ENGLISH

QUARTER 3
NOTES

Prepared by:
Ma’am Kath & Ma’am Rolet
MODULE 1:
Examining Biases
WHAT IS BIAS?
- refers to an author’s expression of his/her own opinion on a particular issue
without examining and presenting enough evidences. This arises from the author’s
thinking which may be influenced by personal beliefs, culture, attitudes,
preferences, and past experiences.

To further understand bias in writing, refer to the illustration below

WHEN DOES AN AUTHOR BECOME BIAS?

An author becomes bias when he/she persuades the reader to believe on his/her
own stand of the issue by giving inaccurate information or false impression even
with or without the intention of misleading the readers.

HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE AUTHOR’S BIASES?

To determine the author’s biases and to understand his/her underlying
purpose, you must look at the use of evidence and diction.

Evidences can be in a form of : facts and information, testimonies and

direct observations, scientific and legal findings, and anecdotes and
philosophical evidences.

Diction refers to the words or expressions that help convey the stand of the
author towards an issue. These words and expressions may indicate a positive or
negative connotation or meaning.

The table below shows an example of a word with a positive and a negative
connotation.
 MODULE 2:
Using Propaganda Techniques
PROPAGANDA
- is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitudes,
perspectives and emotions of people or communities toward some cause or
position by presenting only one side of an argument. It is usually repeated
and presented over a wide variety of media in order to attract the interests
of a greater majority.

TYPES OF PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

There are a number of ways and/or techniques on how to persuade people to
buy products, accept ideas, and avail services.

1. Card Stacking
- is a technique that shows the product’s best features, tells half-truths,
and omits its potential problems.

2. Name-calling
- the use of names that may evoke fear or hatred among the viewers. The
name-calling technique links a person or idea, to a negative symbol. The
most obvious type of name-calling involves bad names such as racist,
dictator, terrorist, rebel, protester, idiot, liar and monster.
3. Plain Folks
-is the use of common people to sell or to promote a product or service.
Advertisements appear to associate a person or groups of individuals to be one
of common people or the masses. This technique is commonly used in the world
of advertising because buyers are on the lookout for real experiences.

4. Glittering Generalities
-is the use of words or ideas that evoke a positive emotional response from an
audience. Virtue words are often used. For better effect, brands appear to use
hyperboles, metaphors, or lyrical phrases to attract more attention

5. Soft Soap
-is the use of flattery or insincere compliments designed to get the audience
on the side of the speaker.
6. Bandwagon
-is a technique that persuades people by showing them that everyone else are
doing the same thing. It also implies that one must accept or reject an idea
because everyone else is accepting or rejecting it.

7. Testimonial
-is a technique wherein a famous or seemingly authoritative person
recommends a product or service, and vouches for its value.

8. Transfer
- is a technique used in propaganda and advertising known as association.
This technique of projects positive or negative qualities of a person, entity,
object, or value to another in order to make the second more acceptable or
discredit it.
9. Simplification
-is used to reduce crucial issues to basic ideas and packages them with catchy
slogans and images. It usually targets uninformed readers or customers.

10. Loaded Words

-uses words in attempting to influence an audience by using emotional appeal
or stereotypes that cannot be supported by concrete evidences.
9. Simplification
-is used to reduce crucial issues to basic ideas and packages them with catchy
slogans and images. It usually targets uninformed readers or customers.

10. Loaded Words

-uses words in attempting to influence an audience by using emotional appeal
or stereotypes that cannot be supported by concrete evidences.
 MODULE 3:
Determining Various Social, Moral, and
Economic Issues Discussed in Text Listened To
What is an issue?
An issue is an important problem or topic that people in the society argue about or
discuss since it negatively affects many people in the society. It could be a social,
moral, or economic issue.
What are common issues in the society?
The following are common issues in the society:

A. SOCIAL ISSUES prevent the society from functioning at the most desirable level.
An issue becomes a social issue under the following circumstances:
 The issue involves people in the society.
 The public, as a whole, recognizes the situation as a problem.
 A large segment of the population sees the situation as a valid concern.
 The situation can be alleviated through the joint actions of the citizens.
B. MORAL ISSUES are situations or actions that do not conform to the shared
norms and values, culture, and beliefs distinguished by a certain community or
social setting.
An issue becomes a moral issue under the following circumstances:
 It is against the values, beliefs, and preferences of the people in the society.
 It involves behavior patterns that bring the individual repeatedly into conflict
with the society.
 It involves actions which have the potential to harm others or the persons
themselves.

C. ECONOMIC ISSUES are situations that reflect the scarcity of resources which are
deemed insufficient to satisfy human wants and needs.
An issue becomes an economic issue under the following circumstances:
 It involves inflation or the increase of price of basic commodities and services
affecting a large number of people.
 It involves an increase of unemployment or not having a job to earn ones living.
 It involves poverty caused by underlying factors such as lack of education,
cultural and religious discrimination, overpopulation, unemployment and
corruption.
 MODULE 4:
Analyzing Literature as a Mirror to
a Shared Heritage
Literature- refers to a body of written works such as poetry, novels, history,
biography, and essays that reflects the background of a certain culture. It is derived
from the Latin word litaritura/litteratura which means “writing formed with letters.”

What are the Types of Literature?

1. Fiction-is a type of literature that is a product of a writer’s imagination.
It can be inspired by actual or completely made-up events. It is usually created
through the use of clear details that we recognize or that move us in some
ways.

2. Nonfiction- is a type of literature that is based on facts. It is a writing about

real people, places, and events which include biographies, auto-biographies, and
interviews.
What are the Elements of a Story?

1. Setting- refers to the time and place in which the action of the story
happens.
2. Plot- is defined as an interrelated sequence of events in a story where each event
affects the other, thus showing the cause-and-effect relationship.

A plot has six elements:

a. Exposition/Initial Action-is the very beginning of a story. In this part, authors
usually introduce the major characters and setting to the reader.

b. Rising Action- is the part when tension starts to build. It usually involves facing
and conquering minor conflicts, which is what keeps the plot moving forward.

c. Climax- is the part of the story where the characters finally have to face and solve
the major conflict. This is the "peak" of the plot or the highest point of interest where
all the tensions of the rising action lead to the success or failure of the hero.

d. Falling Action is everything that happens after the climax but before the
resolution. This is when the tension lessens and starts bringing the action to a close.

e. Resolution/Denouement is the conclusion or ending of a story.

3. Character refers to a person, an object, an animal, or imaginary
creature personified in the story.
Two types of characters:
1. Protagonist- is the main character who does heroic acts in the story.
2. Antagonist- is also a main character who opposes the protagonist in some
way..
4. Conflict refers to the problem that the main characters have to face.

Four major types of conflict:

1. Man vs. man- is the conflict of the story in which the struggle is between the
protagonist and the antagonist. In this conflict, the protagonist wants something,
and the antagonist obstructs the protagonist from getting what he wants
2. Man vs. self- is a conflict that takes place within the character himself. It often
involves the character in making a decision between right and wrong.
3. Man vs. society- is a conflict that occurs when the character has a conflict
with the government, cultural, or societal tradition.
4. Man vs. supernatural- is a conflict that happens when the protagonist faces
a struggle against a god, gods, and supernatural forces.

5. Point of View. This is the angle of narration or the perspective from

which the story is told. It can be classified as first person and third person.
a. First Person - The narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only
personal thoughts and feelings. It uses the personal pronoun I.
Example:
“I was standing in the dark. I was scared and cold. Then, I felt something on my
shoulder, and it was a hand. I was trying to get away, but it wouldn’t let me go. I
screamed as loud as I could, but no one heard me.” – In the Dark
b. Third person- is when the narrator is removed from the story and tells it from
an outside perspective. To do this, the narrator uses personal pronouns like
"he," "she," and "they" to refer to the characters in the story.
Example:
“Ravana devised a plan to abduct Sita. He sent a magical golden deer which Sita
desired Rama to hunt. A long time had passed, but Rama didn’t return. Thus,
Lakshmana went off to find his brother.” - Ramayana

6. Theme-refers to the central idea or message of a story.