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (Icsi)
not regular requirements. for reproductive health. transmitted
-
->
7
↓ Bcz person
- infected
practiced against natural reproductive event
I

mentor
Or
Mother to foetus - sperm directly injected into ovum

controlled population growth

-
-
injection needles,

W
But
ill-effects like nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding, irreqular
↓
surgical instruments
blood transfusion (IUI) - intra-uterine insemination
menstrual bleeding or even breast cancer Artificial insemination
X
not very significant, but totally not ignored Early minor symptoms If male cant inseminate
very low sperm counts
(
itching -- -
)
" fluid discharge
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) slight pain swellings-
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
Often ↓
↓
Intentional termination of pregnancy
&
Infected females (asymptomatic) So
↳ timely check & detection.
Require
-
induced abortion.
- specialised professionals
45 to 50 million MPs per year over world I -
expensive instrumentation

↓
1/5th of total no. of conceived pregnancies per year. To avoid More money
accept / legalise MTP > many countries
↓ So

-
= not debated able
pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID)
- emotional
abortions
Due to ethical
religious I still births
·

A
Adoption
social issues
ectopic pregnancies orphaned & destitute children
India
⑧
Government legalised MTP in 1971 with strict conditions
-- infertility
E Check indiscriminate
illegal female foeticides
reproductive tract cancer Good option
!
STDs major threat > healthy society.

Why MP?

get rid of unwanted pregnancies

unprotected intercourse
A
rapes
RCH programmes

8 V
prime consideration
-

prevention / early detection /cure

STDs diseases
0 -IAll but
Highly (15-24 years)

Precautions
If pregnancy .-> harmful -> mother & foetus
1. Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
2. Always try to use condoms during coitus.
'
If doubt, go qualified doctor for early detection & complete treatment
MPs
I safe
-
first trimester
Risky E Second trimester Infertility
Trend unable to produce children with unprotected sex

I misuse Amniocentesis
Both male and female

Reasons
-

illegal MTPs ( majority) many-physical

determine sex unborn

-
By congenital
W diseases
unqualified quacks if foetus female + MTP = illegal drugs
↓ immunological
not unsafe but fatal
W
psychological

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

dangerous both mother & foetus

Solutions
-
test tube baby

Effective counselling. 7 avoid unprotected coitus ↓

illegal abortions In vitro fertilisation
providing more health care facilities