Mendelian Law of Inheritance

Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
2
3
4
Inheritance
5
How did the experiments of
Gregor Mendel lay the foundation
for the study of transmission
genetics?
6
Introduction to Inheritance
Looking at
yourself in the
mirror...
7
8
...have you ever

wondered how you
have inherited your
biological traits from
your parents?
9
Genetics answers
most of our
inquiries about how
traits are
transmitted from
parents to their
children.
10
Genetics
Heredity Variation
11
Genetics
Heredity Variation
12
Genetics
Heredity Variation
13
Genetics
Heredity Variation
14
Molecular genetics Cytogenetics
Branches
of
Genetics
Transmission genetics Population genetics

15

deals with DNA and
gene expression and
regulation. Branches
of
Genetics

16
Molecular genetics Cytogenetics deals with

chromosome structure and
behavior during cell
Branches division.
of
Genetics

17
Branches
of
Genetics
Transmission genetics
deals with different
patterns of inheritance. Population genetics
18
Branches
of
Genetics Population genetics
deals with how
forces of evolution
influence genes in
Transmission genetics populations.
19
Transmission genetics, also called classical genetics, is the oldest

subdiscipline of genetics. It attempts to predict outcomes of reproduction.
20
Brief Background of Gregor Mendel
Farm Father of
Tender Genetics
Augustinian
Beekeeper Academicia
Monk
n
21
Brief Background of Gregor Mendel
Mendel took the path to

priesthood when he
entered Augustinian
monastery of St.
Thomas and became
monk. This is also
where he performed
his pea plant studies.
22
Pea Plant Hybridization
Mendel chose
the legumes
garden peas or
Pisum sativum
for his
hybridization
experiments.
23
24
What makes
peas ideal
for genetic
studies?
25
They
What makes exhibit
peas ideal
for genetic vigorous
studies? growth.
26
They can
self-
fertilize.
They
What makes exhibit
peas ideal
for genetic vigorous
studies? growth.
27
They can
self-
fertilize.
They
What makes exhibit They can
peas ideal
for genetic vigorous cross-
studies? growth. fertilize.
28
Challenges faced by Mendel
Pangenesis
Previous Notions Homunculus

of Inheritance theory
Blending
theory
29
Previous
Notions of
Inheritance
Pangenesis
Homunculus
theory
Blending
theory
30
Previous
Notions of
Inheritance
Pangenesis
Homunculus
theory
Blending
theory Pangenesis was the belief that seeds are
produced in different organs and will later
on gather to form the offspring. 31
Previous
Notions of
Inheritance
Pangenesis
Homunculus
theory
Blending
theory The invention of the microscope made
people believe that sperm cells bear a
homunculus or little man. 32
Previous
Notions of
Inheritance
Pangenesis
Homunculus
theory
Blending
theory The blending theory of inheritance
states that traits of parents blend every
generation of offspring. 33
Rediscovery of Mendel’s Work
Hugo de Vries Carl Correns Erich von

(1848–1935) (1864–1933) Tschermak
(1871–1962)
Mendel’s paper, The Experiments on Plant Hybridization, was rediscovered
independently by de Vries, Correns, and von Tschermak in 1900s. 34
What makes Pisum sativum an
ideal model organism for genetic
studies?
35
Review of Genetic Terminologies
A chromosome consists of
a DNA molecule, which serve
as the repository of genetic
information in cells.
Our chromosomes occur in pairs

called homologous
chromosomes.

called homologous
chromosomes.
Paternal (from the father or male parent)


called homologous
chromosomes.
Paternal (from the father or male parent)
Maternal (from the mother or female parent)

A gene is the basic unit of

heredity. It controls the expression
of a biological characteristic.
A gene is the basic unit of

heredity. It controls the expression
of a biological characteristic.
A characteristic is a heritable
feature of an organism.
In our given example, the gene

controls height of peas.
Also, note that genes occur in pairs.

Thus, a pair of genes control a
particular characteristic.
How about this gene pair?

What does it control?
How about this gene pair?

What does it control?
The highlighted gene

controls seed shape in peas.
Alleles are
the alternative
forms of a
gene.
Genotype refers to the set of alleles

possessed by an organism.
The genotype is
homozygous if
the alleles are
identical.
The genotype is
heterozygous if
the alleles are
different.
Let’s say that the given chromosomes give

rise to the following observable traits:
Tall Round-
seeded
Let’s say that the given chromosomes give

rise to the following observable traits:
Tall Round-
seeded
Phenotypes refer to the actual
manifestation of genotypes into observable
If the phenotype for seed shape is round, then

we can conclude that:
If the phenotype for seed shape is round, then

we can conclude that:
The allele for round pea is

the dominant allele.
The allele for wrinkled pea

is the recessive allele.
Pea Plant Characters
Gregor Mendel utilized seven characteristics of peas in his

hybridization experiments. Each exists in two variants. 54
How are tahe alleles of a gene
transmitted from parents to
offspring?
55
Monohybrid Cross
A monohybrid cross is a mating between two individuals

involving one characteristic or one pair of contrasting traits. 56
Monohybrid Cross
In this example, the height of

pea is involved.
57
Monohybrid Cross

pea is involved.
The parents have contrasting

traits (i.e., tall and dwarf).
58
Monohybrid Cross

pea is involved.
The parents have contrasting

traits (i.e., tall and dwarf).
Both parents must also be

true-breeding or homozygous.
59
Monohybrid Cross
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
60
Monohybrid Cross
The parental
P generation generation consists of
the true- breeding initial
parents.
F1 generation
F2 generation
61
Monohybrid Cross
P generation
The first filial

F1 generation generation consists of
the offspring of the P
generation.
F2 generation
62
Monohybrid Cross
P generation
F1 generation
The second filial

F2 generation generation consists of
the offspring of F1 gen.
63
Monohybrid Cross
Result 1:
The dwarf trait
disappeared in the F1
generation.
64
Monohybrid Cross
P
generation
Result 1:
The dwarf trait
generation.
F1
generation
65
Monohybrid Cross
P
generation
Result 1:
The dwarf trait
generation.
F1
Explanation: generation
Tall trait must be
dominant over the
dwarf trait.
66
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
In a heterozygous individual, one allele

(dominant) completely masks the
expression of the other allele
(recessive).
67
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
If we assign letters to each allele :
68
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
T - tall
69
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
T - tall
t - dwarf
70
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
T - tall
t - dwarf
Thus, we will have the corresponding genotypes and
phenotypes :
71
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
T - tall
t - dwarf
phenotypes :
TT - tall
72
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
T - tall
t - dwarf
phenotypes :
TT - tall Tt - tall
73
Monohybrid Cross
Principle of
Dominance
T - tall
t - dwarf
phenotypes :
TT - tall Tt - tall tt - dwarf
74
Monohybrid Cross
Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:
75
Monohybrid Cross
Phenotypes Genotypes
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
76
Monohybrid Cross
P generation Tall × Dwarf
F1 generation
F2 generation
77
Monohybrid Cross
P generation Tall × Dwarf TT × tt
F1 generation
F2 generation
78
Monohybrid Cross

Phenotypic Ratio Genotypic Ratio (GR):
(PR):
F1 generation
F2 generation
79
Monohybrid Cross

(PR):
F1 generation 100% or All Tall
F2 generation
80
Monohybrid Cross

(PR):
F1 generation 100% or All Tall 100% or All Tt
F2 generation
81
Monohybrid Cross

(PR):
F2 generation 3/4 Tall: 1/4 Dwarf

82
Monohybrid Cross

(PR):
F2 generation 3/4 Tall: 1/4 Dwarf 1/4 TT: 2/4 Tt: 1/4 tt
83
Monohybrid Cross
Result 2:
The phenotypes in
the F2 generation
occur in a ratio of 3:1.
84
Monohybrid Cross
F1
generation
Result 2:
The phenotypes in
the F2 generation
F2
generation
85
Monohybrid Cross
F1
generation
Result 2:
The phenotypes in
the F2 generation
F2
generation
86
Monohybrid Cross
F1
generation
Result 2:
The phenotypes in
the F2 generation
F2
Explanation: generation
The alleles are
segregating during
gamete formation.
87
Monohybrid Cross
Law of
Segregation
The two alleles of a gene in an individual

segregate or separate from each other
during gamete formation.
88
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
P generation cross F1 generation cross
89
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
90
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
alleles
91
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
alleles T T t t
92
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
alleles T T t t
progeny
93
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
alleles T T t t
progeny Tt Tt
94
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
alleles T T t t
progeny Tt Tt Tt Tt
95
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
alleles T T t t
progeny Tt Tt Tt Tt
96
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
alleles T T t t T t T t
progeny Tt Tt Tt Tt
97
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
progeny Tt Tt Tt Tt TT Tt
98
Monohybrid Cross
Law of Segregation
TT × tt Tt × Tt
progeny Tt Tt Tt Tt TT Tt Tt tt
99
Punnett Square
1. Write the given. Let’s apply Punnett

square to our P
2. Write the genotypes. gen cross.
3. Identify the alleles.
4. Draw the square.
5. Distribute alleles.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
8. Determine ratios. 100
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
TT × tt
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
TT × tt
3. Identify the alleles. T T t t
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
TT × tt
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
TT × tt
3. Identify the gametes. T T t t
4. Draw the square.

T T
5. Distribute gametes.
6. Combine gametes. t
7. Determine
phenotypes. t
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
TT × tt
4. Draw the square.

T T
6. Combine alleles. t Tt Tt
7. Determine
phenotypes. t Tt Tt
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
TT × tt
4. Draw the square.

T T
(Tall) (Tall)
7. Determine
phenotypes. t Tt Tt
8. Determine ratios. (Tall) (Tall) 107
Punnett Square

square to our P
Tall × Dwarf
TT × tt
4. Draw the square.

T T
(Tall) (Tall) GR: 100% Tt
7. Determine PR: 100% Tall
phenotypes. t Tt Tt
8. Determine ratios. (Tall) (Tall) 108
Punnett Square

square to our F1
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
Tt × Tt
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
Tt × Tt
3. Identify the alleles. T t T t
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
Tt × Tt
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
Tt × Tt
4. Draw the square.

T t
6. Combine alleles. T
7. Determine
phenotypes. t
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
Tt × Tt
4. Draw the square.

T t
6. Combine alleles. T TT Tt
7. Determine
phenotypes. t Tt tt
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
Tt × Tt
4. Draw the square.

T t
6. Combine alleles. T TT Tt
(Tall) (Tall)
7. Determine
phenotypes. t Tt tt
8. Determine ratios. (Tall) (Dwarf) 116
Punnett Square

square to our F1
Tall × Tall
Tt × Tt
4. Draw the square.

T t
GR:
6. Combine alleles. T TT Tt 1/4 TT: 2/4 Tt: 1/4 tt
(Tall) (Tall)
7. Determine PR:
phenotypes. t Tt tt 3/4 Tall: 1/4 Dwarf
8. Determine ratios. (Tall) (Dwarf) 117
Dihybrid Cross
A dihybrid cross is a mating between two individuals

involving two characteristics or two pairs of contrasting 118
Dihybrid Cross
119
Dihybrid Cross
In this example, the seed shape

and seed color are involved.
120
Dihybrid Cross

Two pairs of contrasting traits are

involved: round/wrinkled and
yellow/green.
121
Dihybrid Cross


yellow/green.
Both parents must also be true-

breeding or homozygous.
122
Dihybrid Cross


yellow/green.
Both parents must also be true-

breeding or homozygous.
All of the offspring in F1 have round

and yellow seeds due to
dominance. 123
Punnett Square

square to our P
2. Assign alleles. gen cross.
3. Write genotypes.
5. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square
1. Write the given. Let’s apply Punnett Round, Wrinkled

square to our P yellow
× , green
3. Write genotypes.
5. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

× , green
3. Write genotypes.
5. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

× , green
3. Write genotypes. Seed shape:
4. Identify the alleles. Round seed is dominant over wrinkled seed.
5. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

× , green
5. Draw the square. R - round r - wrinkled
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

× , green
6. Combine alleles. Seed color:
7. Determine Yellow seed is dominant over green seed.

phenotypes.
Punnett Square

× , green

phenotypes.
8. Determine ratios. Y - y - green
130
yellow
Punnett Square

× , green

phenotypes.
8. Determine ratios. Y - y - green
131
yellow
Punnett Square
1. Write the given. Let’s apply Punnett Round, × Wrinkled

square to our P yellow , green
RRYY × rryy
3. Write genotypes.
5. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
8. Determine ratios.
Punnett Square

RRYY × rryy
3. Write genotypes. R r
Y y
5. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

RRYY × rryy
Y y
4. Identify the gametes.
R R
5. Draw the square. Y Y
r
6. Combine alleles.
y
7. Determine
phenotypes. r
8. Determine ratios. y
Punnett Square

RRYY × rryy
Y y
R R
r RrYy RrYy
6. Combine alleles.
y
7. Determine
r RrYy RrYy
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

RRYY × rryy
Y y
R R
r RrYy RrYy
6. Combine alleles.
y (round, (round,
7. Determine yellow) yellow)
phenotypes. r
y RrYy RrYy
(round, (round,
Punnett Square

RRYY × rryy
Y y
R R
r RrYy RrYy GR:
6. Combine alleles. 100% RrYy
y (round, (round,
7. Determine yellow) yellow) PR:
phenotypes. r 100% round,
y RrYy RrYy
8. Determine ratios. yellow
(round, (round,
Punnett Square

square to our F1
2. Write genotypes. gen cross.
4. Draw the square.
5. Distribute the alleles.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square
1. Write the given. Let’s apply Punnett Round, × Round,

square to our F1 yellow yellow
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

RrYy × RrYy
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

RrYy × RrYy
TIP: Use the branching technique.
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

RrYy × RrYy
4. Draw the square. Rr Yy
R
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes. r
Punnett Square

RrYy × RrYy
5. Distribute the alleles. Y
R
6. Combine alleles. y
7. Determine Y
phenotypes. r
Punnett Square

RrYy × RrYy
5. Distribute the alleles. Y
R
6. Combine alleles. y
7. Determine Y
phenotypes. r
Punnett Square

RrYy × RrYy
R
5. Distribute the alleles. Y Y
R R
6. Combine alleles. y y
r
7. Determine Y Y
phenotypes. r
8. Determine ratios. r
y y
Punnett Square

RrYy × RrYy
R
5. Distribute the alleles. Y Y Thus, the
R R genotype
6. Combine alleles. y y RrYy has
r four possible
7. Determine Y Y
phenotypes. gametes.
r r
8. Determine ratios. y y
Punnett Square
1. Write the given. RrYy × RrYy

2. Write genotypes.
4. Draw the square.
6. Combine alleles.
7. Determine
phenotypes.
Punnett Square

R R r r
2. Write genotypes. Y y Y y
R
3. Identify the alleles. Y
4. Draw the square. R
y
r
6. Combine alleles. Y
7. Determine r
phenotypes. y
Punnett Square

R R r r
R RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
3. Identify the alleles. Y
4. Draw the square. R RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
y
r RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
6. Combine alleles. Y
7. Determine r RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy

phenotypes. y
Punnett Square

R R r r
3. Identify the alleles. Y round, round, round, round,
yellow yellow yellow yellow
round, round, round, round,
y
5. Distribute the alleles. yellow green yellow green

6. Combine alleles. round, round, wrinkled wrinkled
Y yellow yellow yellow yellow
phenotypes. round, round, wrinkled wrinkled,
y
yellow green yellow green
Punnett Square

R R r r
3. Identify the alleles. Y round, round, round, round,
yellow yellow yellow yellow
round, round, round, round,
y
5. Distribute the alleles. yellow green yellow green

6. Combine alleles. round, round, wrinkled wrinkled
Y yellow yellow yellow yellow
phenotypes. round, round, wrinkled wrinkled,
y
yellow green yellow green
Punnett Square

2. Write genotypes. Genotypic Ratio:
3. Identify the alleles. 1/16 RRYY 2/16 RrYY 1/16 rrYY
4. Draw the square. 2/16 RRYy 4/16 RrYy 2/16 rrYy
1/16 RRyy 2/16 Rryy 1/16 rryy
Phenotypic
6. Combine alleles.
Ratio:
7. Determine 9/16 round, 3/16 wrinkled, yellow
phenotypes. yellow
3/16 round, green 1/16 wrinkled, green
Dihybrid Cross
Result 2:
The phenotypes in the F2
generation occur in a ratio
of 9:3:3:1
153
Dihybrid Cross
Result 2:
of 9:3:3:1
154
Dihybrid Cross
Result 2:
of 9:3:3:1
Explanation:
The genes for seed shape
and color are
independently assorting.
155
Dihybrid Cross
Law of Independent
Assortment
The alleles from different genes are
sorted into the gametes independently of
each other. Thus, the inheritance of
these two genes become independent.
156
Is the law of segregation still
applicable when two genes are
already involved? Why do you
think so?
157
Laws of Inheritance and Gametogenesis
Both laws of
inheritance operate
during the
Anaphase I of
meiosis during
gamete formation.
158
How is the separation of
homologous chromosomes
relevant to the laws of
inheritance?
159
Brylle is fond of growing crops in his garden. One of the
crops that he cultivates is the garden pea (Pisum sativum).
One strain of his pea plants is heterozygous for flower
colors, with genotype Mm. Another strain of his peas has
smooth pods and axial flowers with genotype AaBB. What
are the alleles produced by each of these two plants with
respect to the indicated characteristics?
160
Brylle is fond of growing crops in his garden. One of the
crops that he cultivates is the garden pea (Pisum sativum).
One strain of his pea plants is heterozygous for flower
colors, with genotype Mm. Another strain of his peas has
smooth pods and axial flowers with genotype AaBB. What
are the alleles produced by each of these two plants with
respect to the indicated characteristics?
Plant 1 (Mm) produces gametes with alleles M and m, while

Plant 2 (AaBB) produces gametes with allele combinations AB
and aB.
161
Nickson cultivated two different plants.
The first plant is recessive for trait A,
while the second plant is homozygous
dominant for trait B and heterozygous for
trait C. What are the allele combinations
that can be produced by his first and
second plants?
162
In pea plants, axial inflorescence is dominant over terminal
inflorescence. If Laiza crossed a parent plant that is
heterozygous for inflorescence to another plant with
terminal inflorescence, what are the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios of the offspring?
163
In pea plants, axial inflorescence is dominant over terminal
inflorescence. If Laiza crossed a parent plant that is
heterozygous for inflorescence to another plant with
terminal inflorescence, what are the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios of the offspring?
The genotypic ratio of the cross is 1/2 AA: 1/2 aa. The
phenotypic ratio is 1/2 axial: 1/2 terminal.
164
If a parent pea plant that is hybrid for
flower color is crossed with a plant that is
true-breeding for violet flowers, what are
the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the
F1 generation? Note that having violet
flowers is dominant over having white
flowers.
165
In pea plants, round seeds are dominant over wrinkled
seeds, while the tall trait is dominant over the dwarf trait. If
you cross two plants that are both heterozygous for seed
shape but homozygous dominant for height, what are the
expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?
166
In pea plants, round seeds are dominant over wrinkled
seeds, while the tall trait is dominant over the dwarf trait. If
you cross two plants that are both heterozygous for seed
shape but homozygous dominant for height, what are the
expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring?
The genotypic ratio of the offspring of the cross is 1/4 AABB:

2/4 AaBB: 1/4 aaBB. The phenotypic ratio is 3/4 round tall: 1/4
wrinkled tall.
167
Gene A codes for seed color, where
having yellow seed is dominant over
having a green seed. Gene B codes for
pod shape, where the smooth pod is
dominant over the constricted pod. Given
the cross AaBB × AABb, what is the
genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the
offspring?
168
Determine the accuracy of each of the following
statements. Write true if the statement is correct and
false if otherwise.
1. If the genes for seed shape and height of peas are
independently assorting, then they highly influence the
inheritance of each other.
2. The F2 generation is the offspring of the P generation.
3. Both the laws of inheritance operate during the first
anaphase of meiosis.
169
Provide what is asked in each of the following items.
1. What are the alleles produced by an individual with

genotype NN?
genotype Bb?
genotype Mmnn?
170
● Genetics is the study of inheritance and variation in
organisms. It has various subdisciplines.
Transmission genetics is the one that is
particularly concerned about the mechanisms or
patterns of inheritance.
171
● Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics. He
performed experiments on garden pea or Pisum
sativum. This led him to formulate the laws of
inheritance in his publication, Experiments on Plant
Hybrids.
172
● Different genes control the expression of the
characteristics of organisms. Each gene exists in
alternative forms called alleles.
● In terms of expression, genes can either be dominant

or recessive. According to the principle of
dominance of Mendel, in a heterozygous individual,
the dominant allele tends to mask the expression of
the recessive allele. 173
● Mendel’s monohybrid cross reveals the law of
segregation. According to this law, the alleles
segregate during gametogenesis. This explains the
characteristic 3:1 phenotypic ratio of F2 in
monohybrid crosses.
174
● Mendel’s dihybrid cross reveals the law of
independent assortment. According to this law,
allele pairs from different genes separate
independently during gamete formation. This
explains the characteristics ratio of 9:3:3:1 of F2 of
dihybrid crosses.
175
Transmission genetics serves as the pioneer field in genetics.
176
You crossed two true-breeding lines of
violet-flowered and white-flowered
peas. Is it possible to establish a true-
breeding line of the genotype found in
the offspring of your cross? Why or
why not?
177

Mendelian Law of Inheritance

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Mendelian Laws of Inheritance

...have you ever

Molecular genetics Cytogenetics

Transmission genetics Population genetics

Molecular genetics Cytogenetics

Transmission genetics Population genetics

Molecular genetics Cytogenetics deals with

Transmission genetics Population genetics

Molecular genetics Cytogenetics

Molecular genetics Cytogenetics

Transmission genetics, also called classical genetics, is the oldest

Mendel took the path to

Previous Notions Homunculus

Hugo de Vries Carl Correns Erich von

Our chromosomes occur in pairs

Our chromosomes occur in pairs

Paternal (from the father or male parent)

Our chromosomes occur in pairs

Paternal (from the father or male parent)

Maternal (from the mother or female parent)

A gene is the basic unit of

A gene is the basic unit of

In our given example, the gene

Also, note that genes occur in pairs.

How about this gene pair?

How about this gene pair?

The highlighted gene

Genotype refers to the set of alleles

Let’s say that the given chromosomes give

Let’s say that the given chromosomes give

If the phenotype for seed shape is round, then

If the phenotype for seed shape is round, then

The allele for round pea is

The allele for wrinkled pea

Gregor Mendel utilized seven characteristics of peas in his

A monohybrid cross is a mating between two individuals

In this example, the height of

In this example, the height of

The parents have contrasting

In this example, the height of

The parents have contrasting

Both parents must also be

The first filial

The second filial

In a heterozygous individual, one allele

Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:

Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:

Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:

P generation Tall × Dwarf

Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:

P generation Tall × Dwarf TT × tt

Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:

P generation Tall × Dwarf TT × tt

Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:

P generation Tall × Dwarf TT × tt

Thus, we can have the genetic cross as follows:

P generation Tall × Dwarf TT × tt