Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024
Disaster
HAZARD
➔ Source or condition that has the
potential to cause harm to humans
in the form of injury or illness,
property damage, environmental
damage, or a combination of these
DISASTER
➔ A serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a
society at any scale due to
hazardous events interacting with
conditions of exposure,
vulnerability, and capacity
➔ Unexpected event that affects the
lives of the community, making
them vulnerable
➔ Disasters can be isolated in areas
HAZARD BECOMES DISASTER WHEN…
➔ Serious disruption of a community
or a society at any scale due to
hazardous interacting with
conditions of exposure,
vulnerability, and capacity
Pacific Ring of Fire - is a path along the
Pacific Ocean characterized by active
volcanoes and frequent earthquakes
➔ the place where most seismic
activities, volcanic activities, and
meteorological hazards happen
Lack of information, preparedness and
monitoring leads to more casualties.
Natural Hazards/Disaster
➔ naturally occurring through
Earth’s history
➔ a natural phenomenon is caused by
natural forces, such as
earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic
eruptions, hurricanes, fires,
tornados, and extreme
temperatures
➔ Can be classified as rapid onset
disaster and those with progressive
onset, such as droughts that lead to
famine
➔ They are usually sudden and can
have tremendous effects
Man-made/Human
Induced/Anthropogenic Hazards &
Disasters
➔ outcome of human actions &
interactions with other people and
environment
➔ Examples include chemical spills
(uncontrolled release of a
hazardous chemical, either as a
solid, liquid, or a gas), wars (state
of armed conflict between different
nations or states or different
groups within a nation or state),
nuclear fallout (residual
radioactive material propelled into
the upper atmosphere following a
nuclear blast, and so called
“fallout” as it falls out of the sky
after the explosion and the shock
wave has passed), and genocide
(the deliberate killing of a large
number of people from a particular
nation or ethnic group with the
aim of destroying that nation or
group.)
Tsunami
➔ earthquake in seafloor
➔ receding of water line
Storm Surge
➔ caused by strong winds from
typhoon
Tidal Wave
➔ Regularly recurring shallow water
wave caused by effects of the
gravitational interactions the Sun,
Moon, and Earth on the ocean
Volcanic Eruption
➔ When lava and gas are discharged
from a volcanic vent
Calamity
➔ An event causing great and often
sudden damage or distress
CATEGORIES OF NATURAL HAZARDS
RAMIREZ, M | 1
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

● Geological Hazards ★ Hazards can only be considered

● Hydrometeorological Hazards disasters once it affects
● Technological Hazards humans.
★ If a disaster happens in an
Disaster Risk Drivers unpopulated area, it is still a
● Climate Change hazard.
- Weaken resilience of
community The Human Effect of Natural and
● Increased population density Man-made Disasters
growth ● Displaced populations
● Weak governance ● Health risks
● Lack of awareness ● Food scarcity
● Rapid and unplanned urbanization ● Emotional Aftershocks
● Socioeconomic inequality
● Inability to afford needs to mitigate Disaster Risk Reduction
damage ➔ concept and practice of reducing
● Environmental degradation disaster risks through systematic
● Poverty efforts to analyze and manage the
causal of disasters, including
Technological/industrial disasters - thorough reduced exposure to
unregulated industrialization and hazards, lessened vulnerability of
inadequate safety standards increase the people and property, wise
risk for industrial disasters management of land and the
Terrorism/violence - the threat of environment, and improved
terrorism has also increased due to the preparedness for adverse events
spread of technologies involving nuclear,
biological, and chemical agents used to Vulnerability
develop weapons of mass destruction
Complex humanitarian emergencies VULNERABILITY
- the term “complex emergency” is
usually used to describe the humanitarian Synonym:
emergency resulting from an international ● exposure
or civil war ● susceptibility
- large numbers of people are ● defenseless
displaced from their homes due to ● weakness
the lack of personal safety and the ● helplessness
disruption of basic infrastructure ● proneness
including food distribution, water, ● lack of protection
electricity, and sanitation, or
communities are left stranded or ➔ comes from the Latin word for
isolated in their own homes unable “wound” - vulnus
to access assistance ➔ a state of being of at risk
Difference of hazard and disaster
● Hazard Republic Act 10121 - PDRRM Act of 2010
○ Dangerous situation or Vulnerability is defined as the
event that carries a threat characteristics and circumstances of a
to humans community, system, or resource that
● Disaster make it susceptible to the damaging
○ Event that harms humans effects of a hazard.
and disrupts the operations
of a society Vulnerability may be situation specific or
○ hazard specific

RAMIREZ, M | 2
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

status of individuals, communities,

Vulnerability of certain sectors of and nations
society
Who is the so-called MOST Vulnerable Environmental Elements
Sector? Vulnerability
● They are the community members ● Natural resources depletion and
whose capacities are low and not resource degradation are key
sufficient to withstand and aspect of environmental
overcome the damaging and vulnerability
adverse effects of disasters
● Examples include children, elderly,
women, PWDs, indigenous people,
urban poor

Who is the so-called LESS Vulnerable

Sector?
● They are the community members
whose capacities start on their own
ability to acquire material
resources and position in the
society
● Examples include men,
government officials, business
owners, professionals in different
field (e.g. doctors, lawyers,
engineers, architects), and artists

TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
1. Physical Vulnerability
2. Social Vulnerability
3. Economic Vulnerability
4. Environmental Elements
Vulnerability

Physical Vulnerability
● May be determined by aspects such
as remoteness of a settlement, the
site, the design, and materials used
for critical infrastructure and for
housing Risk = Hazard and Exposure *
Vulnerability * Cost
Social Vulnerability
● Refers to the inability of people, Hazard - a harmful condition,
organizations, and societies to substance, human behavior, or condition
withstand adverse impacts to that can cause loss of life, injury or other
hazard due to characteristics health effects, harm
inherent in social interactions,
institutions, and systems of Exposure - is the presence of
cultural values elements at risk or chance of being
harmed from a natural or man-made
Economic Vulnerability hazard event
● The level of vulnerability is highly
dependent upon the economic

RAMIREZ, M | 3
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

Vulnerability - the characteristics FLAMMABLE - HEALTH HAZARD

and circumstances of a community, or
asset, that makes it susceptible to the
damaging effects

Risk - implies the probability of

possible adverse effects
- the combination of the probability
of an event and its negative
consequences
EXPLODING BOMB - TOXIC/FATAL
Disaster Risk - product of the
possible damage caused by a hazard due to
the vulnerability within a community
Disaster - is a serious disruption to 2. Natural Hazards Signs and
the functioning of a community or society Symbols
General Classification of Elements
at Risk
1. Physical elements
2. Population
3. Essential facilities
4. Transportation facilities
5. Lifelines
6. Socio-economic aspects
7. Economic aspects
8. Environmental elements

Categories of Hazard
1. Natural hazards
- Arise from natural processes in the
environment

2. Quasi-natural hazards
- Arise through the interaction of
natural processes and human
activities
3. Quasi-Natural Hazards Signs and
3. Technological (or man made) Symbols
- These arise directly as a result of
human activities

Hazards Signs and Symbols

1. Technology or Man-made Signs
and Symbols

Aquatic toxicity - Air toxicity

General Impacts of Hazards

RAMIREZ, M | 4
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

1. Danger to life which includes Hydrology - the study of water on the

physical and psychological harm surface of land, in soil and underlying
and diseases rocks, and in the atmosphere, particularly
with respect to evaporation and
2. Denial of access like energy, water,
precipitation
communication, and transport
access Hydrometeorological hazards -
3. Damage to the physical natural processes or phenomena that are
environment like buildings and atmospheric, hydrological, or
land oceanographic

Signs of impending
Types of Hazard Impacts
hydrometeorological hazards
1. Physical impact ● Typhoon
2. Psychological impact ● Thunderstorm
3. Socio-cultural impact ● Storm surge
4. Economic impact ● Flood and flash flood
5. Environmental impact
6. Biological impact
Typhoon
➔ A typhoon is a violent tropical
The Human Impact of Natural cyclone that forms over warm
Disasters water, North of the equator in the
1. Displaced Population Hazards Western Pacific Ocean
The most immediate effects of natural ➔ Winds rotating counterclockwise
disasters. with a speed of 118 - 120
kilometers per hour
2. Health Risks
Aside from the obvious immediate danger
that natural disasters present, the
secondary effects can be just as damaging.

3. Food Scarcity
After natural disasters, food often
becomes scarce.

4. Emotional Aftershocks
Natural disasters can be particularly
traumatic for young children.

5. Child-centered spaces
Help families cope with their new reality
following a disaster

Hydrometeorological Hazards
Meteorology - is a branch of science that
deals with the study of the atmosphere
that focuses on the weather processes

RAMIREZ, M | 5
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

➔ Flash Flood is characterized by a

raging current that occurs when
the water level rises due to heavy
rainfall

Signs of Flash flood

● Weather forecasts: typhoon or
thunderstorm
● Water collecting in puddles and
rapidly rising water
Signs of Typhoon ● Muddy water
1. Increased ocean swell ● Roaring sound from upstream
2. Changes in clouds ● Floating debris in water
3. Barometric pressure drop
4. Abrupt changes in wind speed EL NIÑO
➔ Characterized by unusually warm
Thunderstorm ocean temperatures in the
➔ A small-scale storm accompanied Equatorial Pacific
by lightning and thunder
➔ Lasts about 30 minutes to an hour
LA NIÑA
➔ It occurs when the sea temperature
of the Pacific Ocean changes to
lower than usual

Tools for Monitoring

Hydrometeorological Hazard
PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical & Astronomical Services
Administration

Signs of a Thunderstorm Barograph

1. System of cumulonimbus clouds ➔ A barometer that reads and
2. The sky turns dark records atmospheric pressure
3. Lightning and thunder continuously
4. Gusts of wind and change in wind
direction

Storm Surge
➔ A rapid rise of seawater above
normal sea level on the coast,
generated by strong winds brought
about by typhoons and
thunderstorms

Flood and Flash Flood

➔ Flood occurs when land areas
which are normally not covered
with water are being submerged,
often after heavy and continuous
rainfall

RAMIREZ, M | 6
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

Thermograph
➔ An instrument that measures and Ceiling balloon
records air temperature ➔ A balloon filled with hydrogen or
continuously other gas lighter than air, which is
used to determine the height of the
base of clouds above ground level
during daylight hours

Theodolite
➔ An instrument that determines
wind speed and direction of winds
at different levels of the
atmosphere

Ceiling light projector

➔ An instrument that projects a light

Radiosonde
➔ An instrument attached to a
balloon and is used to measure
temperature, pressure, and relative
humidity in the atmosphere

Clinometer
➔ An instrument that determines the
height of the cloud base by
measuring the distance of the
cloud base to the ground

Rawinsonde
➔ It is also capable of measuring
wind velocity

RAMIREZ, M | 7
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

➔ Provides the synoptic view and

coverage area of a weather
disturbance and the capability to
relay weather data from remote
automatic weather stations

Wind finding radar

➔ It measures wind speed and
direction through radar echoes

What is a map?
➔ A picture of representation of
Earth’s surface showing how things
are related to each other by
Weather Surveillance Radar distance, direction, and size.
➔ It detects and monitors the track of
typhoons and cloud masses

Doppler Radar Why make a map?

➔ Calculates the motion of ➔ We make maps for various reasons
precipitation, estimates its type, resulting in varying content
and determines the structure of
storms and their potential to cause
severe weather

Weather Satellite

RAMIREZ, M | 8
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

Parts of a Map

Map Title

Legend

RAMIREZ, M | 9
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

➔ Column of symbols (as reflected in

map) and their descriptions
➔ It provides explanation and
classification of map elements

Explanatory Text
➔ Added for the purposes of further
clarification, interpretation, and
evaluation of the contents of the
maps.

Source of Data, Date and Author

Scale
➔ Source of information and its date
of the date of the survey or period
covered
➔ Name of the author/producer of
the map

North Orientation
➔ Provides the user in the proper
perspective in interpreting the
information on the map

RAMIREZ, M | 10
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

Projection/Coordinate System Actual Map

➔ A map projection is a system used
to enable the curved surface of the
Earth to be represented on a flat
sheet of paper (in other words, a
map).
➔ It defines the coordinate system to
display your data.

Index or Locator Diagram

Earthquake

Graticules/Coordinated Labels

EARTHQUAKE KEY CONCEPT

➔ An earthquake is the vibration of
Earth produced by the rapid
release of energy within the
lithosphere.
➔ The energy released by an
earthquake travels in all directions
from the focus in the form of
seismic waves.

RAMIREZ, M | 11
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction (DRRR)
Lecture
STEM Strand | Ms. Maria Theresa L. Estilong | SEM 2 2024

➔ An aftershock is an earthquake
that occurs sometimes soon after a
major earthquake.
➔ A seismograph is a device used
to record the motion of the ground
using an earthquake.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Earthquake Hazards refer to

earthquake agents which have the
potential to cause harm to vulnerable
targets.

Classification of effects of an earthquake

● Primary effects
● Secondary effects

4 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
1. Landslides
● Can have particularly devastating
effects like floods, blocking of
rivers, death, and damage to land
and natural resources
2. Tsunami
● Huge sea wave triggered by a
violent displacement of the ocean
floor

3. Liquefaction
● Earthquake motion can turn
loosely packed water-saturated soil
to liquid — “liquefaction”

4. Fires
● Earthquakes cause fires. Even
moderate ground shaking can
break gas and electrical lines, sever
fuel lines, and overturn stoves.

RAMIREZ, M | 12