ES084: INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING SECOND SEM AY 23-24

CONTROL FLOW 3. The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or

system is from left to right or top to bottom.
Control Structures 4. Only one flow line should come out from a
 specify the sequence of execution of a group of process symbol.
statements 5. Only one flow line should enter a decision
 3 Types: symbol, but 2 or more flow lines, one for each
1. Sequential possible answer, should leave the decision symbol.
2. Conditional 6. If flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use
3. Iterative connector symbols to reduce the number of flow
lines. Avoid the intersection of flow lines.
Sequential Logic Structure 7. Ensure that flowchart has a logical start and end.
 The oldest logic structure 8. It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart by
 The most used logic structure passing through it with a simple test data.
 The easiest structure to understand
 Is one statement after another statement, after Advantages of Flowchart
another statement, after another statement, etc. These are a better way of
1. Communication communicating the logic of a
FLOWCHART system to all concerned.
With the help of flowchart,
Flowchart 2. Effective
problem can be analyzed in
 A diagrammatic representation that illustrates Analysis
more effective way.
the sequence of operations to be performed to
get the solution of a problem 3. Proper It serves as a good program
 Generally drawn in the early stages of formulating Documentation documentation.
computer solutions It acts as a guide or blueprint
 Facilitate communication between programmers 4. Efficient during the system analysis
and business people Coding and program development
 Documentation of a complex program phase.
5. Proper It helps in debugging
Flowcharting Debugging process.
 A technique of showing logical flow of data in
 Maintenance becomes
pictorial form and integration of programming steps
6. Efficient easy with.
for solving a given problem
Program  It helps the programmer to
Maintenance put efforts more efficiently
Program Flowchart
on that part.
 Flowchart
 A means of visually presenting the flow of
Limitations of Flowcharts
data through an information processing
1. Complex Logic
systems, the operations performed within
 Sometimes the logic is quite complicated, which
the system and the sequence in which they
makes flowchart becomes complex and
are performed
clumsy.
 Describes what operations (and in what
2. Alteration and Modifications
sequence) are required to solve a given problem
 If alterations are required, the flowchart may
 Can be likened to the blueprint of a building
require re-drawing completely.
 Similarly, a programmer prefers to draw a
3. Reproduction
flowchart prior to writing a computer
 Flowchart symbols cannot be typed, thus,
program.
reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem.
 The flowchart is drawn according to defined rules
4. The essentials of what is done can easily be lost in
and using standard flowchart symbols
the technical details of how it is done.
prescribed by the American National Standard
Institute, Inc.

Guidelines in Flowcharting
1. In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary
requirements should be listed in logical order.
2. Flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to
follow.
Algorithms and Flowcharting Most Commonly Used Symbol

FLOWCHART SYMBOLS

1. Terminal Symbol used to designate the

beginning and end of a
program

2. Input Symbol represents an instruction to an

Flowchart (Applications)
or input device
1. Sequential Structure
 A series of processes that follow in order
used to represent a group of  Ex. To wash your hair
3. Processing program instructions that 1. Wet hair
Symbol perform a processing 2. Apply shampoo
function or activity such as 3. Rinse
mathematical operations or
logical comparisons

4. Output Symbol represents an instruction to an

output device
or

denotes a point in the program 2. Decision Making Structure

5. Decision Symbol where more than one path  A condition exists that may change the order
can be taken or used to or types of processes to be followed
designate a decision making  Ex. IF the light is red THEN I will stop
process OTHERWISE I will go.

 used to show reading order

6. Flow lines and or sequence in which
Arrowheads flowchart symbols are to be
lead
 show the direction of
processing of data flows

7. On-page 3. Looping Structure

Connector  non-processing symbol
 used to connect one part of
the flowchart to another
without drawing flow lines
within page
 non-processing symbol
8. Off-page
 used to connect one part of
Connector
the flowchart to another
without drawing flow lines
not within the same page
 Often, we might wish to perform the same
set of processes a number of times, we can
perform a loop and do the same set of
actions over and over until a STOPPING
condition occurs
 Failure to provide a STOP condition will
cause the process to go into an INFINITE
LOOP
 Example of a LOOP
 Display the word ‘SCHOOL’ on the
screen 7 times

9. Predetermined
 used as a subroutine symbol
Symbol
 inner procedure needs to be
repeated several times

10. Preparation/
Initialization
Symbol
Sequential/Linear Flowchart

Sample Flowchart
System Flowchart Symbols
System Flowchart Example: Car Repair Garage
Sample Problems
OTHER TYPES OF FLOWCHARTS
High-Level Flowchart
 Also called first-level or top-down
 Shows the major steps in a process
 Illustrates a "birds-eye view" of a process, such
as the example in the figure entitled High-Level
Flowchart of Prenatal Care
 Can also include the intermediate outputs of each
step (the product or service produced), and the
sub-steps involved
 Such a flowchart offers a basic picture of the
process and identifies the changes taking place
within the process.
 It is significantly useful for identifying
appropriate team members (those who are
involved in the process) and for developing
indicators for monitoring the process because
of its focus on intermediate outputs.
 Most processes can be adequately portrayed in 4
or 5 boxes that represent the major steps or
activities of the process.
o In fact, it is a good idea to use only a few
boxes, because doing so forces one to
consider the most important steps.
o Other steps are usually sub-steps of the
more important ones.
Detailed Flowchart
 Provides a detailed picture of a process by
mapping all of the steps and activities that occur
in the process.
 This type of flowchart indicates the steps or
activities of a process and includes such as
o decision points
o waiting periods
o tasks that frequently must be redone
(rework) and
o feedback loops
 Useful for examining areas of the process in detail
and for looking for problems or areas of
inefficiency
 For example, the Detailed Flowchart of Patient
Registration reveals the delays that result when
the record clerk and clinical officer are not available
to assist clients.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Make a flowchart that will input the length and width
of a rectangle. Output the perimeter.
2. Make a flowchart that will compute for the area of a
circle given a radius of 9 cm.
3. Make a flowchart that will ask the user to input the
radius of a circle. Compute for the area of a circle
and output it.
4. Make a flowchart that will input 2 integers and will
output the sum, difference, product and quotient of
the 2 integers.
5. A certain store sells softdrinks for P 6.00 and
sandwiches for P 6.50. Draw the flowchart to input
the number of softdrinks and sandwiches bought and
output the bill.
5-1. A certain store sells softdrinks for P 6.00 and
sandwiches for P 6.50. Draw the flowchart to input
the number of softdrinks and sandwiches bought
and output the bill. Assume that your program will
ask the buyer to input amount to pay. Output the
change to given to the buyer.
6. Make a flowchart that will prompt the user to input
the base and the height of a triangle. Output the
computed area of a triangle.
7. Make a flowchart that will input a measurement in
meters and output the equivalent measurement in
inches.
8. Make a flowchart that will input the area of a circle.
Determine the diameter of the circle.
9. A salesman in XYZ Company is selling toothpaste
for P89.75 each and tooth powder for P155.95 each.
The salesman will have a 10% commission on the
sale of toothpaste and 20% commission on tooth
powder. Draw a flowchart and a C Program to input
the name of the salesman, the number of toothpaste
and tooth powder he sells. Output the name of the
salesman, the total sale and the total commission he
earned.
10. Make a flowchart and a C Program that will compute
for the distance between 2 points A and B. The user
is asked to input the values of points A (x1, y1) and
B (x2, y2). Output the following:
a. distance between the 2 points
b. slope of the line
11. Max wants to borrow P50, 500.00 in a bank to put
up a small business. The bank gives a rate of 9.5
percent for a 6 year period of time. Compute for the
interest that Max will pay after 6 years? Output the
computed interest. Draw the flowchart and make a C
Program.
12. Make a flowchart to input a radius and will compute
for the area and volume of a sphere (surface). Output
the computed area and volume.
Area = 4 × pi × radius2
Volume= 3/4 × pi × radius3
13. Make a flowchart and a C program to input 2
integers. If the 1st integer is greater than the 2 nd
integer, compute the sum of the 2 integers, otherwise
compute the product. Output the sum or product of
the 2 integers.
14. Any customer whose total PURCHASE is at least
P1000 will be given a 10% discount. Make a
flowchart that would input the customer’s
PURCHASE and output his net BILL.
RESOURCES
Instructional Resources Textbook
References:
 005.133/B789/2013
Bronson, Gary J. C++ Programming: Principles
and Practices for Scientists and Engineers.
Cengage Learning, 2013.
 005.133/F769/2011
Forouzan, Behrouz A. Foundations of C
Programming. Cengage Learning, 2011.
 005.133/M295/2011
Malik, D.S. C++ Programming: Problem
Analysis to Program Design. Cengage
Learning, 2011.
 005.133/Sch644/2011
Scholl, T., Nugent, G. C++ Programming
Problem Analysis to Program Design (Lab
Manual). Cengage Learning, 2011
 005.133/V74/2008
Vine, Micheal A. C Programming for the
Absolute Beginner, 2008
Internet Sources:
 www.course.com
 www.thomsonlearning.com
 www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/
 www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/c-tutorial.html
 www.iu.hio.no/~mark/CTutorial/CTutorial.html
 http://fresh2refresh.com/c-tutorial-for-beginners