Beyond Walls 3.

2 – Activity 2

I- DATA
Materials:
 Base burette 10 mL graduated cylinder
 Burette clamp Volumetric pipette
 Iron stand Aspirator
 Dropper 0.2 M sodium hydroxide solution
 Erlenmeyer’s flasks Phenolphthalein solution
 Distilled water

Procedures:
1) Rinse the previously cleaned base burette with small volumes of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide
solution. Carefully fill the burette up to mark, and make sure that the reading on the burette is
correct. (i.e., the lower meniscus is at the zero mark) and has been noted. Also, make sure that
the burette does not contain voids or bubbles.

2) Clamp the burette to an iron stand. Dilute 5 mL of the commercially available vinegar in the
Erlenmeyer flask with 20 mL of distilled water. Then add two drops of phenolphthalein
indicator. Carefully swirl the flask containing the sample. Slowly add the standard sodium
hydroxide while gently swirling the components of the flask.

3) Stop the addition of the sodium hydroxide solution when the color of the solution changes
from colorless to pale pink. This signals the endpoint for the titration. Record the volume of the
sodium hydroxide solution used to neutralize the acid content of vinegar. Do duplicate analysis.
Calculate the percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar sample. Then obtain the average
percent by mass of acetic acid in the sample. You are required to prepare a written report for
every analysis. This report will accompany the certificate of analysis that will be issued to
distributors and clients. The written report will be evaluated based on the reliability of your data
and the completeness of the information you presented.

II- Observations:
1) Each burette received both amounts of NaOH and acetic acid.
2) Acetic acid smells harder than NaOH
3) Acetic acid has a pale white pigment to it.
4) The solution that contains 20 mL of distilled water and 5 mL of vinegar have this pale white
(paler) tint – this is also called analyte.
5) The analyte was given droplets of the indicator.
6) It is necessary for the analyte to be stirred.
7) It took a long process (about less than 5 mins) to reach the equivalence point.
8) At the same point, the analyte resists to change color when applied with NaOH drops.
9) The endpoint appeared to be fuchsia pink color.

Table 1: Endpoints of the sample

Endpoint of Titration 24.6 mL of NaOH
Acid endpoint 3 mL of Vinegar
Base endpoint 25 mL of NaOH
Calculating the percent by mass of Acetic acid in the sample:
Given:
20 mL of distilled water
5 mL of vinegar
25 mL of NaOH (when base is added to the sample for titration)
3 mL of vinegar (when acid is added to the titrated solution)
mass of solute
% by mass= × 100 %
mass of solution
8 mL of acetic acid
¿ ×100 %
53 mL of solution
Acetic acid=15.09 %

Conclusions:
We therefore conclude that:
 Titration takes a long-time process, it needs some patience.
 An analyte reacts with the titrant when an indicator is applied
 The endpoint is a color.
 When the color has been changed, it has achieved equivalence point.
 Titration is done with burettes.
Documentation on observing the Experiment
LYCEUM-NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY
Tapuac District, Dagupan City
Senior High School
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

GENERAL CHEMISTRY II

MEMBERS:
Borje, Ramon Christian C.
Bravo, Jon Eriz S.
Cariño, Ken Jethro M.
Estrada, Emmanuel L.
Garcia, Marc Ivan V.

Submitted to:
Ma’am Keyzia Van Caballero
Chemistry II Teacher
 Activity 1

I-Materials
 Iron stand 250 mL beaker
 Iron ring Wire gauze
 Test tube Stopwatch
 Test tube rack Thermometer
 Bunsen burner Stearic acid (chemical/reactant)

Graph 1: Cooling Curve

Cooling curve
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
30 seconds 60 seconds 90 seconds

Cooling curve

 Shows the cooling of the sample in the test tube

 Separation of the test tube to the beaker
 The sample gradually solidifies as the temperature lowers

Graph 2: Heating Curve

Heating Curve
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
68
66
64
30 seconds 60 seconds 90 seconds

Heating Curve
  a curve that shows the temperature of water in the beaker while heated with 30 second
time interval.
 The water reaches 80° C within 1 minute and 25 seconds (from 70° C )
Graph 3:
80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
30 seconds 60 seconds 90 seconds 120 seconds 150 seconds 180 seconds 210 seconds 240 seconds

  A curve that shows the temperature of test tube in a beaker with water every 30
seconds while heated.
 It took 4 mins and 30 seconds for the sample to reach 70° C from 40° C
 The sample was halfway melting at that temperature.

Conclusions:
Based on the experiment we observed that:
- Stearic acid will solidify after heated at specific room temperature.
- The sample starts to melt between 60° C -70° C
- Some substances can be melt by submerging in high temperature of water.
- Stearic acid(solid) after heated turns to liquid.
- The heated stearic acid(liquid) solidifies when cooled.
- The heated stearic acid will not return to its granule state after cooling, instead it will
form according to the shape of the test tube.
- Water doesn’t boil at 80° C
 Activity 1

Procedure:
A. Cooling Curve
1. Set up the iron stand, iron ring, wire gauze, and Bunsen burner. Fill the 250 mL beaker with
cold water.
2. Fill the test tube with stearic acid (solid). Partially submerge the test tube in the 250 mL
beaker containing cold water. Heat the sample carefully by using a low flame and also by
moving the burner gently back and forth.
Caution: before igniting the burner, make sure that there are no leaks. Make sure that there are
no flammable materials such as pieces of paper in your work area.
3. As soon as the stearic acid starts to melt, remove the heat and place a thermometer in the
sample. Using the thermometer to stir the sample gently, resume heating (still using a low flame)
until the stearic acid is completely melted. Put off the flame as soon as possible as the sample has
completely melted. Take note of the temperature.
4. Take temperature readings of the sample every 30 seconds. Keep stirring the sample.
5. Continue this procedure until the temperature of the sample reaches 313 K (40 ° C ). Remove
the test tube from the water, and let it stand in the test tube rack. (Do not hold the test tube with
your bare fingers. Use a test tube holder.)

B. Heating Curve
1. Heat the water un the 250 mL beaker up to 353 K (80 ° C ). Remove the heat. Meanwhile,
leave the stearic acid sample undisturbed as it cools to approximately room temperature.
2. Measure the exact temperature of the sample and set the time at 0 minutes. Immerse the test
tube in the 250 mL beaker containing the hot water below the water level.
3. Read and record the temperature of the sample every 30 seconds.
4. Use the thermometer again to gently stir the solid-liquid sample. Continue stirring.
5. Record the temperature for every 30 seconds until the temperature of the sample reaches 343
K (70 ° C ).
6. Tabulate your data. Prepare the cooling and heating curves for stearic acid.
7. Dispose of chemicals properly and clean up all pieces of glassware.
Documentation on the First Experiment