History of Travel and Tourism.

Prof: Helena Domínguez del Triunfo

END OF THEME 6
Note from the Professor: Please, read and study this document, since is the part that I
did not have time to explain in class. Content will appear in the exam.

MODERN AGES: 15th c. to 1789 (French Revolution)

- East: 1453: Byzantine Empire falls under the Turkish Ottoman Empire in the East
- West: end of the former order, new kingdoms: Renaissance + beginning of the era of
explorations

RENAISSANCE

- Response to the need of rupture with the Middle Ages, reaction against medieval theological
writings
- Turn towards the Classical Culture that had come before.
- Socio-economic context: 15th century:
- Development of Italian cities because of the trade with the East (example: Marco
Polo) – middle class that will develop artistic and historical interest
- Reduction of the power of the church (secularization) + creation of modern states
- When the Byzantine imperium falls under the Turks (muslims) in the East, there is a transfer
of knowledge to the western countries
- Middle Class: take the ideology that belonged to before the Middle Ages, “Classical Culture”
as opposition to the Christianism.
- New travels, where Antiquity becomes a source of knowledge

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-

This return to Antiquity took place in Italy, why?:

1. Access to manuscripts in Latin and Greek,

2. The landscape of their cities and countryside made them have a first hand
knowledge of Antiquity

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- From the Renaissance to the birth of the Grand Tour in the 18th c.: whole process of
settlement of the cultural and educational travels.
- As soon as the 12th c. – first “rediscovery”, we had talked about “pre-renaissances” – through
travels, explorations, the past is more and more re-discovered
- Travelers observe ruins, changes, hear histories about the past, memories – for example, in
the “rihla”
- From this moment – until 18th c. : evolution in travelling, where cultural and educational
travels become to be developed and settle down.

TUSCANY

- Restart of practices of leisure of Antiquity + news PRACTICES

Also: this middle class – appears together with a new concept: “summer vacation”- meetings
of friends around great “villae” – philosophers, poets, out of the main cities- as Florence in
Tuscany.
- Many Europeans begin to travel to Italy, looking for the ancient remains, inspiration (poets,
writers, artists) – and after that they will spread those Renassaince ideas in the rest of Europe.
- These are the first steps that centuries later will lead to the development of the “Grand Tour”

COLLECTIONISM

- RE-DISCOVERY OF ANTIQUITY: CONSECUENCE: emergence of COLLECTING

both of texts and artworks
- Collecting becomes a symbol of prestige for the nobles, clergy (church), businessmen
- Collecting will lead to the realization of travels, especially to Italy – concretely to Rome-
but also to America (Felipe II)
- Collecting united with the figure of the patrons/sponsors (supporters of the arts), thet
supported humanists of the middle class that had developed some circles in different Italian
cities. These sponsors would protect the artistic works and the editions of texts.

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GRAND TOUR

- In this context of discoveries we frame the Grand Tour.

- British origin – rapidly extended to the rest of Europe – beginnings 17 c., but more developed
18-19th centuries.
- Consolidation of cultural travelling – now called Grand Tour.
- Protagonist of the educational and cultural travels until 19th c.

WHAT ABOUT

- To go over the historical places, artistic, natural places most relevant of the continent.
- A way of travelling that made it easier to compare the different societies, cultural values,
economic systems
- It was associated to visits, stays, encounters, exchange of ideas
- Occasion to attend musical manifestations, and acquire artworks, souvenirs.
- It lasted months, sometimes 2-3 years
- Alternated visits with stays.
- Elitist system, European, with aristocratic values – young aristocrats completed an education
with Greek and Latin works.
- But also a cultural and social need of the young aristocrats, “pleasure, fashion”

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- Later, young artists would do also the Grand Tour once the had finished their studies, with
this tour in the Mediterranean

- It was influenced by a movement, the “Enlightment” and birth of reason as the new
philosophical example – this will have a close link with travelling: travels motivated by
curiosity, discovery, and scientific exploration.
- The space of Antiquity is fully rediscovered now.
- Rome was the main ancient space that was better known.
- Three main focus later: not only Italy, but it spread in Greece, Egypt, and later, the Near
East.
- These travels multiply the array of destinations and motivations: they become more
professionalized and specialized.
- Also, they allow the progressive discovery of the space/scenario of Antiquity
- When they came back, they would write an account of their travels – so travel literature
became also a popular topic – and the stories about Antiquity and remains would be
extended.

DESTINATIONS, GUIDES

- They counted with travel guides – first one, London, 1743

- 19th c. – with all the discoveries mentioned – new demands of society, who would want
to know the information about the past of the places they are visiting.
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 - The progress in transportation allowed the travelers to reach destinations of Antiquity
from further places

THE “GRAND TOUR”

• PARIS (+Versailles)–
mingle with high
society
• ITALY – tour of
classical places:
- Venice, Torino, Milan
- Florence
- Rome
- Naples: Pomepii,
Herculanum, Paestum

At the same time that the development of the Grand Tour, happens, we have another
phenomenon:

REDISCOVERY OF SPACE OF ANTIQUITY:

ROME

First, it happens in Rome. Rome is the only space of the ancient world that was known,
but Greece was becoming too.

Beginning of excavations (Palatine hill) – houses of emperors, 1729 – and Villa

Adriana in Tivoli, 1734

Herculano (1738), Pompei (1748): king Charles III and Alcubierre

Opening of the first museums of ancient art: Vatican Museums, Collections in Paris,
Ancient School at Rome, Sloane Collection in Bloomsbury (18th c.) – Ashmolean
Museum, 17th c.

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 Spain: creation of Royal Academiy of History (1713).

From the knowledge of the ruins of Rome, other cultures begin to be known. In this sense,
“Paestum” (close to Naples) was found. It was a Greek colony in Italy that travelers began
to visit, and from that, they became to look for Greek origins. The first studies about Greek
art were from the German J. Winkleman (18th c.).

ITALY

J. Wincklemann
Paestum , greek colony (6th c. BC ) – Greek temples

GREECE

Greece had been visited in the way to Constantinople and Jerusalem since ancient times,
so it had not been forgotten. But collectionism – searching of texts+objects– that begins
in Italy (ancient roman culture) will begin to extend to Greece, and Greece begins to be
known in European culture through literature, and ancient texts.

In the 18th c., Wincklemann would think of excavating

Olympia; Archaeology began in Italy and Rome and Greek
archaeology was a derivation. During the 17th and 18th c.,
historical discipline and Archaeology began.

In Greece: Spon and Wheeler: first great scientific

exploration of Greece with scientific method (17th c.); they
will gather coins (numismatic) and epigraphs (epigraphy).
At the 18th c., we find many travels of English architects,
financed by the Society of Dilettanti, a

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 Travels of Spon and Wheler British Society of scholars and nobles that sponsored the
study of the Greek and Roman art. One of those
expeditions was that of Stuart and Revett. Stuart writes about the monuments of Athens:
“Antiquities of Athens”. At the same time, others as Chandler discovers Olympia, or other
travelers begin to visit the places of the texts (Marathon, Delphi).

During the 19th c., other places such as Mycenaea or Cnossos were discovered, fostered
with the creation of the first foreign archaeological schools in Athens (French, British,
American), that would lead to diverse archaeological excavations.

Also Troy, in Turkey. At the picture you can see the mask of Agamemnon (in gold), the
alleged jewels of Helen of Troy (worn by Sophia, the wife of the discoverer, H.
Schliemann), and at the bottom, Sir Arthur Evans, who discovered the palace of
Knossos/Cnossos in Crete.

GREECE, 19TH C.

 TROY , MYCENAEAE, CNOSSOS

 Athens, Delphi, Olympia ( continuously visited ,

18th. Century)

EGYPT

In Egypt, only Delta and Cairo (the Pyramids), were known, both from Antiquity and from
the information transmitted in the work of Herodotus and medieval travelers (Ibn Batutta),
so Egyptian culture had not been forgotten.

We count on the testimony of various traders, diplomats, travelers with many works, but
not very exact. In the 18th c. we find a new period of interest for the antiquities of Egypt.

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First, some people as Paul Sicard (first quarter of the 18th c.), a French Jesuit priest, draws
the first map of Egypt identifying Thebes and the royal necropolis. Later, the expedition
of Napoleon and his work “Description de l’Egypte” in 23 volumes, will become the first
scientific analysis of these last moments of the 18th c., twhichwill have a great influence
in the 19th c., and that would open the knowledge of Egypt to the Europeans.

Napoleon, before the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) tried to invade Egypt (1798-1801) to
avoid the British could use their way to India. This was called the “French campaign in
Egypt and Syria”, which ended in defeat for the French. The French discoveries, such as
the “Rosetta Stone”, had to be handed to the British. Egypt would remained independent,
governed by sultan Mehmet Ali (with a great autonomy by the Turk-Ottoman Empire, to
which Egypt belonged), until 1882, when it was occupied by the British until 1922.
The expedition of Napoleon was very positive for the knowledge of ancient Egypt. It
would motivate the arrival of painters, writers, travelers, adventurers, eand xplorers. For
example, some years after his campaign, in 1821, the French Historian J-F. Champollion
deciphered the hieroglyphic writing (hthroughthe Rosetta Stone) and thus, the discipline
of the Egyptology began. After that, many explorers and travelers would arrive in Egypt
(later, in 1922, an Englishman, H. Carter, would discover the Tomb of Tutankhamon).

The French troops had been expelled from Egypt in 1801; the Egyptian Pasha 1 at that time
was a reformist. Thanks to him, Egypt opened to the western world, welcoming visitors,
traders, diplomats, and thinkers looking for archaeological wealth. One of the first
“rediscoverers” of Egypt for the western World was Giovanni Battista Belzoni, who
discovered in 1815-1819 some tombs, as those of Seti I and Ramses I and acquired many
pieces, which are today in public and private collections.

1
Pasha: a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system. In this case, the governor of Egypt,
that belonged to the Empire (the Empire was dissolved in 1923).
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 Belzoni worked
G. B. BELZONI – EGYPT- 1815-1819 under the support of
the British consul in
Egypt, helping the
British to transport
pieces, as the head of
Ramses II to the
British Museum.

We owe Belzoni
Belzoni dressed as a Turkish-Ottoman (left). Pyramid of Khefren (Gizah) with graffiti

of Belzoni much of Egypt’s

popularity in Europe. In relation with him, in 1821 London celebrated the “Egyptian Hall”
in Piccadilly, London, the most important exhibition about Egypt until that time. It
exhibited sketches of Belzoni, casts (moulds) of sculptures, or the reconstruction of the
tomb of Seti I. It was showed as a “come and see” show of the Egyptian world, where
even the bandages of a mummy were removed for the spectators. It was a great success
that turned Egyptology into a mass phenomenon, awakening of public interest, and
funding of further excavations.

G. B. Belzoni ,
Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly ,
London , 1821
- Great exhibion – Egypt
“enters ” Europe
Se

Se I

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THE NEAR EAST

The Near East continued to be known from Antiquity onwards. But one of the first
European travelers that we know of was the rabbi Benjamín of Tudela (Navarra, Spain)
in the 12th c. He left a book about Asia (passing by Italy, Palestine, Persia, reaching China,
and coming back by Egypt).

We know about many travels with commercial goals that leave descriptions during the
Middle Ages. Later, ainthe 17th c., we know about the expedition by the Italian Pietro
della Valle: description of Persepolis, Babylon, and the Tower of Babylon, or Jean Batiste
Tavernier: 6 travels to Persian to obtain precious stones, where he also copy the cuneiform
inscriptions.

Layard working in Nimrud , ca. 1850-60

NEAR EAST
 19TH CENTURY:

• BRITISH (Botta) AND FRENCH (Layard) DISCOVER

MESOPOTAMIA (IRAQ)

• EUROPEAN MUSEUMS

• Decipherement of cuneiform script

The beginning of the studies about the Near East would lead to the beginning of
excavations in the East at the 19th c. (at the same time than Egypt), with a permanent
rivalry between the British and the French - both with a consulate in Mosul (north Iraq),
that was still part of the Turkish-Ottoman Empire, and both with political interest in the
area. Two main characters are the French consul in 1842 P. E. Botta who, from the
references in the Bible, found some of the palaces of Assyria, Babylon, and Persia. And
later, the English explorer H. Layard (who met Botta in Mosul (Irak), who worked with
the British ambassador, and also discovered some of the most important Assyrian palaces

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 in 1845, as Nineveh, with the famous library of Ashurbanipal. Both countries, with
colonial interests in the East, made that many of the discoveries were moved to the Louvre
and British museums. Other countries, such United States, would follow. It is also when
the cuneiform writing is deciphered from Assyrian inscriptions, that implies the birth of
Assyriology. Thus, a completely new civilization enters into Western knowledge.

BIRTH OF MODERN TOURISM - 1850

The birth of modern tourism is linked to history of travelling, but not directly.
Tourism will use the practices of the aristocrats and the middle class, but it has different
socioeconomic basis. And, although it has a different origin and development than the
Grand Tour, they share the name: the name “tourist” and “tourism” comes, in fact, from
the Grand Tour.

It is situated at the 19th century, when the word “tourism” appears, but has a
different socioeconomic background than ttraveling the Industrial revolution. The
England of the 18th c. saw the consolidation of the bourgeoisie/middle class, which
became the main social class, that will have a main role in the birth of modern tourism.

General characteristics:

BIRTH OF MODERN TOURISM – CA. 1850

FROM TRAVELS TO MASS TOURISM
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Generalization of travelling – base in Grand Tour

2. Industrial revolution

3. Organized tourism

4. Thermalism /wellness , coast tourism, mountain (Alpine) tourism, winter sports .

5. First travel agencies

- “Sightseeing”

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 • New cities/ new needs:

The beginning of tourism is connected with the Industrial evolution: the new
middle class (working class) concentrated in the urban nucleus/urban cities. The new
middle class, born in the cities, was not always very well paid, and lived in the new
industrial dirty cities, polluted, with great insalubrity. This not very healthy situation
created the need to fly away to new destinations close to the cities, but out of them, with
a good climat. Sometimes, this would be their place of origin in the countryside, where
these people would take a break, or spas/health resorts, located in the beach or at the
mountains (see below).

With the commencement of the railway, these would turn, sometimes, into
organized/programmed travels.

NEW CITIES-
NEW NEEDS
• Industrialization
• Escape, break

• Working class - railroad

• Middle class – spa /cruises

• 1870 – new resorts

• New transportation: RAILWAY, STEAMBOAT

Railway, steamboat (for trains and ships)

Due to the improvement in transportation, travelling will become easier for both
the aristocrats and middle classes, with the consequence of travel becoming a part of life.

The old horse carriages (diligences), linked with touristic displacements, will use
pathways, which will be later used/substituted by the railway (in Spain, for example,
around 1920-30).

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Old stagecoach, around 1850

NEW TRANSPORTATION*

• Railway/railroad

• Steamboat

Pullman sleeping car, 1859

The railway age was a great revolution. The first locomotive/train engine was
British; it was used to extract coil from the mines. In 1825-1830, the engineer G.
Stephenson, who is considered to be the father of the railway, promoted the use of steam
for the locomotives, inaugurating later in 1825- 1830 the first passenger line between
Manchester and Liverpool. It would extend in Europe and in the USA, where in 1870
there were 100. 000 km. of railways.

1859: George Pullman created the first carriage/coach with bunk beds (sleeping cars).
Later, other would appear, as the restaurant-cars wagons, bathrooms, and even casinos.

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 • PARIS – BUCAREST -
ORIENT EXPRESS - 1883 Varna /ESTAMBUL
• Athens

These facilities gave an impulse to the creation of longer railways. In Europe the
Orient Express from Paris to Istanbul: first, Paris- to Romania; from there, it crossed
the Danube River to Bulgaria; an alternative route would go directly to Istanbul. Later, in
the 20th c. other routes would connect also with Athens in Greece (see map).

In Russia, the line of the Trans-Siberian would begin in 1904, crossing all of
Central Asia - mountain, tundra - to the Pacific coast, from Moscow to Vladivostok
(Pacific coast). It was fostered by the Tsar of Russia (Nicholas II) to connect the main
capitals of his empire, dispersed in vast stretches of sparsely inhabited steppes. It became
the longest railroad in the world, with almost 10,000 km. that crossed 8 time zones. The
train engine would travel at 32 km/hour, and the travel would last 4 weeks.

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 TRANSSIBERIAN - 1904
• Moscow
• Vladivostok (Pacific coast)

• New organization AND new ideas:

The steamboat, and railway, will make traveling cheaper. The consequence will
be:

- The generalization of travel as a form of leisure and entertainment

- The appearance and development/promotion of organized tourism: the first
travel agencies

- The access of the new middle class/businessmen (before the Industrial

Revolution, only the aristocrats travelled) to new destinations: great health resorts,
cruises
- By 1870, tourism was developed in Europe to all these destinations (see below),
but with the expansion of railroad and new travel agencies, the umber of visitors
multiplied. The old aristocrats saw it as an invasion of their own spaces by the
new middle class and started looking for new destinations.

- There is also a change of ideas: some tourists in the 19th century, who live at the
moment of the cultural current of Romanticism, will retake some practices of the
Neoclassical “Great Tourists” (from the “Grand Tour”) of the 18th century. They
will pursue similar destinations, and be more interested in the observation of the
palaces that they visit.
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 - Together with the discoveries of the 18th-19th centuries of ancient cultures (already
seen), such as Rome, Greece, Egypt, and the Near East, and the beginning of the
historical studies, one of the goals of these travelers will be the observation: main
monuments, landscape, historical places – of a determined country. It will be the
birth of the “sightseeing”
- To those old aristocratic practices of long European tours of the Grand Tour, other
destinations will be added, bringing new possibilities: opening of new scenarios.
- Regarding the Romanticism: it would be a new wave of inspiration for arts and
literature that would motivate the search of the exotic. This would include the
oriental, the landscape of nature, ruins, ancient palaces.

Together with the socio-economic factors of the industrial revolution and the new
transports, both relax travels, leisure travels, travels motivated by cultural purposes will
give rise to the organized travels:

• Travel agencies

In this scenario, the first travel agency was born in London in 1841, under the
activity of Thomas Cook.

Thomas Cook was the first businessman that organized a railroad trip of 570
people inside England in 1841, bringing working men to a confrerence against alcohol,
which purpose was to make them to stay away from its consumption, which was a real
problem in the England of the 19th century. This was the beginning of organized
trips, that would evolve from a local scale to a large scale, when he began to organize
travels in Europe, and also to Egypt or United States.

His company began to organize travels of hundreds of people, offering lodging

and maintenance (food-support: travel guides, suitcases, telescopies, shoes for walking),
becoming in 1851 a new agency, “Thomas Cook & Son”, based in London. When they
expanded, they also created a small hotel under their office.

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 FIRST TRAVEL AGENCIES
• Thomas Cook and Son – 1841 - London

Thomas Cook- Egypt

By 1880, Thomas Cook began to organize travels to Egypt and the Near East.
This kind of tour packages made travel much more affordable and would set the basis
for other travel agencies.

Once in Egypt, they normally used the railway (between Cairo and Luxor), as it
became the most convenient way to travel.

Another way was up to the Nile river by steam-driven paddleboats, which

fostered the economy of the local industries with this new tourism.

To the Egyptians, it was an impulse to their

economy: Egyptian farmers produced a
huge amount of food for tourists, locals
were employed to cook and serve food,
housecleaning of the trains, etc.

Soon, Cook also owned luxury hotels in

Nile steamer Luxor, a steamboat fleet, and a huge

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 number of employees: the Cook
name became known for the first
British symbol of comfort, luxury,
and safety. They also offered
experiences to the travelers, as we
can see in the pictures: climbing of
the pyramids, picnic at Egyptian
temples, etc.

Group of tourists having lunch at an

Egyptian temple

THOMAS COOK- EGYPT

Climb a pyramid

Later services of the Cook agency would extend to Scotland, and USA in 1872, organizing
the first roundtrip around the world: Jules Verne would take inspiration for his book
“Around the world in 80 days”. Or in 1867: first cruisers from USA to Holy Land.
By the end of the 19th c., the Cook agency would own 1200 hotels in different countries.

Other important agencies: Henry Wells, an American, created “American Express” in

1882, offering for the travelers “traveler checks” (paper checks to be used in place of
currency-coins) and credit cards.

• The difference between traveler and tourist and the first modern tourist
guidebooks (19th c.)

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At the 19th century, we can find new definitions of “tourist”: tourist is not only one who
travels due to curiosity, but also for the sake/pleasure of traveling or to say that “is
traveling”.

Travel becomes, thus, an element of pleasure. Tourism is different of travel because the
tourist chooses not only freely the goal of the travel but also cares about leisure. In this
sense, tourism is something more elitist: is for somebody that has the economic means to
travel+enjoy (new rich), as he/she becomes a “consumer of places”.

Together with this, another factor is the publishing explosion of the editorial houses: more
and more different social groups read more, and travels become something
professionalized (“intellectual”, organized, with a purpose). Thus, traveling will become
both a cause (people travel to know+to enjoy) and a consequence (people travel to produce
travel accounts. Normally, at this point, guidebooks, travel books and brochures have
already been consulted in advance, before the travel. The publication of large travel guides
will give information about heritage, the society of the time, conditions, and preparation
of the itinerary.

In this framework we have the first modern tourist guidebooks: Murray (in England)
Baedeker (in Germany) and the Guide Blue (in French),

- They will be based on travel accounts

- But will be more objective: they will give information of itineraries and tourist
information in a rigorous manner
- They introduce the use of the image, with a list of monuments to visit
- They also include information of transport, such as railways (where available).

Baedeker guides before and now (1st-2nd pictures) and the Blue Guide today

To sum up:

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 - Traveler: travels alone or with a reduced number of people and without a
defined end time
- Tourist: normally goes in a larger group: knowledge + security + amusement
– knowing the exact ending time of the trip.

This is the change that we begin to see in the 18th century, but consolidates after the
industrial revolution and the professionalization of traveling.

• New destinations: tourist seasonality

Another new characteristic of modern tourism is tourist seasonality. In previous times, the
Grand Tourists of the Grand Tour used to travel all the year, with no worries. But now,
with the phenomenon of tourism, new destinations will arise depending on the season of
the year: together with thermalism, we will progressively see the development of coast
tourism, mountain tourism, winter sports, and so on.

Thermal stations/ balnearies, spas, health resorts

As we already saw, the panorama of a lack of healthy conditions in industrial cities,

together with the bad conditions of the working class motivated this type of tourism.

During the 18th c. on, in the context of the Enlightment 2, thermalism, that was a very old
phenomenon from Antiquity (remember Rome), became to be studied as a science,
analyzing the healing properties of the waters, both mineral and sea-water. The different
states tried to spread the idea of the curative properties of the waters, and at first, only the
aristocrats and the enriched middle class would begin to practice it.

Both curative purposes + observance of nature = all converge in the health resorts.

The first tourist destinations for this kind of tourism were the cities of:

BATH, in England, the first important center, where already the Romans had created baths
(remember Theme 5-Rome):

2
A philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by a rejection of traditional social, religious, and political
ideas and an emphasis on rationalism. This would also lead to scientific thinking and advances.

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 VICHY and DEAUVILLE (France)
BADEN-BADEN (Germany)
SPA (Belgium)

HEALHT RESORTS / SPAS

- Vichy (France ), around 1900

- Bath , Somerset (UK)

- Baden Baden (Germany )

- Spa ( Belgium )
- Alps

As part of the first tourist practices, thermalism would be practiced together with the fact
of enjoying the landscape and other activities for entertainment: theaters, ball-rooms-
concert halls- casinos

By the end of the 19th c., we find all over Europe almost 200 thermal stations. These cities
would become vacation cities/destinations, improving their services and organization.

COAST TOURISM

New places appeared too: Biarritz, in France (Napoleon III, for example, passed his
summer holidays there). Also the French Riviera or the Italian coast of the Adriatic.

However, the first place would be England, around the middle of 18th c.: both
Brighton (south) and Margate would become the capital of summer vacations and
Margate. Other places: the cold waters of the north: Scarborough and Whitby, with
their sea baths. This activity would foster the construction of hotels and resorts in the
coastlines, that had also, ballrooms, theaters, or libraries.

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 By 1830, new destinations are added: the Blue Coast, in France, where the British
aristocrats became to travel as an alternative to the traditional old destinations at the
British seashore, that had become popular with people of the increasing enriched
working class: Nice, in France, would become popular because of its temperate
climate, and its great Atlantic beaches.

The factors would be climate, and the need of flying away from the city, that
mark both the first years of tourism and seasonal displacements.

COAST TOURISM

- England : Brighton, Margate

- North Sea coast : Scarborough - Whitby

- Biarritz (French Basque Country)

- Italian coast of the Adriac
- 1830 : Blue Coast : Nice
- Cádiz (Andalucía, Spain ) - 1840

- Nice (Blue Coast ), 1900

Cruises

The first steel ships appeared by 1819.

First transatlantic cruise of history: 1840 – Liverpool to Boston – ship

Britannia

These ships used to transport cargos + people; with time, they were adapted with
more commodities: bedrooms, services.

First lines:

- Cunard Line, Red Star Line…

- White Star Line: an American line that inaugurated a regular connection with
America from the 1850 onwards, bringing mainly emigrants at the beginning, and
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 later, passengers that would enjoy more and more luxury: in 1912, the White star
lines inaugurated the fastest service ever, with the disgraced “Titanic”.

CRUISES

- Britannia, 1840
- Cunard Line
- Red Star Line
- (…)
- White Star Lines: Titanic

- Britannia , 1840

Mountain

This destination was not popular before 18th c.: since Antiquity, people had feared
the mountain, as it was a source of bandits, monsters, and difficulties to travel. But with
the Enlightenment, Europeans developed a likeness for the wild nature, the exotic, the
inaccessible.

The first mountain hotels appeared in Switzerland: Bad Tarasp and Saint-Moritz,
1860- 1864. This places also continued with the tradition of the thermal stations, but in
the mountains. Around 1870, the ski, that had been practiced only in Norway, arrived in
the Swiss Alps and became very popular: in 1884 Saint Moritz became the first thermal
resort to offer both things: mountain + thermal tourism. Since then, winter sports &
thermalism became a joint phenomenon (compare, for example, with current Caldea, in
Andorra, where one of the most important ski stations is located).

The first alpine club would appear in England in 1857, and later, in Austria,
Switzerland, Germany, and France, by the end of the 19th c. These clubs would offer
mountain courses, conferences, getaways for schools (children), and elaboration of guides
about the places of interest. Alpinism was a word that became to be used too.

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 ALPINE TOURISM

Switzerland :

- Bad Tarasp (1860)

- Saint -Moritz (1864)

- First alpine clubs in Europe

(England , Austria, Switzerland …):
Hikes , conferences …

- Ski

Great hoteliers

Around 1900, the first great luxury hotel companies appear: Carlton, Negresco, Charles
Ritz… and the first casinos (as the one in Montecarlo).

• Great luxury hotels – Carlton, Negresco

• Casinos (Montecarlo).
• First hoteliers as Charles Ritz – first chains

MASS TOURISM

From 1850, we can talk about mass tourism, when tourism consolidates, together with
the development of a tourist market, that will be dominated by Great Britain. The rest of
the industrialized countries will follow, leading to competency.
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 In spain, for example, we find the first travel agency in 1910: Viajes Marsans.

MASS TOURISM – FROM 1850

• Thomas Cook
• American Express
• Spain : Grupo Marsans - 1910

“I arrived on my own from Paris thanks to the comfortabilies

Provided by Agencia Marsans”

Tourist activity will be stopped due to the Civil War (1936-1939), and World Wars (first:
1914-1918, second: 1939-1945). The 40 years of dictatorship that followed the Civil War
would stop the tourist activity in the country (1939-1975), which would be focused in
“sun + beach”. We must wait until the decade of 1980 to see alternative ways of tourism,
such as cultural tourism.

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