Mil 2nd Sem

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER
(3RD QUARTER)
Communication
• the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information
or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
• (http://www.merriam-webster.com)
Transmission models
1. Lasswell’s Communication Model (1948)
Who In Which With what

Says What T`o Whom
Channel effect?
COMMUNICA MESSAGE RECEIVER
TOR MEDIUM EFFECT
2. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1948)
3. Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication (1957)
• Event or Information
(X1, X2, X3 and X4…Xn)
• Feedback (f)
• Advocate (A)
• Channel (C)
• Audience (B)
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4. Gerbner’s Model of Communication (1956)
5. Publicity model
• communication as display and attention
• audience as “spectators” rather than participants or information receivers
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6. Reception Model
• “Encoding/ Decoding" model of communication by Stuart Hall (1993)
• Messages are open to various interpretations.
6.1.(RECEPTION MODEL) Osgood- Schramm Model Of Communication (1954)
6.2.(RECEPTION MODEL) Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication (1960)

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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL)

• The ability to read, analyze, evaluate and produce communication in a variety of media forms.
Information literacy
• The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, effectively use and
communicate information in its various formats.
Technology (Digital) Literacy

• The ability to use digital technology, communication tools or networks to locate, evaluate, use,
and create information.
IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Critical Thinking: MIL helps individuals develop critical thinking skills necessary to evaluate the credibility,
accuracy, and relevance of information.
Empowerment: It empowers individuals to navigate through the vast amount of information available and make
informed decisions about their lives, society, and the world.
Democracy: MIL is essential for the functioning of democratic societies, as it enables citizens to access diverse
sources of information, express their opinions, and participate effectively in civic life.
Prevention of Misinformation: MIL equips individuals with the tools to identify and combat misinformation,
fake news, and propaganda, thus fostering a more informed and vigilant society.
Digital Citizenship: MIL promotes responsible and ethical behavior online, including respecting intellectual
property rights, protecting privacy, and engaging in civil discourse.
Lifelong Learning: In today's rapidly changing information landscape, MIL cultivates a habit of lifelong
learning, enabling individuals to adapt to new technologies and information environments.
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Dos and Don'ts in Media and Information Literacy:
Dos:
1. Verify Information: Always verify information from multiple reliable sources before accepting it as true.
2. Cross-Check Sources: Cross-check information across different media platforms and verify with trusted
sources to ensure accuracy.
3. Question Everything: Question the motives behind the information presented, especially if it seems biased or
sensationalized.
4. Stay Informed: Stay informed about current events, media trends, and digital literacy practices to remain up-
to-date and aware.
5. Teach Others: Share your knowledge of media literacy with others, especially younger generations, to
promote a culture of critical thinking and responsible media consumption.
6. Be Respectful: Respect diverse perspectives and engage in constructive dialogue, even when opinions differ.
Don'ts:
1. Don't Rely Solely on One Source: Avoid relying solely on one source of information, especially if it lacks
credibility or seems biased.
2. Don't Share Unverified Information: Refrain from sharing information on social media or other platforms
without verifying its accuracy first, as this can contribute to the spread of misinformation.
3. Don't Engage in Online Harassment: Avoid engaging in cyberbullying, harassment, or spreading hate speech
online, as this can have serious consequences and perpetuate harmful behavior.
4. Don't Fall for Clickbait: Resist the temptation to click on sensationalized headlines or misleading content
designed to attract attention without providing substantial information.
5. Don't Dismiss Alternative Perspectives: Avoid dismissing alternative perspectives outright without
considering their validity or merit, as this limits critical thinking and understanding.
6. Don't Neglect Digital Security: Don't neglect your digital security, including protecting your personal
information, using strong passwords, and being cautious of phishing attempts and online scams.
By adhering to these dos and don'ts, individuals can enhance their media and information literacy skills and
contribute to a more informed, responsible, and democratic society.
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INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
I. What is Communication?
• The act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information
or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else. (http://www.merriam-
webster.com)
• The exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding.
(http://dictionary.cambridge.org)
II. What are the two basic types of communications?
NON-VERBAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION
• Signs • Oral
• Symbols • Written
• Colors
• Gestures
• Body Language
• Facial Expressions
III. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION (Transmission and Reception Model)

A. Lasswell’s Communication Model (1948)
Who Says What In Which To Whom With what

Channel effect?
COMMU MESSAG RECEIV
NICATO E MEDIUM ER EFFECT
R
B. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1948)
C. Osgood-
Schramm Model
of Communication
(1954)
D. Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication (1957)

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• Event or Information
(X1, X2, X3 and X4…Xn)
• Feedback (f)
• Advocate (A)
• Channel (C)
• Audience (B)
E. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
(1960)
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LESSON 1B
IV. Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is a composite concept.
i. Empowerment of people through Media and Information Literacy (MIL) is an important
prerequisite for fostering equitable access to information and knowledge and promoting
free, independent and pluralistic media and information systems.
ii. Media and Information Literacy recognizes the primary role of information and media in
our everyday lives. It lies at the core of freedom of expression and information - since it
empowers citizens to understand the functions of media and other information providers,
to critically evaluate their content, and to make informed decisions as users and producer
of information and media content.
iii. Information Literacy and Media Literacy are traditionally seen as separate and distinct
fields. UNESCO’s strategy brings together these two fields as a combined set of
competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) necessary for life and work today. MIL
considers all forms of media and other information providers such as libraries, archive,
museums and Internet irrespective of technologies used.
V. UNIFYING NOTIONS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
VI. MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL)”.

- Refers to the essential competencies (knowledge, skills and attitude) that allow citizens to engage
with media and other information providers effectively and develop critical thinking and life-
long learning skills for socializing and becoming active citizens
Source: MIL Policy and Strategy Guidelines by UNESCO, 2013
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MEDIA LIT. INFO LIT. TECH. LIT.

▪ Can communicate in
▪ Can communicate in
▪ Can communicate in variety of formats
variety of formats
variety of formats ▪ Can relay data to
▪ Can relay data to
▪ Can relay data to different people in
different people in
different people in different places in a
different places in a
different places in a short span of time
short span of time
SIMILARITIES short span of time ▪ Can reproduce data
▪ Can reproduce data
▪ Technology is used information
information
▪ Analyze and evaluate ▪ Technology is used
▪ Technology is used
media and information ▪ Analyze and evaluate
▪ Analyze and evaluate
media and information
media and information
▪ Aware of how media

constructs
▪ Uses digital texts,
representations of
tools and technologies
ideas, events and
for inquiry learning
people in ways that
▪ Gains competence and ▪ Dependent available
DIFFERENCES impact democratic
confidence with technology
processes
digital technologies
▪ Understand media
by practicing and self-
systems and the
learning
political economy of
the media
LESSON 1C
VII. TEXT ELEMENT AND DESIGN
A. EMPHASIS - refers to the importance or value given to a part of the text-based content.
B. APPROPRIATENESS - how fitting or suitable the text is used for a specific audience, purpose
or event.
C. PROXIMITY - how near or how far the text elements from each other when two things are
closely related, bring them close together.
D. ALIGNMENT - refers to how the text is positioned in the page. This can be left, right, centre or
justified.
E. ORGANIZATION- conscious effort to organize the different text elements in a page ensures
that while some text elements are separated from each other, they are still somehow connected
with the rest of the elements in the page
F. REPETITION-concerns consistency of elements and the unity of the entire design. Repetition
encourages the use of repeating some typefaces within the page. When several typefaces are used
on a page, it might distract the audience and fail to communicate what you want them to get from
the content. To strike a balance, do not also use just a single typeface for a visual design product.
G. CONTRAST- creates visual interest two elements are different from each other
VIII. VISUAL DESIGN ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES

A. CONSISTENCY - consistency of margins, typeface, typestyle, and colors is necessary,
especially in slide presentations or documents that are more than one page.
B. CENTER OF INTEREST - an area that first attracts attention in a composition important
objects or elements in a composition can be achieved by contrast of values, more colors, and
placement.
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C. BALANCE - visual equality in shape, form, value, color, etc. It can be symmetrical and evenly
balanced, or asymmetrical and unevenly balanced.
D. HARMONY - brings together a composition with similar units notice how similar harmony is
to unity (some sources list both terms).
E. CONTRAST - offers some change in value creating a visual discord in a composition shows the
difference between shapes and can be used as a background to bring objects out and forward in
a design can also be used to create an area of emphasis.
F. DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT - a visual flow through the composition. It can be the
suggestion of motion in a design as you move from object to object by way of placement and
position.
G. RHYTHM - a movement in which some elements recur regularly like a dance, it will have a
flow of objects that will seem to be like the beat of music.
H. PERSPECTIVE - created through the arrangement of objects in two-dimensional space to look
like they appear in real life learned meaning of the relationship between different objects seen in
space.
I. DOMINANCE - gives interest, counteracting confusion and monotony can be applied to one or
more of the elements to give emphasis.
LESSON 2A
THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA
I. Traditional Media vs New Media
II. The Evolution of Traditional vs New Media

Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - People discovered fire, developed paper from
plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.
Examples:
• Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
• Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
• Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
• Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
• Dibao in China (2nd Century)
• Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
• Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed machine
tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products
(including books through the printing press).
Examples:
• Printing press for mass production (19th century)
• Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
• Typewriter (1800)Telephone (1876)
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• Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
• Commercial motion pictures (1913)
• Motion picture with sound (1926)
• Telegraph
• Punch cards
Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) - The invention of the transistor ushered in the

electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor
radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance
communication became more efficient.
Examples:
• Transistor Radio
• Television (1941)
• Large electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC
(1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951)
• Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM 704 (1960)
• Personal computers - i.e. HewlettPackard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
Information Age (1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved the way for faster
communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use of
microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We
are now living in the information age.
Examples:
• Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995)
• Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003)
• Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)
• Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
• Video: YouTube (2005)
• Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
• Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013)
• Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995)
• Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks (2008), tablets (1993)
• Smart phones
• Wearable technology
• Cloud and Big Data
LESSON 2B
III. NORMATIVE THEORIES OF THE PRESS
A. AUTHORITARIAN THEORY
Authoritarian theory describe that all forms of communications are under the control of the governing
elite or authorities or influential bureaucrats.
Authoritarians are necessary to control the media to protect and prevent the people from the
national threats through any form communication (information or news). The press is an
instrument to enhance the ruler’s power in the country rather than any threats. The authorities
have all rights to permit any media and control it by providing license to the media and make
certain censorship.
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If any media violate the government policies against license, then the authority has all right to
cancel the license and revoke it. The government have all right to restrict any sensitive issues
from press to maintain peace and security in the nation.
Censorship:
Censorship is a suppression of any communication which may consider as harmful to the people,
King, government and its nation. Especially these censorship methods are much familiar in press
which against the freedom of speech and freedom of expression. In some other cases, the
censorship helps to protect the rulers and authorities from sensitive issues.
There are different types of censors like
• Political censor
• Moral censor
• Religious censor
• Military censor
• Corporate censor
B. SOVIET MEDIA THEORY
Soviet media theory is imitative of Leninist principles which based on the Carl Marx and Engel’s
ideology. The government undertake or controls the total media and communication to serve
working classes and their interest. Theory says the state have absolute power to control any
media for the benefits of people. They put end to the private ownership of the press and other
media. The government media provide positive thoughts to create a strong socialized society as
well as providing information, education, entertainment, motivation and mobilization. The
theory describes the whole purpose of the mass media is to educate the greater masses of working
class or workers. Here, the public was encouraged to give feedback which would able to create
interests towards the media.
According to authoritarian theory, the media controlled and censored by the ministries in the
country but libertarian is fully free without any intervention of any authority or government,
Social responsibility theory – press freedom in one hand but other hand they controlled the press
by raising question and Soviet media theory, the whole control of the media is under the leader
of the nation.
Critics of Soviet Media Theory:
a. Soviet media theory looks similar like authoritarian theory but the core part is
different from each other. In authoritarian theory is a one-way communication, there
is no feedback allowed from the public but in Soviet media theory is a two-way
communication at the same time the whole media is controlled or works under the
leadership.
b. Private ownership is not allowed which leads the press without any restriction and it
can serve people without any authoritative blockades.
c. Soviet media theory allows some restriction based on the nation interest rather than
personal.
d. Under communist theories like soviet media theory, the journalist or press should
support the leadership rather than a watchdog.
e. If the leadership is wrong the whole nation will suffer a lot.
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C. LIBERTARIAN THEORY
The Libertarian theory is one of the “Normative theories of press”. The theory which is originally
came from libertarian thoughts from 16th century in Europe. The libertarian theorists are against
the authoritarian thoughts. International trade and urbanization undermine the power of a rural
aristocracy which leads various social movements raise includes the Protestants reformation, that
demands individual’s freedom and their own lives and free thoughts. Liberalism means
information is knowledge and knowledge is power. Libertarianism is free from any authority or
any control or censorship. The libertarianism is an idea of individualism and limited government
which is not harmful to another.
Libertarian theory:
Libertarian theory sees people are more enough to find and judge good ideas from bad. The theory
says people are rational and their rational thoughts lead them to find out what are good and bad.
The press should not restrict anything even a negative content may give knowledge and can make
better decision whilst worst situation. The libertarian thoughts are exactly against or opposite to
the authoritarian theory which means the authoritarian theory says “all forms of communication
work under the control of government or elite like king”.
Strength and Weakness:
1. Freedom of press will give more freedom to media to reveal the real thing happening in
the society without any censorship or any authority blockades.
2. Is reliable with U.S media traditions.
3. It gives more values for individuals to express their thoughts in media.
4. Theory excessively positive about media’s willing to meet responsibilities which may
leads people into negative aspects.
5. Is too positive about individual ethics and rationality.
6. Ignores need for reasonable control of media.
7. Ignores dilemmas posed by conflicting freedoms.
Example:
Wiki leaks website published all sorts of confidential or restricted files in public space and
especially classified documents. These articles are providing brief knowledge about the
government and its activities which helps people to identify what is happening in the society and
its gives great choices to elect a better president in future.
Sometimes these documents may work against the government and its authority that is why most
of the country is not willing to allow libertarian thoughts because it may affect their power and
kingdom.
D. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEORY
Social responsibility theory allows free press without any censorship but at the same time the
content of the press should be discussed in public panel and media should accept any obligation
from public interference or professional self-regulations or both. The theory lies between both
authoritarian theory and libertarian theory because it gives total media freedom in one hand but
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the external controls in other hand. Here, the press ownership is private. The social responsibility
theory moves beyond the simple “Objective” reporting (facts reporting) to “Interpretative”
reporting (investigative reporting). The total news is complete facts and truthful but the
commission of the freedom press stated that “No longer giving facts truthfully rather than give a
necessary analysed or interpretative report on facts with clear explanations”.
The theory helped in creating professionalism in media by setting up a high level of accuracy,
truth, and information. The commission of press council also included some tasks based on social
responsibility of media, which are as follows:
1. Formulate the code of conduct for the press.

2. Improve the standards of journalism.
3. Safeguarding the interests of journalism and journalist.
4. Criticise and make some penalty for violating the code of conduct.
The theory allows
1. Everyone to say something or express their opinion about the media.

2. Community opinion, Consumer action and professional ethics.
3. Serious invasion of recognized private rights and vital social interests.
4. Private ownership in media may give better public service unless government has to take
over to assure the public to provide better media service.
5. Media must take care of social responsibility and if they do not, government or other
organisation will do.
Critics of Social Responsibility Theory:
1. Avoids the conflict situation during war or emergency by accepting the public opinion.
2. Media will not play monopoly because the audience and media scholars will rise
questions if media published or broadcast anything wrongly or manipulate any story.
3. Media Standards will improve.
4. Media will concern all class audience rather than focus on higher classes in the society.
5. Media may work autonomously but certain thing is controlled by the government and
other public organization.
IV. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA

1. Function of Communication and Media
a. Inform citizens of what is happening (monitoring function)
b. Educate the audience (meaning and significance of facts)
c. Provide a flatform for public discourse (public opinion and expression of
dissent)
d. “Watchdog” role of journalism
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e. Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints

Roles and functions of media in a democratic society
• Channel - provides opportunities for people to communicate, share ideas, speculate, tell
stories and give information
• Watchdog - exposes corrupt practices of the government and the private sector. Creating a
space wherein governance is challenged or scrutinized by the governed. It also guarantees free
and fair elections
• Resource center - acts as a gateway of information for the society’s consumption. Also, it
becomes a keeper of memories of the community, preserver of heritage and source of
academic knowledge.
• Advocate - through its diverse sources or formats, it bridges the gap of digital divide.
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TYPES OF MEDIA
I. Types of Media
Types of Media
Print Media
Broadcast Media
Film/ Cinema
Video Games (Digital Games)
New Media
A. PRINT MEDIA
a. Print media is one of the oldest and basic forms of communication. It includes
newspapers, weeklies, magazines, monthlies, banners & graphics, posters and
other forms of printed material.
b. Broadcast Media
Broadcast Media- To communicate or transmit a signal, a message, or content, such as audio or video
programming, to numerous recipients simultaneously over a communication network.
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Broadcast+media
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Source: https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/
Radio is the second most used and most trusted source of political information in the Philippines. In 2013,
roughly two-thirds of the country’s population listens to radio, with 41.4 percent listening at least once a
week, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority. It also remains to be the most pervasive medium,
reaching even the remotest areas of the country.
Broadcast Media- To communicate or transmit a signal, a message, or content, such as audio or video
programming, to numerous recipients simultaneously over a communication network.
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Broadcast+media
Film/Cinema
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, or photoplay,

is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen, create the illusion
of moving images. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive
continuous motion between separate objects viewed in rapid succession.
The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. A film is created
by photographing actual scenes with a motion-picture camera, by
photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation
techniques, by means of CGI and computer animation, or by a combination
of some or all of these techniques, and other visual effects.
The word "cinema", short for cinematography, is often used to refer to

filmmaking and the film industry, and to the art of filmmaking itself. The
contemporary definition of cinema is the art of simulating experiences to
communicate ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty or atmosphere
by the means of recorded or programmed moving images along with other
sensory stimulations.
Video game is a game played by electronically manipulating images

produced by a computer program on a television screen or other display
screen.
c. New Media
Digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way communication
and involve some form of computing
(http://online.seu.edu/what-is-newmedia/#sthash.ltggt2ed.dpuf)
Social Media- forms of electronic communication (such as web sites)

through which people create online communities to share information,
ideas, personal messages, etc.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20media
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I. What is Media Convergence?
Media convergence is a term that can refer to either: 1) the merging of previously distinct
media technologies and media forms due to digitization and computer networking; or 2) an
economic strategy in which the media properties owned by communications companies
employ digitization and computer networking to work together.
II. Media Convergence as Technological Convergence
This technological convergence simplifies the production of media content while also
greatly expanding, accelerating and facilitating its distribution, often with associated cost
savings. A digital photograph, for example, can be shot and circulated globally within
seconds via the Internet, eliminating the need for film processing, printing and physical
distribution. Similarly, consumers can access multiple forms of media content — books,
radio and television programs, music, movies, newspapers — on their computers, smart
phones or other devices at a time and place of their choosing, often for free. With
technological convergence, the electronic transmission of data, which can be exponential,
replaces the more singular, physical transportation of material goods.
III. Media Convergence as Corporate Convergence
This strategy is a product of three elements: 1) digitization; 2) corporate concentration, whereby

fewer large companies own more media properties ;and 3) government deregulation, which has
increasingly allowed media conglomerates to own different kinds of media (e.g., television and
radio stations, and newspapers) in the same markets, and which has permitted content carriage
companies (e.g., cable and satellite TV distributors) to own content producers (e.g., specialty
TV channels).
Corporate convergence allows companies to reduce labour, administrative and material costs, to use the
same media content across several media outlets, to provide advertisers with package deals for a
number of media platforms, and to increase brand recognition and brand loyalty among audiences
through cross-promotion and cross-selling. At the same time, it raises significantly the economic barriers
to newcomers seeking to enter media markets, thus limiting competition for converged companies.
Historically, communications companies have formed newspaper chains and networks of radio and TV
stations to realize many of these same advantages, and convergence can be seen as the expansion and
intensification of this same logic.
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II. MASS MEDIA

- a medium of communication (such as newspapers, radio, or television) that is designed to
reach the mass of the people —usually used in plural.
Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mass%20medium
- refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way,
shape or form to large numbers of people.
III. MEDIA EFFECTS

- are the intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does. (Denis McQuail,
2010)
A. Third – party Theory

• People think they are more immune to media influence than others.
B. Reciprocal Effect
• When a person or event gets media attention, it influences the way the person acts
or the way the event functions.
• Media coverage often increases self-consciousness, which affects our actions.
C. Boomerang Effect
• refers to media-induced change that is counter to the desired change.
D. Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner)
• states that media exposure, specifically to television, shapes our social reality by
giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world.
MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and Classification Board)

MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and Classification Board) is the government
agency responsible for rating television programs and films in the Philippines.
Movie Classification
✓ “G” stands General Audience
✓ “PG” stands for Parental Guidance
✓ “SPG” stands for Strict Parental Guidance/ Striktong Patnubay at Gabay
✓ “R” stands for Restricted
✓ “X” stands for Not for Public Exhibition
E. Agenda-setting Theory (Lippmann/

McCombs and Shaw)
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• process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about.
• public reacts not to actual events but to the pictures in our head, created by
media.
F. Propaganda Model of Media Control (Herman & Chomsky)

• The model tries to understand how the population is manipulated, and how
the social, economic, political attitudes are fashioned in the minds of
people through propaganda.
IV. What is PROGPAGANDA?

Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help
a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.
(http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/propaganda)
THE ESSENCE OF PROPAGANDA
I. WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?
- ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in
order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/propaganda)
- information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to
promote a political cause or point of view
(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/propaganda)
II. WHY BE AWARE OF PROPAGANDA?

✓ Propaganda manipulates and diverts you from logical analysis of issues.
✓ Propaganda hides the truth.
✓ By understanding propaganda, you will be able to protect yourself
from deceitful tactics.
III. HOW TO SPOT A PROPAGANDA?

Propaganda…
✓ attacks a person instead of a principle or issue
✓ suppresses evidence that does not support its cause
✓ relies on emotion instead of logical evidence
✓ introduces irrelevant or unproved evidence
✓ distorts and oversimplify evidence
✓ shows internal inconsistency after examining facts
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MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION
• Formulate Main Research Question as a start

• It should not be too broad nor too narrow
• It should be about your topic and audience
• Can be answered by verifiable facts
• Does not solicit subjective responses or opinions
• Sufficiently specific
PRIMARY INFORMATION SOURCES

Primary Sources are closest to actual event, time period, or individual in question
• has not been edited, interpreted, condensed or evaluated
• presents original thinking & observations
Memoirs, Public records Meetings and Artifacts

Autobiographies minutes
taken at
meetings
Photographs and work of
Diaries Transcripts of Newspaper art
speeches articles
Literary Works Business Surveys Observations

correspondences
Interviews with Discussions Government patents

people documents
SECONDARY INFORMATION SOURCES

Primary Sources are removed from primary sources
• has examined, interpreted, reflected, and reuse
• acts as pointers to the primary sources
• Needs critical evaluation
Books and textbooks Conference Catalogs and indexes Newspapers

papers and
proceedings
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Review articles from Newspaper articles that

scholarly journals Theses and analyze events Videotapes, audiotapes
dissertations
Dictionaries and Online media sources
Scientific reports Handbooks encyclopedias that have been edited
Technical reports databases Magazine articles
BOOKS
• Common and convenient

• Fictional or nonfictional
• May be outdated
Fictional Books
• For entertainment
• Gives readers opportunity to solve problems and solutions through the actions of
the characters without repercussion.
Characters Setting Solution to the Imagery

Problem
Plot Point of View Tone/Mood Figurative

Language
Theme Basic Problem Symbolism
Nonfictional Books
• Present information based on research
• Critical evaluation is needed to the credibility of the research
Facts Actual places Diagrams Maps
Characters (real) Photographs Direct quotes Bibliography
First person
accounts Archival Illustrations Glossary
materials
Actual events Charts Timelines Index
(3RD QUARTER)
REFERENCE SOURCES
A material from which information can be drawn.

• authoritative and subject-specific
• may provide actual information or to find additional
information
• Usually, cannot be checked out in the library
REFERENCE SOURCES
Encyclopedia is a collection of detailed articles on a wide range of subjects.

• Used to find background information on a subject
• General and broad
• Contains subject-specific articles
• Can be good starting point for research
Reference articles
Alphabetical topics and suggests topics Can be updated
Medium-length Contains
essays Contains keywords illustrations
Dictionary is an a alphabetical listing of words, used for a quick search of a word or topic.
meaning pronunciation Word origin
contains
spelling Parts of speech illustrations
Almanac is used to find and compare current or historical information or statistics.

• Usually published annually or on regular basis
• May be general or specific
• Often in table form
Statistics Figures
(3RD QUARTER)
Lists Tables
Atlas is a collection of geographical & historical information. It is used to locate

places around the world and in outer space, gather information about the
demographics of a region, physical features of an area or distances between
locations.
Maps Descriptions Demographic Physical features

Information
Charts Tables Natural Resources Historical

information
Statistics
Thesaurus will help you find words to express an idea for which you want to find a
different or an opposite word.
Synonyms Antonyms Slag terms
Near-synonyms phrases Alphabetical
• Concordance is an alphabetical list of the most pertinent words in each text and a
notation of where they might be found within that text. It is useful for in-depth
studies.
• Handbook is a resource that provides concise data, usually in table or chart

form on a specialized subject area. It is useful for finding current statistics,
procedures, instructions or specific information.
• Manual provides detailed and sometimes how to information on specific

topics.
• Style Manual is a writing guide that provides guidelines for writing

mechanics and documentation format for research papers and theses. It is
continually updated.
PERIODICALS
It is published on a regular or recurring basis –
daily,weekly,monthly,bimonthly,orannually. It/s important feature is currency.
(3RD QUARTER)
• Scholarly Journal is published by an educational
institution or professional association to disseminate
information to researchers and professionals in a
timely manner.
• Magazine is providing information on topics of interest to general public.
Typically contains short, lacking references or substantive information
• Trade Publication is a periodical intended for an industry or a business.
They contain articles that provide applied information versus research.
• Newspapers covers current news and events to provide information to the
public.
• Multimedia refers to graphic, audio, video, and film media sources of information
like maps, videotapes, CD-ROMs, DVDs, audiotapes
ONLINE PUBLIC ACCESS CATALOG (OPAC)

It allows access to electronic resources and information.
Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) is a computerized online catalog of all the
materials held in a library and can be searched quickly and efficiently using a computer.
DATABASE
A collection of digitized information organized for simplified, fast searching and retrieval. It
contains bibliographic citations or references for printed media.
Ex. IMDb, Internet Archive Scholar, ResearchGate, ERIC

INTERNET
Web browsers are installed to access web pages functionality such as Google Chrome,
Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera
Search Engines makes the World Wide Web searchable by using

keywords or phrases like Yahoo, Google, Bing.
INTERNET
Internet Subject Directory is a collection of links like LookSmart, Yahoo
Online Reference Resources like Merriam- Webster Online and Encyclopedia.com
Online Periodicals like DOAJ, Internet Public Library Newspapers and Magazines
Professional and Trade Organizations like DTI
(3RD QUARTER)
ANALYSIS & APPLICATION

Analyze the ff. which of the ff. materials should we use if we want to research
about this topic:
• Gathering materials for Literature Review
• Gathering basic information for possible research
topics
• Making an essay on “The Improvement of Philippines
Students Comprehension”
• General Mathematics
GENERALIZATION
• What are the steps in researching for a topic?

• What are the materials you can refer yourselves to in researching certain topics?
• Why do we need to know how to conduct research and to
know specific research materials?
LOCATING AND ACCESSING INFORMATION

E-Journals (Electronic Journals) are available via subscription
through an Electronic Journals Service (EJS) such as ERIC,
JSTOR
Ebooks (e-books) are digitized versions of published books that

contain both text and images and that are readable on a computer,
e- reader, or smartphone
Streaming Videos includes TV shows, news, sports, movies,

and gaming like YouTube, Netflix, Vimeo, and Hulu
Podcasting is the syndication and distribution of digital

interactive media files over the Internet like Spotify and iTunes.
Graphics and Images

Blogs, short for weblogs, are publication forum on the Internet
where articles (posts) are placed and where others can read and
comment. It is usually in chronological order. Sites which
contain blogs are Wix and Wordpress.
Google Scholar searches a wide variety of scholarly publications

from various content.
(3RD QUARTER)
Wikis are webpages that can be viewed and modified by anyone

with a web browser and access to the Internet. It urges
collaboration and contribution from users.
Social Media such as social bookmarking sites, social

networking sites, blogging microblogging sites and presentation
sharing tools.
SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION

Name, Title, Subject, & Keyword Search
The more accurate the title of the word is, the more accurate the search is
Formats:
The Da Vinci Code Da Vinci Code
Da Vinci
Boolean Operators are used in combination with keyword search to narrow or broaden topic.
•AND is used to search for information on both subject like Theatre AND film
•OR is used to search any sites which contains the two words like Theatre OR film
•NOT is used to search for the first mentioned word and not the word after NOT like Theatre NOT
Film
Book Indexes tell the address or location of information within a specific book. It is usually in the
back of the book with the name of the subject and the page where it can be located.
Periodical Indexes are cumulative list of articles from a set of periodicals arranged in alphabetical
order. The entries or citations provide all the information needed to find a specific article.
Databases are collection of digitized information organized for simplified, fast searching and
retrieval. Keyword Searches, Boolean Operators can be applied in searching for topics like ERIC,
JSTOR, Internet Archive.
COLLECTING INFORMATION
Scanning and Scamming
Scanning comes first and it is used to search for headings, keywords, ideas, or a specific piece of
information.
Skimming follows and it is used to quickly determine the main idea in text by reading subheadings
and the first sentences of sections and paragraphs
Skimming Tips
•Read the first and last paragraphs of the text
•Read the titles, headings, and subheadings within the text.
•Read the first sentence of each paragraph
•Look for names, dates, & places
(3RD QUARTER)
Scaning Tips
•Review nonfiction elements like graphs, tables, charts, diagrams and captions.
•Look for other organizational clues such as italicized words, bold print, and bulleted lists.
•Read any questions that may appear at the end of the text.
Online Highlighting
A technique to mark important words, phrases or passages of text.
•Important Information answers initial research questions or initial problems.
•Interesting Information is used to clarify the main points.
keeping & Organizing Information on the Computer

•Use an open-source bibliographic management Zotero or offline bibliographic management like in
the MS Word.
EVALUATION OF INFORMATION
EVALUATING RESOURCE
1. PUBLICATIONTIMELINE
• History - encyclopedias, sites like Wikipedia, Britannica Encyclopedia, Oxford Research

Encyclopedias.
• Technology – Help manuals with software and documentation from the website that
publishes the software.
• Immediate & Current Information – newspaper, news websites, news pages in social
media, news broadcasts
• Weeks Old Information – magazines
• Months Old Information – scholarly journals, conference papers, research reports, books
(3RD QUARTER)
• Year Old Information – books
2. EVALUATING CURRENCY
• How current does the information have to be?
• What is the date of publication of the resource?
• What is the edition of the resource?
• Can you determine the currency of the original source of the information by looking at the
references?
• Is the sponsoring organization stable?
3. TYPES OF RESOURCES(SCHOLARLY JOURNAL)

Scholarly Journals are reports of original & current research data conducted by educational
institutions (colleges & universities) & private research organizations (research labs,
hospitals)
• Journals with high accuracy undergone a review system called peer-review.

• Review systems make sure that researches follow a specified format based on the Journal’s
Guidelines
• Read the abstract of the article before delving into the entire article so you can save time.
• Keywords can be used to search articles on similar topics in journal engines and search
engines
• Find the thesis statement of the Introduction. Hypotheses are included if it scientific.
• Review Literature Review by highlighting, relevant findings, issues, controversies,
successes or failures of previous researches.
• Review methods. If the study is something you want to recreate, it is important that your
tools and methods are similar with the author’s methods and tools. Ask for the tools to the
original author by emailing him.
• Read Discussions to find out if there are agreements or disagreements between the results
and the literature review.
Trade Publications and magazines don’t have formal review processes except the editorial
reviews to ensure they are well-written so audiences must be critical.
QUESTIONS IN EVALUATING RESOURCES

•When did the actual event occur?
•How current is the information in your source?
•How much time is required to transfer the information into the format of this resource?
•What kind of information is needed? What is the purpose of the information?
•How current should the information be?
•What sit he best source of information based on the publication’s timeframe?
•Do you have the to find the original or primary sources of information?
•What is the purpose of the publication you are using for your research?
•Has the publication put its articles through a formal peer review?
EVALUATING AUTHORITY
EVALUATING AUTHORS
(3RD QUARTER)
•Most credible authors have a Ph.D. and equivalent degrees emphasizing they have mastery of
subject matter.
•Check biography sections of books to see author’s work-related experience. Surf the internet to
see if it is similar.
•Check if the author passed the Licensure Examinations
•Check the author’s Affiliated organizations. Research the organizations if they exist.
•Check the About the Author Page
•Reputable authors are cited by other authors.
EVALUATING PUBLISHERS
•University presses producing academic prints are usually scholarly and highly reputable.
•Government agencies are generally credible by publishing reports of the reports and bills.
•Subsidy publishers and vanity press charge authors for a fee so they do not take responsibility in
any of the published works of the authors.
EVALUATING SPONSORS AND OWNERS

•Relevant in assessing website by searching the About Us page
•Search for reason why they are presenting their information
EVALUATING DATE AND EDITION OF PUBLICATION

•Multiple editions of books suggests a more reliable resource because the publisher chooses to
continue to publish the books/ subsequent versions.
EVALUATING CONTENT
INTENDED AUDIENCE
•If terms were hard and too technical like scholarly journals, it is usually for practitioners of
specific field
•If it uses basic terms and general, it is for the public like magazines.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE

•Why was the information written and produced in the first place? See the style of its writing to
determine its purpose.
•Identify the information you need and check if the media has something in store for you. For
journals, familiarize yourself with specific parts so it is easier to search if has the scope of what you
are looking for.
OBJECTIVITY
•Look for facts the authors provide facts and facts that he did not provide.
•Read opposite viewpoints
•Credible scientists do not use word “prove” they word the use “suggests” or “there is correlation
between”
ACCURACY AND VERIFIABILITY

•Accurate facts
•Accurate reference to other resources
•No typographical errors
•No grammatical or punctuation errors
(3RD QUARTER)
•Logical assumptions
•Logical flow of information
•Logical conclusions based on information
•Accurate visual aids (charts, graphs, diagrams)
•Appropriate coverage of material
*If an information resource do not enable checking of references, be suspicious
EVALUATING WEB SOURCES
WEBSITE AUTHORITY
•Look for author, sponsor, owner information in Contact Us, About Us, Background, Philosophy
web pages.
•Check the domain names of the URL
WEBSITE CURRENCY
Check the date of the website publication or page publication. If it has been made years or months
ago check the revision date.
WEBSITE STABILITY
Check the organization it is associated with. If it is with a credible organization, it has high chance
of staying for along time
EVALUATING WEBSITE CONTENT

•Websites should be straightforward, clearly differentiating advertisements from objective facts or
statements.
•Although not all bias are wrong, it helps to recognize them
•Excessive claim of certainty
•Appeal to emotion
•Personal attacks
•Excessive claim of certainty
•Appeal to emotion
•Personal attacks
•Too good to be true
•Something for sale
•Associated cost or fee
•Unsupported claims of facts
•Ignoring or omitting contradictory fats or views
•Appeals to popular opinion
•Before-and-after testimonials
•Suggestive or negative innuendos
•Magnification or negative innuendos
•Magnification or minimization of problems
•Presentation of information out of context
•Sarcastic or angry tone
•advertisements
(3RD QUARTER)
EVALUATING MULTIMEDIA
FUNCTIONALITY
•it should load quickly and error-free
•It should state that there are additional plug- ins, or it needs software for viewing
•For most international media, it is normal if you are required to download softwares like
QuickTime, Java, ActiveX, or Acrobat Reader
USABILITY (User-Friendliness) & ACCESSIBILITY

•Layouts are logical and consistent
•Navigation is intuitive and easy to follow
•Instructions are clear and complete
•Links should be functional
•There should be mechanism for reporting malfunction
1.Evaluate the resource

2.Evaluate the authority
3.Evaluate the currency
4.Evaluate the content
5.Evaluate the functionality
6.Evaluate the usability
7.Evaluate the accessibility
(3RD QUARTER)
ORGANIZING AND COMMUNICATING INFORMATION
TIME MANAGEMENT
•Focus on one thing at a time

•Prioritize tasks
•Assess the amount of time each tasks requires
•Don’t procrastinate unenjoyable tasks
•Make a realistic daily schedule and to-do-lit based on the amount of time needed for each task.
•Establish a weekly game plan
•Determine your most productive time of the day.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES
•by Category or Concept – breaking down of elements that form the central idea.
•Chronological – sequencing of events
•Hierarchical – least to most important or from basic to complex
•Alphabetical - appropriate tool when the information must be located using keywords.
QUESTIONS TO BE ASKED IN ORGANIZING INFORMATION

•What am I trying to accomplish by presenting this information? What is my goal?
•What organizational method best supports my goal?
•Is my information best organized according to time or in a sequential order?
PRESENTING INFORMATION EFFECTIVELY

•Organization of the Presentation – considering clarity of multimedia and graphics and other
visual features
•Ethical and Legal Consideration – information must be references and sources should be cited.
•Credibility Consideration – information must be from credible and reliable sources
QUESTIONS TO PRESENT EFFECTIVELY

•Who is my audience?
•What is the purpose of my presentation?
•What is the presentation environment?
•Does the organization of my presentation maximize its legibility?
•Are my information sources properly citing and referenced?
•Have I ensured that my information come from current, credible and reliable sources?
ORGANIZING WRITING DOCUMENTS

•Know the Organization Strategy you have selected.
•Use a format that works for you.
•Use a cataloging system that works for you like note cards, binders, electronic folders
•Follow the recommended style like APA or MLA
•Use language and level of complexity appropriate to your audience
•Organize information from simple to complex
•Follow conventional language, spelling, and grammar standards
•Check for accuracy
•Use graphics that are clear and enhance the content of the document
(3RD QUARTER)
ORGANIZING GRAPHICS
•The reader can easily understand the graphic
•The graphic elaborates on the information in the document or presentation
•The image is selected for its ability to convey an accurate message.
•A table, chart or graphic can stand alone.
•A table or chart simplifies information
•An effective graphic is as simple as possible.
•Data are presented in relationship to a context.
•Pictures or cartoons illustrate ideas in the text.
TYPES OF GRAPHICS
•Bar Charts compare data by varying the length of the columns or bars.
•Line Charts display a trend over time.
•Pie Charts show the contribution of each value to a s total allowing the reader to understand the
relationship of parts to the whole.
•Scatter Charts compare pairs of values under the same situations.
•Area Charts display trends and their magnitude over time.
ORGANIZING PRESENTATIONS IN PREZI AND POWERPOINT

Select colors thoughtfully
•Use contrasting colors like black and white.
•Avoid colors forming an unusual combination.
Use Legible fonts
•Use 22-48 font size
•Use Standard fonts like Arial & Times New Roman.
Present Information clearly and concisely

•Observe 6 lines per slide & 6 words per line.
•Use phrases versus sentences.
•Use a larger font to state main ideas.
•Limit punctuations and abbreviations.
•Use conventional grammar rules like capitalization.
Create visual appeal

•Select plain and simple background.
•Avoid distracting slide transitions, text, and appearances and sounds.
•Be consistent.
•Use graphics only if they support the text and theme of the presentation.
Create visual appeal

•Select plain and simple background.
•Avoid distracting slide transitions, text, and appearances and sounds.
•Be consistent.
•Use graphics only if they support the text and theme of the presentation.
(3RD QUARTER)
CITING INFORMATION SOURCES

•APA Style (American Psychological Association) is the style used in Psychology, Health & Social
Sciences
•MLA Style (Modern Language Association of America) is the style used in fields of arts,
literature, and humanities.
(3RD QUARTER)
Media Codes and Convention
Codes refer to a set or collection of signs and symbols which create similar if not the same meanings
to the communicators, the sender, and the receiver.
Media codes generally have an agreed meaning, or connotation, to their audience. There are
three types of media codes, symbolic codes, technical codes and written codes.
Conventions are expected ways in which codes are organized in a product.
Symbolic Codes-are social in nature. These codes live outside the media product themselves, but
would be understood in similar ways in the ‘real life’ of the audience.
Setting-is the time and place of the narrative. A setting can be as big as the outback or space, or as small
as a specific room. Setting can even be a created atmosphere or frame of mind.
Mise en scene - Is a French term meaning ‘everything within the frame’. In media terms, it has
become to mean the description of all the objects within a frame of the media product and how they have
been arranged.
Acting
Actors portray characters in media products and contribute to character development, creating tension or
advancing the narrative.
The actor portrays a character through:
✓ Facial expression
✓ Body Language
✓ Vocal qualities
✓ Movement
✓ Body contact
(3RD QUARTER)
Color
-has highly cultural and strong connotations.
The different aspects to consider are:
✓ Dominant color
✓ Contrasting foils
✓ Color symbolism
TECHNICA
L
COD
ES
-are codes specific to a media form and do not live outside of them. For instance, our understanding
of different camera shots and their connotations make sense when we look and films and photographs, but
mean nothing to us outside of those forms. Technical codes in media include Camerawork, Editing,
Audio and Lighting.
Camerawork -refers to the process of operating, positioning, and moving the camera. for specific
effects. Aspects of camerawork include:
➢ Positioning
➢ Movement
➢ Framing
➢ Exposure
➢ Lens choice
Editing
-is the process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images and sound.
Editing is generally done for four different reasons:
➢ Graphic edits
➢ Rhythmic edits
➢ Spatial edits
➢ Temporal edits
Audio-is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. Audio can be diegetic or non diegetic. The three
aspects of audio are:
➢ Dialogue
➢ Sound effects
➢ Music
(3RD QUARTER)
Lighting
-is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight specific elements of the scene.
Elements of lighting includes
➢ Quality
➢ Direction
➢ Source
➢ Colour
WRITTEN CODES
-are the formal written language used in a media product. Written codes can be used to advance a
narrative, communicate information about a character or issues and themes in the media product.
Printed language is a text you can see within the frame and how it is presented.
Spoken language, which includes dialogue and song lyrics.
CONVENTIONS
-are accepted ways of using media codes. Conventions are closely connected to the
audience expectations of a media product. Different types of conventions include form
conventions, story conventions and genre conventions.
Form Conventions
-are the certain ways/ types of media’s codes to be arranged. For instance an audience expects to
have a title of the film at the beginning, and then credits at the end. Newspapers will have a masthead,
the most important news on the front page and sports news on the back page. Video games usually start with
a tutorial to explain the mechanics of how the game works.
Story Conventions
-are common narrative structures and understandings e common in story telling media products.
(3RD QUARTER)
Examples of story conventions include:
➢ Narrative structures
➢ Cause and effect
➢ Character construction
➢ Point of View
Genre is a French word referring to "type" or "kind.
Genre Conventions
- point to the common use of tropes, characters, settings or themes in a particular

type of medium. Genre conventions are closely linked with audience expectations.
Genre conventions can be formal or thematic.
Conventions refer to the generally accepted way of doing things that have formed into a habit because
of these messages' repeated exposure and experience.
Tropes are storytelling devices. They are also conventions seen in television genres, literature, and
others.
Media change and adapt through time. It keeps evolving into something better. Below are factors that
influence these changes in media:
- One's role in society;
- Group purposes;
- Professional and organizational preferences and prerequisites; and
- Cultural constraints
The more common genre codes in the media messages today are as follows:
Technical Codes are used to tell the story in a media text, which affects how you interpret its meaning.
Visual/Symbolic Codes are present in the technical codes such as objects, setting, body language,
clothing, and color.
Written Codes refer to the use of language style and textual layout in the content of the message.

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MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER

Who In Which With what

2. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model (1948)

3. Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication (1957)

4. Gerbner’s Model of Communication (1956)

6.1.(RECEPTION MODEL) Osgood- Schramm Model Of Communication (1954)

6.2.(RECEPTION MODEL) Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication (1960)

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL)

Technology (Digital) Literacy

IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

II. What are the two basic types of communications?

NON-VERBAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION

III. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION (Transmission and Reception Model)

Who Says What In Which To Whom With what

D. Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication (1957)

V. UNIFYING NOTIONS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY

VI. MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL)”.

MEDIA LIT. INFO LIT. TECH. LIT.

▪ Aware of how media

VIII. VISUAL DESIGN ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES

II. The Evolution of Traditional vs New Media

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) - The invention of the transistor ushered in the

There are different types of censors like

B. SOVIET MEDIA THEORY

Critics of Soviet Media Theory:

Strength and Weakness:

D. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY THEORY

1. Formulate the code of conduct for the press.

The theory allows

1. Everyone to say something or express their opinion about the media.

Critics of Social Responsibility Theory:

IV. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA

e. Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints

A film, also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, or photoplay,

The word "cinema", short for cinematography, is often used to refer to

Video game is a game played by electronically manipulating images

Social Media- forms of electronic communication (such as web sites)

I. What is Media Convergence?

II. Media Convergence as Technological Convergence

III. Media Convergence as Corporate Convergence

This strategy is a product of three elements: 1) digitization; 2) corporate concentration, whereby

II. MASS MEDIA

III. MEDIA EFFECTS

A. Third – party Theory

MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and Classification Board)

E. Agenda-setting Theory (Lippmann/

F. Propaganda Model of Media Control (Herman & Chomsky)

IV. What is PROGPAGANDA?

THE ESSENCE OF PROPAGANDA

II. WHY BE AWARE OF PROPAGANDA?

III. HOW TO SPOT A PROPAGANDA?

MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION

• Formulate Main Research Question as a start

PRIMARY INFORMATION SOURCES

Memoirs, Public records Meetings and Artifacts

Literary Works Business Surveys Observations

Interviews with Discussions Government patents