MODULE 3: NATIONAL SECURITY CONCERN

TOPIC 1: DEFINING NATIONAL SECURITY

“There can never be real, tangible and felt development without making our people feel secure.”
“Enduring peace can be attained only if we meet the fundamental needs of every man, woman and child.”

PRESIDENT RODRIGO DUTERTE First State of the Nation Address 25 July 2016
Three Major Pillars of National Security

1. Safeguarding the Philippines’ national unity, its democracy and its social institutions.

2. Ensuring the security of the State and preserving and protecting its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and
institutions.

3. Protection of properties, infrastructures and keeping the people safe from all forms of threats, both here
and abroad, and to the extent possible, creating jobs in order to bring back home overseas Filipino workers
where their physical safety can be fully guaranteed by our Government.
TOPIC 2: NATIONAL SECURITY VISION
“My dream is that all Filipinos will say they are Filipinos. No longer from left or right, Moro rebels or
terrorists, and live in peace.”
PRESIDENT RODRIGO R. DUTERTE Business Forum, Davao City 21 June 2016

“We will strive to have a permanent and lasting peace before my term ends. That is my goal, that is my
dream.”
PRESIDENT RODRIGO R. DUTERTE First State of the Nation Address 25 July 2016

“In 2040, we will all enjoy a stable and comfortable lifestyle, secure in the knowledge that we have enough
for our daily needs and unexpected expenses, that we can plan and prepare for our own and our children’s
future. Our family lives together in a place of our own, and we have the freedom to go where we desire,
protected and enables by a clean, efficient and fair government.”

LESSON 8. NATIONAL SECURITY INTERESTS

1. Public Safety, Law and Order and Justice
The most fundamental duties of the State are to ensure public safety, maintain law and order, and dispense
social justice within the purview of the constitutionally enshrined principles of democracy, rule of law and
respect for human rights. The Governments seeksto enhance its ability to execute the above mandate by
strengthening the five pillars of the criminal justice system – law enforcement, the courts, prosecution,
penology and the community

2. Socio-Political Stability
This is a condition where peace prevails even in diversity and where cooperation and support exists
between government and the people under an atmosphere of mutual respect and empathy, bound by a
strong notion of nationhood and sense of duty to respect the rule of law and serve the common good

3. Economic Solidarity and Sustainable Development

Building an economy that is strong and capable of supporting and sustaining human livelihood and national
endeavors is the overarching thrust of the Philippines’ developmental plans and goals
4. Territorial Integrity
This condition ensuresthat the territory of the country isintact and inviolable, and under the effective control
and jurisdiction of the Philippine Government.

5. Ecological Balance
Rapid economic growth and industrialization are transforming society and improving the lives of many
Filipinos, but it comes at a great cost to the environment.
6. Cultural Cohesiveness
National unity is an essential cornerstone of nationhood and national survival. Without it, there is no future
for the country. Filipinos must continue to embrace the values and belief systems, the moral and ethical
standards, the traditions and cultural heritage which have made them truly distinct and earned a respected
place in the community of nations.
7. Moral and Spiritual Consensus
This component speaks of a moral and spiritual consensus among Filipinos on the wisdom and righteousness
of the national vision, as enunciated by the country’s national leadership.
8. International Peace and Cooperation

The Philippines as a democratic country is committed to the promotion of global peace, development and
humanitarianism.

LESSON 9. NATIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES

TOPIC 1: INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

a. Law and Order and Administration of Justice

The Philippines has grappled for years with a serious peace and order problem. The national crime rate,
considered as one of the highest in Southeast and East Asia.
b. Internal Armed Conflicts
The communist rebellion being waged by the Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing,
the New People’s Army (NPA), continues to pose serious peace and order problems in the country.

c. Terrorism and Transnational Crimes

International terrorism and transnational crime pose a direct threat to the security of individual countries
and to international peace and prosperity.

d. Economic and Social Threats

Poverty remains pervasive and is not expected to change significantly in the near future. Asthe population
continues to grow, more Filipinos are expected to join the ranks of the poor so long as the poverty rate
remains largely unchanged.
TOPIC 2: EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

a. Overlapping Territorial Claims and Maritime Domain Issues

The country needs to address the disputes concerning maritime boundaries as they affect a complex range
of national security concerns as well as threaten regional peace and stability.
b. Global and Regional Geopolitical Issues
There are other inter- and intra-statesflashpoints of immediate to the Philippines. These includes the
intensifying conflicts in the Middle East and Africa (MENA region), persisting tension in the Korean
Peninsula, unresolved territorial disputes in Northeast and Southeast Asia, unsettled Sabah issue, China-
Taiwan conflict, and other power rivalries where the hegemony of the United States is contested and
threatened.
c. Global Uncertainties and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction

1. Increased Global Economic Uncertainties

The slowdown in major economies of the world such as US, China and the European Union will have an
impact on virtually every country in the world including the Philippines. Economic downturns abroad could
temper demand for Philippines exports, slow down foreign investments and hurt the overall business
climate in the country.

2. Global Security Issues and the Welfare of OFWs

Conflicts abroad and other emerging global security threats pose a direct danger to overseas Filipinos
workers (OFWs), who contribute significantly to the national economy, accounting for most of the country’s
net factor income from abroad (NFIA) through their remittances.
3. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)
Rapid technological advancement and greater access to scientific knowledge are changing the face of the
world in unimagined ways. Scientific and technological breakthrough are creating wealth and progress
everywhere, but are also spawning new and increasingly dangerous triggers for global insecurity.

Three Classification of WMDs

→ Nuclear weapons

→ Chemical warfare agents

→ Biological warfare agents
TOPIC 3: OTHER STRATEGIC ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

a. Rising Threat of Cybercrime – credit card fraud, ATM theft, call centerscams, and other computer or
web-based forms of deception schemes and identity theft.
b. Climate Change – There are five channels through which climate change could affect security:

i. threat to the well-being of the most vulnerable communities,

ii. impact to economic development --- halting or significantly slowing-down growth thereby worsening
poverty and increasing desperation,

iii. second-order effect of unsuccessful adaptation in the form of uncoordinated coping or survival strategies
of local population,
iv. threat posed by climate change to the viability and even survival of a number of sovereign states,

v. availability or accessto natural resource and the resultant competition and possible territorial disputes
between countries.
c. Institutional Concerns – reformsin the security and judicialsectors with emphasis on the following:

i. Modernizing and professionalizing the armed services;

ii. Strengthening the judicial system;

iii. Strengthening legislative oversight on security agencies;

iv. Improving the national security and intelligence community.
 MODULE 4: LESSON 10 HEALT ISSUES
TOPIC 1: MENTAL HEALTH

“Mental health is not a destination but a process. It’s about how you drive, not where you’re going.”
What is Mental Health?

Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and
act. It also helps determine how we handle stress to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at
every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.

Factors Contribute to Mental Health

1. Biological factors –genes or brain chemistry

2. Life experiences – trauma or abuse

3. Family history of mental health problems
TOPIC 2: DRUG EDUCATION
What is drug?

It is a chemical substance that is intended to be taken or administered for the purpose of altering, sustaining
or controlling the recipients’ physical, mental, or emotional state (PDEA, 2010)
What is drug abuse?

Drug abuse, as defined by PDEA (2010), is the use of any chemical substance, licit or illicit, resulting to
individual’s physical, mental, or social impairment.
What is drug addiction?

According to WebMD (2018), addiction is a disease that affects the brain and behavior. When one is
addicted to drugs, he or she can’t resist the desire to use them, no matter how much harm the drugs may
cause.
Addiction vs. Abuse

How does drug addiction and drug abuse differ? Drug abuse is when someone use illegal or even legal
substances in ways he or she should not.
Classification of drugs
A. Origin

1. Natural- anything that comes from nature

2. Synthetic- anything that is produced artificially or processed in the laboratory

B. Pharmacological
1. Stimulants
2. Depressants

3. Hallucinogens
1. Stimulants
Any of a group of drugsthat excite the central nervous system and are also known as “uppers”. It increase
alertness, alleviate fatigue, reduce hunger and provide a feeling ofsatisfaction and well-being. Its examples
are cocaine,methamphetamine (shabu).
2. Depressants

Any drug or chemicals that decrease the activity of any bodily function and are also called as the downers
or barbs.
3. Hallucinogens

Any natural or synthetic psychoactive drug that produce marked distortion of the senses and the changes in
perception. This was also called as “psychedelics”.
C. Illegal and Legal

1. Legal- for examples are tobacco, caffeine, and alcohol. These may be subject to restrictions based on age,
location of use, and driving regulations.

2. Illegal- for examples are cocaine and heroine. These are not subject to quality or price controls and the
amount of active ingredient varies.
Commonly Abused Drugs
1. Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or Shabu

Shabu is another name for methamphetamine hydrochloride, also known as crystal meth or simply meth
and ice. It is a highly addictive stimulant that causes its user irreversible harm, physically and mentally.
Shabu can be snorted, smoked, injected and dissolved in water.
2. Marijuana or Cannabis Sativa

Cannabis plant was also known as weed, pot, dope, grass. When marijuana was smoked, vaped, drank, or
ate, Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other chemicals in the plant pass from the lungs into the bloodstream,
which rapidly carries them throughout the body to the brain.
3. Inhalants

These are volatile chemical substances that contain psycho-active vapors producing a state of intoxication.
Examples are glue and adhesive cement, rugby, super glue and thinner.
4. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or Ecstacy

It is a synthetic (man-made) drug made in laboratory which comes in different colors and are sometimes
marked with cartoon-like images. Ecstasy is often called as “the love pill” because it heightens perceptions
of sound and color and amplifies sensations especially when one touches or caresses another.

LESSON 11. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

TOPIC 1: CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change refers to significant, long-term changes in the global climate.

NATURAL CAUSES

1. Continental drift - You may have noticed something peculiar about South America and Africa on a map
of the world - don't they seem to fit into each other like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle? About 200 million years
ago they were joined together! Scientists believe that back then, the earth was not as we see it today, but
the continents were all part of one large landmass.
2. Volcanoes- When a volcano eruptsit throws out large volumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2), water vapour,
dust, and ash into the atmosphere. Although the volcanic activity may last only a few days, yet the large
volumes of gases and ash can influence climatic patterns for years.
3. The earth tilt’s - The earth makes one full orbit around the sun each year. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5°
to the perpendicular plane of its orbital path.
4. Ocean currents - The oceans are a major component of the climate system. They cover about 71% of the
Earth and absorb about twice as much of the sun's radiation as the atmosphere or the land surface.
HUMAN CAUSES
1. Greenhouse gas emission – Gases accumulate in the atmosphere, blocking heat from escaping, and
they don’t respond to the temperature changes (the greenhouse effect). When they remain for an extended
period in the atmosphere, they are likely to cause climate change.
• Carbon dioxide or Carbon IV Oxide – from burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas

• Methane – from digestive systems of grazing animals, manure management and rice cultivation
• Nitrous oxide – use of organic fertilizer, nitric acid production, fossil fuel combustion and burning of
biomass
• Chlorofluorocarbons – used in home appliances like refrigerator, air conditioner
• Sulphur hexachloride – used in dielectric materials like dielectric liquids and for special medical
procedure.
2. Deforestation - trees capture greenhouse gases such as CO2, preventing them from accumulating on the
atmosphere, which could result in warming our planet.
3. Agriculture - one of the most common human causes of climate change through emissions of gases and
the conversion of forests to agricultural land.
4. Industrialization - Although the industrialrevolution, and industrialization, hasled to improved living
conditions in various aspects, it is associated with adverse environmental effects that cause climatic changes.
With recent innovations, human labour has been replaced with machinery that uses new sources of energy
in the industries.
TOPIC 2: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose
or is no longer useful.
SOLID WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Composition and properties

The sources of solid waste include residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities. of solid
waste include residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities. Certain types of wastes that
cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or environments are classified as hazardous; these are
discussed in the article hazardous-waste management. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community that
requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site is called refuse or municipal solid waste
(MSW).
2. Generation and storage

Rates of solid-waste generation vary widely. In the United States, for example, municipal refuse is generated
at an average rate of approximately 2 kg (4.5 pounds) per person per day. Japan generates roughly half this
amount, yet in Canada the rate is 2.7 kg (almost 6 pounds) per person per day. In some developing countries
the average rate can be lower than 0.5 kg (1 pound) per person per day. These data include refuse from
commercial, institutional, and industrial as well as residential sources. The actual rates of refuse generation
must be carefully determined when a community plans a solid-waste management project.
SOLID WASTE COLLECTION
1. Collecting and transporting

Proper solid-waste collection is important for the protection of public health, safety, and environmental
quality. It is a labour-intensive activity, accounting for approximately three-quarters of the total cost of solid-
waste management.
2. Transfer stations

If the final destination of the refuse is not near the community in which it is generated, one or more transfer
stations may be necessary. A transfer station is a central facility where refuse from many collection vehicles
is combined into a larger vehicle, such as a tractor-trailer unit.
SOLID WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
1. Incineration - It is a waste treatment process that involvesthe combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
2. Composting - Another method of treating municipal solid waste is composting, a biological process in
which the organic portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under carefully controlled conditions. Microbes
metabolize the organic waste material and reduce its volume by as much as 50 percent. The stabilized
product is called compost or humus. Itresembles potting soil in texture and odour and may be usedas a soil
conditioner or mulch.
3. Sanitary Landfill - Land disposal is the most common management strategy for municipal solid waste.
Refuse can be safely deposited in a sanitary landfill, a disposal site that is carefully selected, designed,
constructed, and operated to protect the environment and public health.
4. Recycling - Recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products. The basic phases in
recycling are the collection of waste materials, their processing or manufacture into new products, and the
purchase of those products, which may then themselves be recycled.

MODULE 5: LESSON 12 VALUES FORMATION

TOPIC 1: SELF AWARENESS

Self-awareness involves being aware of different aspects of the self, including traits, behaviors, and feelings.
It is the first components of the self-concept. It becomes woven into the fabric of who you are and emerges
at different points depending on the situation and your personality.
TYPES OF SELF AWARENESS
1. Public Self-Awareness

This type emerges when people are aware of how they appear to others. Public self-awareness often
emerges in situations when people are at the center of attention, such as giving presentation or talking to a
group of friends.
2. Private Self-Awareness

This type happens when people become aware of some aspects of themselves, but only in a private way.
Self-concept vs Self-awareness
Self-concept is generally thought of our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities and unique
characteristic. The question that we often heard “who am I?” while self-awareness is our understanding of
ourselves. Our strengths, weaknesses, ideas, thoughts, beliefs, etc.
Importance of Self-awareness

Self-awareness plays a critical role in how we understand ourselves and how we relate to others. It is our
first step to overcome our weaknesses and practice introspection. It will eventually leads to a meaningful
and driven life.
TOPIC 2: LEADERSHIP BASIS
What is leadership?

Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and work of
others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the ability of a manager
to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.

According to Keith Davis, “Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives
enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.”
Importance of Leadership

Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to achieve
organizational goals. The following points justify the importance of leadership in a concern.
1. Initiates action- Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the policies and plans to the
subordinates from where the work actually starts.
2. Motivation- A leader proves to be playing an incentive role in the concern’s working. He motivates the
employees with economic and non-economic rewards and thereby gets the work from the subordinates.
3. Providing guidance- A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for the subordinates.
Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have to perform their work effectively and
efficiently.
4. Creating confidence- Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through expressing the
work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them guidelines to achieve
the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the employees with regards to their complaints and
problems.
5. Building morale- Morale denotes willing co-operation of the employees towards their work and getting
them into confidence and winning their trust.
6. Builds work environment- Management is getting things done from people. An efficient work
environment helps in sound and stable growth. Therefore, human relations should be kept into mind by a
leader. He should have personal contacts with employees and should listen to their problems and solve
them. He should treat employees on humanitarian terms.
7. Co-ordination- Co-ordination can be achieved through reconciling personal interests with organizational
goals. This synchronization can be achieved through proper and effective co-ordination which should be
primary motive of a leader.
QUALITIES OF A LEADER

A leader has multidimensional traits in him, which makes him appealing and effective in behavior. The
following are the requisites to be present in a good leader:
1. Physical appearance- A leader must have a pleasing appearance. Physique and health are very
important for a good leader.
2. Vision and foresight- A leader cannot maintain influence unless he exhibits that he is forward looking.
He has to visualize situations and thereby has to frame logical programmes.
3. Intelligence- A leader should be intelligent enough to examine problems and difficult situations. He
should be analytical who weighs pros and cons and then summarizes the situation. Therefore, a positive bent
of mind and mature outlook is very important.
4. Communicative skills- A leader must be able to communicate the policies and procedures clearly,
precisely and effectively. This can be helpful in persuasion and stimulation.
5. Objective- A leader has to be having a fair outlook which is free from bias and which does not reflects his
willingness towards a particular individual. He should develop his own opinion and should base his
judgement on facts and logic.
6. Knowledge of work- A leader should be very precisely knowing the nature of work of his subordinates
because it is then he can win the trust and confidence of his subordinates.
7. Sense of responsibility- Responsibility and accountability towards an individual’s work is very important
to bring a sense of influence. A leader must have a sense of responsibility towards organizational goals
because only then he can get maximum of capabilities exploited in a real sense. For this, he has to motivate
himself and arouse and urge to give best of his abilities. Only then he can motivate the subordinates to the
best.
8. Self-confidence and will-power- Confidence in himself is important to earn the confidence of the
subordinates. He should be trustworthy and should handle the situations with full will power. (You can read
more about Self-Confidence.
9. Humanist-This trait to be present in a leader is essential because he deals with human beings and isin
personal contact with them. He hasto handle the personal problems of his subordinates with great care and
attention. Therefore, treating the human beings on humanitarian grounds is essential for building a
congenial environment.
10. Empathy- It is an old adage “Stepping into the shoes of others”. This is very important because fair
judgement and objectivity comes only then. A leader should understand the problems and complaints of
employees and should also have a complete view of the needs and aspirations of the employees. This helps
in improving human relations and personal contacts with the employees.