YA

RDSTICK INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MSC IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
ASSESMENT OF CHALLENGE OF GOOD GOVERNACE:
THE CASE OF YEKA SUB CITY

BY
MERON SOLOMON
ADDIS ABABA , ETHIOPIA
MARCH 2022

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 YARDSTICK INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MSC IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

ASSESMENT OF CHALLENGE OF GOOD GOVERNANCE:

THE CASE OF YEKA SUB CITY

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE MASTER IN
PROJECT MANAGEMENT

BY:

MERON SOLOMON

ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. Chala

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Assess the challenge of good governance: the case of
Yeka sub city, Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia”, has been carried out by me under the guidance and
supervision of Dr. Chala.

The thesis is original and has not been submitted for award of any degree or diploma to any
university or institutions.

Researcher’s name Date Signature

____________________ _____________ _______________

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Assess the challenge of good governance: the case of
Yeka sub city, Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia”, submitted to Yardstick international college for the
award of Master of project management and is a record of research work carried by Meron
Solomon, under my guidance and supervision.

Therefore, I hereby declare that no part of this thesis has been submitted to any other university
or institutions for the award of any degree or diploma.

Adviser’s name Date Signature

____________________ _____________ _______________

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 Acknowledgment
First I would like to say thank you God, since he gave me the ability, knowledge and the health
to write this proposal.

My heartfelt thanks go to my advisor Dr. Chala for providing constructive comments, valuable
advices and time dedicated throughout this work.

I would never forget the shares of my parents Solomon Amare and Kelelu Teshome, my
husband Mesay Akililu, my sisters bezawit Solomon and Tensaye Solomon they continuously
help and encourage me by giving moral, advice and material support throughout my fruit study.
Special gratitude to my friend Meskerem Eshete, selamawit Ayele and Helina Teshome for their
support.

TABLE OF CONTENT
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CHAPTER ONE No
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the study ………………………………………………
1.2 Problem of the statement ……………………………………………...
1.3 Key research question ……………………….………………………..
1.4 Significance of the study …………………………………………….
1.5 Objective of the study ………………………………………………..
1.6 Scope of the study ………………………………………………………
1.7 Limitation of the study ……………………………………………………
1.8 Organization of the study ………………………………………………….
CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature review………………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER THREE
3. Research methodology
3.1 Research design and approach ……………………………………………
3.2 Source and type of data ……………………………………………………
3.3Sampling design ……………………………………………………………
3.3.1 Target and study population ……………………………………………
3.3.2 Sampling techniques and procedure ……………………………………
3.3.3 Sample size determination ……………………………………..………
3.4 Data collection method and procedure …………………………………….…
3.5 Validity and reliability ………………………………………………………..
3.6 Data analysis techniques ……………………………………………………..
3.7 Ethical consideration…………………………………………………………..
4. Research planning………………………………………………………………..
REFERANCE

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 LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Work plan for the study on assessing the challenge of good governance in Yeka subcity,
Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia

Table 2:-Budget plan for the study on Assessment of challenge of good governance in Yeka sub
city, Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 – Characteristics of Good Governance

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 ACRONYMS
MDGs - Millennium development goals
MOFED - Ministry of finance and Economy development

UNDP - United Nations Development Programs

ECA - Economic Commission for Africa

AU – Africa union

RECS – Regional Economic Community

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 ABSTRACT
This study aimed Assessment of challenge of good governance in Yeka sub city,
Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia. The main objective of this study is to assess challenge of
good governance in Yeka sub city. The methodology used to conduct this study is
quantitative research design where random sampling method is employed to select
respondents. Questioners are made to gather raw data from respondents.
Secondary data also used by document analaysis. The data will analyzed by using,
data analysis software SPSS version 20 and presented using tables. The study will
assess the challenges for good governance practice.

Key word: Good governance, participation, transparency, rule of law,

accountability

CHAPTER ONE
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 1. Introduction

1.1. Background of the study

The world country gave attention to governance phenomena as they are credited to coining of
public administration since 1950s, this concept is tied to developmental aid to the third world
country after the cold war era between US and USSR. Good governance is necessary for building
democracy, sustainable development and security of economic growth of the country
(UNESCO,2005).

According to UNDP (1997) Governance is a multi-dimensional concept that covers all aspects of
exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions in the management of the resource
endowments of a state. The mechanisms, processes and institutions, through which citizens and
groups communicate their interests, carry out their legal rights, meet their duties and mediate
their difference. It is the means of achieving the aims and objectives of any institution.
Governance is about how government and other social organizations/institutions interact, how
they communicate with citizens and how decisions get taken in an increasingly complex world.
Governance is the activity of governing a country or controlling a company organization the way
in which a country is governed or institution controlled (Joanna. J. Jennifer, 1948). Governances
is the sum total number economic, political and social development and well good life
circumstances (Keping. Y, 2017). It is the physical exercise of management of power and policy,
Government is the instrument (usually collective) that does so. Government refers to the
“structure of principles and rules determining how a state or organization is regulated...; the
sovereign power in a nation or state; and an organization through which a body of people
exercises political authority” (Igbinedion, 2013).

Good governance, in this period, has drawn public awareness of the operations of public
institutions. It has also become an important factor in the consideration of a nation's ability to
adhere to universally acceptable democratic standards (Bratton and Rothchild, 1992). It ensures
that economic, social and political priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the
voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of
development resources (World Bank 2003).

Good governance in the public sector aims to encourage better performance and improved
accountability by establishing a standard for good governance in the public sector (IFA, 2013).

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Effective governance in the public sector encourages better decision making, efficient use of
resources and strengthens accountability for the stewardship of resources (Mutahaba, 2012).

Ethiopia has introduced good governance package since 2006. However, it has been reiterated
that if the institutions and their public officials are not accountable, responsive and transparent,
corruption will remain rampant and the task of the people working in the public institutions
is likely to be inefficient and ineffective. It is, therefore, for development as agenda for fighting
poverty and bringing about sustainable development, Ethiopia boldly incorporated the agenda of
good governance as its core pillar and the most dominant factor in the Growth and
Transformation Plan I (MOFED, 2010) so good governance is pointed out as one of the target of
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and agenda for poverty alleviation and sustainable
development. To achieve economic and social development, strengthening good governance is
assumed to play a key role especially in mobilizing human and capital resources. The
measurements of element of good governance are accountability, transparency, participation,
predictability. (Mekdes Taye, 2011)

Elements of Good Governance

Based on many definitions of good governance, we can put forward some of the essential
elements of good governance (www.eajournals.org). These are as under:
1. Participation. It means people are the key to good governance. They are not only the
beneficiaries of good governance but also are the agents of it. They act not only through
formal bodies like the executive, the legislature and the judiciary and formal means,
such as the right to vote, but also various groups and associations like trade union,
political parties, NGOs, business groups etc.

2. Accountability. It means those who rule are answerable to those from whom they
derive their authority. This means establishing standards or criteria for judging the
performance of public officials.

3. Predictability. It refers to (I) the existence of laws, regulations and policies to regulate
society; and (II) their consistent application. Thus, there should be orderly existence of

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citizens and institutions in the society. This would be possible if there is rule of law.
The rule of law encompasses well-defined rights and duties, as well as mechanisms
for enforcing them, and settling disputes in an impartial manner. The importance of
rule-based system for economic life hardly needs any emphasis; it provides an
environment in which the economic actors can plan and take investment decisions.
Consistency of public policy also comes under predictability. Consistency, however,
does not mean rigidity. Governments do need to respond flexibility to changing
circumstances or change in their priorities.
4. Transparency. It refers to the availability of information to the general public and
clarity about government rules, regulations and decisions. This can be done by
enforcing the citizens’ right to information. Transparency helps in curbing corruption.

Characteristics of Good Governance

Good governance is said to have following eight characteristics: it is participatory, consensus
oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive,
and follows the rule of law. Of this participation accountability and transparency have already
been explained above. Consensus-oriented means that in a society, where there are as many
opinions as there are actors, it is mediation of different interests to find the best interest of the
community. Responsiveness means that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders
within a reasonable time. Effectiveness and efficiency imply that institutions and processes
produce results that meet the needs of the society while making the best use of resources at
their disposal. Equity and inclusiveness call for a society whose well-being depends upon
ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and nobody feels excluded from
the mainstream of the society. Finally, rule of law stands for fair legal frameworks that are
enforced impartially. This also includes protection of human rights.

Thus, this study will tried to assess challenge of good governance in yeka sub city found in
Ethiopia, Addiss Ababa.

1.2. Problem of the statement

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Yeka Sub city is one of a Flagship public institution which plays a key role in service delivering
process. It is located in North east part of Addiss Ababa city, The total area of the subcity is
85.98 Km square and 4,284.9 people live in one Kilometer square. It is Administration office
situated nearby to Marathon motor (Megenaga). It has 547 permanent and 12 contract
employees; it is the third largest population density as well as it covers largest area among the 11
sub cities in the Addis Ababa. It runs a large number of customers and carries out numerous
activities and community service programs that have local importance (Yeka page (Addis Ababa
website) 2020) due to this good governance issue plays great role, in order to satisfy their
customers and to make service delivering process easy and fast so that the researcher wants to
assess the challenge of good governance that face the sub city.

The practices of good governance is important to solve problems that related to low practice of
transparency, lack of accountability, poor participation, and lack of rule of law. Such challenges
are obstacles that hinder the process of providing good service and sustainable development in
the sub city. It is clearly known that without practicing good governance institutional
development is impossible. Therefore sub city management, administrative staffs, and employers
with promoting good governance principles are indispensable in order to improve their
institution's performance to alleviate the challenges.

There were two main reasons to study the issue;-

 First reason that initiated the researcher to do this study is besides 10 strategical pillars of
Ten year development program of Ethiopia, good governance is one of the listed so the
researcher wants to assess what are the challenges of good governance
 Second reason to conduct on this topic, it can be used as source of identifying problems
of good governance challenge within Yeka Sub city.

The assessment is carrying out by using four characteristics of good governance which involves
accountability, transparency, participation, and rule of law because those elements are highly
related with the raised problem.Therefore, the focal issue of this study is to assess the challenges
of good governance at Yeka Sub city

1.3. Key research questions

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The present research attempts to answer the following questions:

1. What are the major challenges faced with the sub city during fostering good governance?

2. How much the study areas affected by the challenges of good governance?

3. What are the consequences of the absence of good governance over the service, staffs and the
sub city?
4. How the study areas escape from challenges of good governance?

1.4. Significance of the study

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Marginalization of this study has the following importance:

 To assess major challenges of good governance in Yeka Sub city.

 Have relevance in producing information to the government of Ethiopia to identify the
major challenge of good governance in the sub city
 It highlights success parts of institutions that should be enhanced and failures that
should deserve the attention of concerned bodies to take corrective measures related to
good governance issue
 To give some insight on how good governance plays a crucial role in day to day activities
of the Sub city.
 Clearly show the possible outcomes of the absences of good governance both up on the
institutions in particular and the society (city) in general.
 To provide input for the sub city, policy makers and for further studies
 The study provides the opportunity to gain deep knowledge on Good Governance.

1.5. Objective of the study

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The general objective of the study is to assess challenge of good governance in Yeka sub city.
The specific objectives are: -

- To assesses the perception of officials towards challenge of good governance;

- To explore the consequences of absence of good governance and indicate possible
solutions;
- To assess the contributions of good governance to development
- To indicate valuable information to seekers regarding the major challenges of good
governance;

1.6. Scope of the study

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 In order to make the study manageable in terms of time, labor and resource which will
consist with the potential of researcher; the scope of the study will delimited to Yeka sub
city, Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia. Moreover, the study will delimited to assess challenge of good
governance by taking four characteristics of good governance, which will more related with
the raised problems (Accountability, transparency, participation, and rule of law). So, the
study will only conduct in Yeka sub city and the researcher will collect data directly related
with the area of the study. Hence, the study would not assess any other functions of the sub
city apart from challenge of good governance. Accordingly, any of the analysis of the find
would specific solely to challenge of good governance issue that means the researcher will
not include other issues.

1.7. Limitation of the study

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Governance as the concept is multidimensional that includes social, administrative, economic,
and political aspects. In this paper, more emphasis gives to the administrative aspect of it. Here it
is difficult to draw inferences from the political and administrative dimensions. The issue of
administration is highly sensitive to politics. Participants weighted the research based on the
political aspect than its administrative value. Here officials and research participants were
reluctant to provide genuine information.

1.8. Organization of the study

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The research is organized in to three chapters. Background of the study, statement of the
problem, research questions, objectives, significance, scope and limitation of the study are
included in chapter one. Chapter two of the study deals with related literature review focused
on challenge of good governance overview of Ethiopia which enable readers briefly know what
profile the country has, Research methodology with its relevant instruments, methods used to
collect data, analyses and Ethical consideration discussed in chapter three which played
important role in the study. Finally a list of “References” follows chapter three.

CHAPTER TWO

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 2. Literature Review
2.1 Governance

“Governance” is a catch-all word that entered common usage during the 1990s. The term was
first coined in the 1989 World Development Report where it referred mainly to financial
accountability of governments. The meaning of this term was later re-conceptualized by UNDP,
defining “governance” as the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to
manage a country’s affairs. An important objective of governing institutions, according to
UNDP, is to promote constructive interaction between the state, the private sector and civil
society. United nation development program uses a broad definition of governance and
conceptualizes governance through inclusive participation, responsive institutions and certain
principles and values, such as human rights, gender equity and integrity. UNDP argues that
governance is an end in itself, and a means to achieve human development (UNDP-Oslo Center,
2009:19). And it defines governance as the exercise of economic, political and administrative
authorities to manage a country’s affairs at all levels and it comprises mechanisms, processes and
institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights,
fulfill their obligations and accommodate their differences(UNDP,1997).

According to UNDP Governance consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in
a country is exercised. This includes:-
– the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced,
– the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies

In common usage, governance as distinct from good governance is often equated with
'government' or 'the act or process of governing'. In the Oxford English Dictionary of Current
English (1996: 587) governance is defined as "the act or manner of governing, of exercising
control or authority over the actions of subjects; a system of regulations". This dictionary
definition appears to be a synthesis of various connotations that appeared .over many centuries of
the etymological evolution of the concept. In defining governance much of the body of literature
moves from the dictionary premise. The emphasis is on the exercise of authority, power or
control and the tools for such are laws, rules or a system of regulations. The conceptualization of
governance from this perspective presupposes that governance is essentially about control.

Governance is the manner in which a government exercises political power. Governance is

always related to the institutions and structures that are also for exercising power; Governance

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suggests also that all relevant public decision-making processes have to be considered.
Governance also implies that the implementation capacity for government action in a country is
of relevance and government encompasses also the relation between the government and the
public (Wohlmuth, 1998)

Good governance as a basic development agenda has got significant momentum in the world
especially in the last decade and has become the issue that attracts the attentions of different
economists, political scientists, lawyers, politicians, international, regional and national
organizations and various donor agencies. The notion of good governance is relatively new. It
surfaced in 1989 in the World Bank’s report on Sub-Saharan Africa, which characterized the
crisis in the region as a “crisis of governance” (World Bank 1989).

World Bank describes governance as the manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social resources. The Bank identified three discrete
aspects of governance. These are (i) the form of political regime; (ii) the process through which
authority is practiced in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for
development; (ii) the capacity of governments to design, formulate, and implement policies and
discharge functions (World Bank, 1997). Governance refers to the formation and stewardship of
the form as an informal rule that regulates the public realm, the arena in which states, as well as
economic and societal actors, interact to make decisions. According to the World Bank, there are
six worldwide dimensions of Governance Indicators. These are:
1. Voice and accountability, which attempts to measure "perceptions of the extent to which the
country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of
expression, freedom of association, and a free media"; ( Zagel, 2010)
2.Political stability and absence of violence, focusing on "measuring perceptions of the
likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent
means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism"; ( Zagel, 2010)
3.Government effectiveness, centered around "measuring perceptions of the quality of public
services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political
pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the
government's commitment to such policies"; ( Zagel, 2010)

4. Regulatory quality, with the goal to measure "perceptions of the ability of the government to
formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector

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development"; ( Zagel, 2010)
5. Rule of law, "measuring perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and
abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property
rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence"; ( Zagel, 2010)
6. Control of corruption, aimed at "measuring perceptions of the extent to which public power
is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as
"capture' of the state by elites and private interests"(Zagel, 2010)

2.2 Good governance in Ethiopia

Good governance means, what is not bad governance or what is good enough governance, or
that the level of goodness is high in governing processes. In this way it is suggested that good
governance should be characterized as reduced corruption, improved accountability, adequately
decentralized, well managed public resources, introduced proper laws and equality, restructured
civil services and so on (Grindle 2004).

Good governance basically refers to the competent management of a country’s resources and
affaires in a manner that is open, accountable, equitable and responsive to people’s needs. The
concept, good governance emerged mainly because of practices of bad governance characterized
by corruption, unaccountable governments and lack of respect for human rights.

For many years Ethiopia remained unitary state under the philosophies of unitary
governments. It was in 1991 that the country has departed from the old historical system of
governance when the new constitution (1995) organized the country in to decentralized
federal government system. Since then the devolved form of governance has come in place
replacing the country’s old aged unitary form of government. Based on the 1995 constitution
of the country article 50(2) (3) the country is organized in to federal and regional states. And
each of the regional states has the legislative, executive and judiciary functions similar to the
federal government of Ethiopia. According to the 2001-revised Regional State’s Constitution
article 45(1) a regional state is divided in to Woreda and Kebele. In this way the government
and governance system which is quite different from the traditional system of governance is
established in the country. Based on the described governance structures the government of the
country has been striving to bring changes in socio-political and economical realm of the country
since 1991.

As the issue of governance especially of good governance has recently got a special attention in
the agendas of world arena, the government of the country has made the issue of good

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governance as one of the main issues of the government (ECA, 2004). As recently the relation
between strong, capable institutions and good governance has been clearly acknowledged by
most African governments in establishing and entrenching a culture of accountability and
transparency in the management of national affairs, efficient and effective institutions are
considered to be essential requirements and prerequisites.

Thus according to ECA (2004)”Measuring and Monitoring Progress towards Good Governance
in Africa” is about capacity to promote democratic governance, and to improve the structures
and institutions to properly discharge their assigned responsibilities.

2.3 Characteristics of Good Governance

1. Rule of Law - Fair legal frameworks that are enforced by an impartial regulatory body, forth
full protection of stakeholders.
2. Transparency - Means that information should be provided in easily understandable forms
and media, that it should available and directly accessible to those who be affected by
governance policies and
practices.
3. Responsiveness - Organizations and their processes are designed to serve the best interests of
stakeholders within a reasonable time frame.
4. Consensus Oriented - Consultation to understand the different interests of stakeholders in
order to reach a broad consensus of what is in the best interest of the entire stakeholder group
and how this can be achieved in a sustainable and prudent manner
5. Equity and Inclusiveness - The organization that provides the opportunity for its stakeholders
to maintain, enhance, or generally improve their well-being provides the most compelling
message regarding its reason for existence and value to society,
6. Effectiveness and Efficiency - Processes implemented by the organization to produce
favorable results meet the needs of its stakeholders while making the best use of resources
human, technological, financial, natural and environmental at its disposal.
7. Accountability - Key tenet of good governance, which is accountable for what should be
documented in policy statements.
8. Participation - Both men and women, either directly or through legitimate representatives, is
a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation needs to be informed and organized,
including freedom of expression and assiduous concern for the best interests of the organization
and society in general.

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Figure 1 – Characteristics of Good Governance

Good governance depends on a range of factors that include administrative capacity, country’s
stage of development, the external conditions that it faces, and the state of information and
technology (I.T) available to it, for taking decisions.

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2.4 challenge of good governance

Annex 1: (Governance in Africa challenges and prospect) challenge of good governance in

national and continental level.

National Level

Decentralization: At the national level, the policy of devolution of power and authority to sub-
national governments is perceived as a method of re-establishing the African State and
rebuilding its legitimacy from the bottom up. This process, although increasingly being
implemented in Africa, is subject to some constraints, which include the lack of capacity of local
administrations and the voicing of the population’s needs towards legitimate local governance.
Other limitations are the low level of accountability of local government institutions and the
necessity to improve the quality of service delivered.

Rule of law and Human Rights: The lack of respect by leaders and citizens for the rule of law
and human rights often poses a great challenge to stability. The judiciary in many states is
handicapped by structural difficulties and inadequate funding. The independence, integrity, and
performance of the judiciary would only be guaranteed through adequate funding, remuneration,
modernization, professional staff, and regular training.

Public Administration: In this area, there are challenges in the reform initiatives undertaken by
African countries. There is an urgent need to enhance public service capacity, the provision of
adequate incentives to public servants to retain highly qualified and motivated staff, increase
performance and accountability, as well as reducing corruption. The use of ICT in government
requires further encouragement and service delivery improvement.

Peace and Stability: At the national level, wars, civil strife and the proliferation of light weapons
militate against the efforts of some countries in the establishment of sustainable development.
Some countries are still handicapped following current conflicts, and others by the challenges of
recovery following the termination of conflicts. The challenges following these include the
consolidation of national capacities for the prevention of governance crises, conflict and natural
emergencies and taking initiatives on peace-building. Furthermore, relating to national security,
there are challenges in the capacity to manage cross-border population movements and coping
with drug and small arms trafficking, epidemics, and human trafficking, to mention a few.

Other challenges: Other important challenges at the national level include the lack of civic
education among citizens and civil society leading to low participation in the political process at
both national and local levels, low gender participation especially in the legislature, weak
exploitation of the potential of traditional rulers in the governance process, and the lack of
credibility of the electoral system, especially of the Electoral Commissions.

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Continental Level

Institutional Capacity: The transformation from OAU into AU in 2002 redefined the objectives
of the continental organization with priority accorded to the complex problems of economic
development. There are still challenges in institutional capacity in spite of the institutional
reforms that were carried out over the last decade. There are challenges in attracting the best
African brains to work in the organization. The limitations are to a large extent emanating from
inadequate funding and the non-competitive professional staff remuneration, but there is an on-
going process to resolve.

Supranational Authority and Transfer of Sovereignty: There is the challenge of the transfer of
sovereignty to the supranational authority. Regional economic integration ultimately implies the
creation of a unified political state following its process of market integration. As of now, market
integration is gradually occurring at the regional level in the regional economic communities
(RECs), eight of which are designated as the pillars of continental economic integration. In
effect, the transfer of sovereignty may be deemed to be made partially only to the RECs. As of
now, there is no transfer of authority to the African Union Commission, but an Audit Report on
the AUC is currently being considered by the ministers of Foreign Affairs. It is envisaged that
the ministers will, in their recommendations, pay attention to this concern.

Financial Resources: There are also the challenges of inadequate financial resources for the
operation of the organization. The assessed contributions from some Member States are not paid
up sufficiently regularly to ensure smooth operation of the institution and the implementation of
programs and projects. Governance of the organization is weakened and compromised as a result
of unpredictable resources.

Other challenges: Other important governance challenges are to be found in the development of
infrastructure, including the harmonization of commercial and transport laws and regulations.
Progress in the development of a continental infrastructure, network of roads, railways, and air
transportation is constrained by inadequate political commitment, human resources, and capital.
In some cases, where agreements have been reached in regional road transport development,
implementation projects run into delay difficulties as a result of mismanagement and corruption.

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The World Bank has identified a number of challenges to good governance which assume
significance for developed and the developing countries. These factors deal with the following
political and administrative aspects

• Political accountability, including the acceptability of the political system by the people, and
regular elections to legitimize the exercise of political power.

• There should be freedom of associations and participation by various religious, social,

economic and cultural and professional groups in the process of governance.

• An established legal framework based on the rule of law and independence of judiciary to
protect human rights, secure social justice and safeguards against exploitation and the abuse of
power.

• Bureaucratic accountability, ensuring a system to monitor and control the performance of

government offices and officials, in relation to quality of services, efficiency and misuse of
discretionary power. The related determinants include openness and transparency in
administration.

• Freedom of information, needed for formulation of public policies, decision making,

monitoring and evaluation of good performance.

• A sound administrative system should lead to efficiency and effectiveness. This, in turn, means
value for money and cost effectiveness.

• Lastly, there is a greater need of cooperation among government and civil society
organizations.

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Some of the challenges of good governance could be as follows (Knowledge book challenge
of good governance):-

1) Corruption at various levels

2) Centralization of power and authority
3) Criminalization of politics
4) Violations of human rights
5) Weak legislators with criminal records, poor knowledge about development issues and low
level of education
6) Poor people’s participation in development processes
7) Less active civil society
8) Poorly empowered grassroots democratic institutions
9) Poor coordination among the political, administrative and community level organizations and
institutions
10) Delay in delivery of judicial decisions
11) Poor participation of disadvantaged in decision making process.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3. Research methodology

3.1. Research design and approach

Quantitative approach uses to describe exist fact of the challenge of good governance with close
ended questioners and document analysis. Data gather from quantitative approach sample
products would summarize and analysis statically. Generally the researcher will use descriptive
survey method. According to best & Khan (2008), a descriptive research design is important
when it is aimed to assess the question of what is? This will gather data through close ended
questionnaire as a primary data source of information for the study and the primary source will
be supported by a document analysis as a source of secondary data.

3.2. Source and type of data

The research uses quantitative method that uses to collect quality data. Accordingly the source of
data for the researcher uses primary data and secondary data sources, concern primary source
closes ended questioner which concern with challenge of good governance will distribute at yeka
sub city. Secondary data will collected from document analysis.

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 3.3. Sampling Design

3.3.1. Target and study population

The study will conducted at Addis Ababa, Yeka sub city administration bureau in order to assess
challenge of good governance. The sub city is located in North east part of Addiss Ababa city,
the total area of the sub city is 85.98 Km square and 4,284.9 people live in one Kilometer square.
It is Administration office situated nearby to Marathon motor (Megenaga). It has 547 permanent
and 12 contract employees; it is the third largest population density next to kolfe Keranio and
Nefas silk lafto sub city, it covers 85.98 km square area of Addis Ababa again it’s the third vast
sub city next to Bole and Akaki Kalit sub city. It runs a large number of customers and carries
out numerous activities and community service programs.

3.3.2. Sampling techniques and procedure

Random sampling technique will applied to assess challenge of good governance in yeka sub
city. This enables to get different data from the respondents that have different responsibility.

3.3.3. Sample size determination

Out of the total staffs of yeka sub city the researcher sample size will select by Yamana sample
size determination method (Yamana, 1973) in which there is a finite population means the
population size of the study area is known so that the researcher can use this formula. The
calculation formula of Taro Yamane presented as follows:-

n = 559/1+559(e) 2

n = 233 so, the sample size taken will be 233 among 559 staffs of the sub city.

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 3.4. Data collection method and procedure
To achieve objective of this study, close ended questioner will administer in English language
and translate0d into local language which is Amharic. The researcher will collect secondary data
by document analysis include policy document, work manual and other materials related to the
research topics.

3.5. Validity and Reliability

The excellent of facts changed into managed beginning from the time of questioner’s
preparations. The questioner is evolved through reviewing applicable literatures at the challenge
to make sure reliability. First the questioner which turned into Amharic. To make sure the
consistency of the device its miles translated into English. Training will conduct for data
collectors on the purpose of the study, procedure of data collection before the study began. The
data collection will conducted by the researcher and 1 other individual who holds BSC degree
in civil Engineering close follow up by the researcher will done.

During the fact series, the respondents acquire questionnaires from information creditors and
evaluate for completeness, accuracy, and consistency on every day bases. Incomplete,
inconsistent and invalid records have been subtle well to get most fine of information before, at
some point of and after statistics entry.

3.6. Data analysis techniques

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Data analysis was beginning with a report that gives a piece of information regarding the number
of questioners that are distributed to the respondents, who filled them. The researcher focuses on
the questions that are filled properly and correctly to give the analyses. The data that are gathered
through the questionnaire are presented in two parts. The first part will deal with the presentation
related to the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. And the second section will
deal with the presentation of all the data gathered based on the basic research questions of the
researcher which he/she needs to get the answer from the respondents to achieve the objective of
the study. The data that gathered through the questionnaires will be analyzed and interpreted
using descriptive statistics like percentage and will be described using tables to get
them clear. The data will also being coded using scientific statistics data analysis software SPSS
version 20. Moreover, in the end, the data that is gathered through document reviews will
present, analyze and interpreted in line with the research basic questions.

3.7. Ethical Consideration

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Participation would get fully inform about a research project before they agree to take part, this
principle known as informed consent. The researcher will follow logical procedure at every stage
of data collection process. Accordingly the subject of the study and the respondent where
introduce about the purpose of the study then inform agreement with the respondents on the basis
of ethical principle. First the researcher ask permission of targeted individuals, secondly the
researcher ensures the voluntary with participant of this research, thirdly the researcher would
describe the purpose of the study so that individuals understand the nature of the study, fourth
the researcher would guarantee the right to participants voluntary and the right to participate base
of interest, fifth the researcher also guarantee the participants right to ask question and the
privacy of rights would respect, Finally in order to secure identify and to protect the
confidentiality to the participant has not require name instead the researcher would use with code
of report.

4. Research planning

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 4.1 Work plan
Approval of ethical clearance will be obtained in months of Miyazia 2014. Data collection will
be given in the month of miyazia 2014. Pre-testing, data coding, entry and data analysis will be
done on Ginbot 2014. Final report writing and submission will be in the month of Sene, 2014.

Table 1: Work plan for the study on assessing the challenge of good governance in Yeka sub
city, Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia

No Activity Proposed Time Frame

Megabit Miyazia Ginbot Sene Hamle

1 Proposal preparation

2 Approval of ethical
clearance

3 Data collection

4 Pre-testing, data coding and

data analysis

5 Final report writing

6 Submission of final research

4.2 Budget plan

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 Table 2:-Budget plan for the study on Assessment of challenge of good governance in Yeka sub
city, Addiss Ababa, Ethiopia

N Category Item total (ETB)

o

Pen and pencile 150

Print and Binding 500

Material and supplies Note book 100

1 Flash 200

Total 1000

2 Transport 300

Data collector 2000

2 Personnel Telephone card 400

2 Internet 300

2 Total 3000

Contingency 2000

3 Contingency

Total 2000

Grand Total 6000

Reference

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Article1000.com; Knowledge book challenge of good governance

Bratton, M. and Rothschild, D. (1992). “The Institutional Bases of Governance in Africa”, in

Hyden, G and Bratton, M (Eds), Governance and Politics in Africa, London: Lynne Rienner
Publishers.

ECA (2014) Economic Commission for Africa

Global Journal of Political Science and Administration

Vol.5, No.3, pp.13-27, June 2017__Published by European Centre for Research Training and
Development UK (www.eajournals.org) 15 ISSN 2054-6335(Print), ISSN 2054-6343(Online)

Grindle, M. S. (2005). Good Enough Governance Revisited. A Report for DFID With Reference
to the Governance Target Strategy Paper, 2001. Cambridge, Harvard University.

Hum. Soc.sci. (2018) 11:1-8 Retrieved form https://doi.org/10.1007/540647-017-01974

IFAC, (2013). Good Governance in the Public Sector - Consultation Draft for an International
Framework: Consultation Draft. International Federation of A accountants’ (IFAC).
(Publication). New York: IFAC.

Igbinedion S.O. (2013) Good Governance and Development: The Search for Reconciliation
(Unpublished Seminar Paper) Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Benin.

Joanna, J. Jennifer, B. & Margaret, D. (1948) oxford advanced learner

dictionary:https//www.amazon.co.uk/oxfordadvanced-learners-Dictionary/dp/0194799204

Keeping. (2017). Governance and Good Governance: Anew framework for political Analysis:
fudanJ.

Mutahaba, G. (2014). Achieving good governance and development in Tanzania: is leadership

the missing link? Journal of Public Administration, 49 (Special issue 1), 568-590.

Mekdes Taye, (2011). Analysis of the Efficacy of good Governance issue coverage on Zami 90.7
radio prof. R. omotayo olaniyan, Books, Annex 1; Governance in Africa challenges and prospect

UNESCO, (2005). Media and Good Governance: Retrieved from htts://WWW.Unesco.

Org/new/en/ UNESCO /event.

World Bank, (2003). The World Bank Annual Report 2003: Volume 1. Year in Review.
Washington, DC. World Bank. Retrieved January 18, 2015, from https://open
knowledge.worldbank. Org/handle/10986/13929.

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Wohlmuth, K., & Bass, H. H. (1999). Good governance and economic development. Lit.

Yamane, Taro, 1973, Statistics, an introductory Analysis,2 nd Ed, New York

Yeka page (Addis Ababa website), 2020

Yegazetegnoch KibTerepeza program: Thesis submitted to Addis Ababa University,

Ethiopia.unp

Zagel, M. (2010). Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Processes and Obstacles Case

Studies: Ghana, Nigeria, DR Congo (Doctoral dissertation, Master Thesis).

INFORMED CONSENT

Dear respondents,

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This questionnaire is designed to gather information for a research required for the fulfillment of
Master of Project management. The questionnaire will be administered to the employee of the
sub city to gather their opinion regarding challenges and practices of good governance in the sub
city. The information you provide is valuable for the success of the research project. Therefore, I
kindly request you to be honest and objective while filling the questionnaire. I assure you that the
information you give will be used only for academic purpose and will be kept confidential.

Notice: you do not need to write your name on this questionnaire.

If you have any inquiry, please do not hesitate to contact me and I am available as per your
convenience (Tel; 0935466731 or e-mail; MERONSOLOMONAMARE@gmail.com) Thank
you very much for your time and cooperation!

Date of data collected____________________ Signature of the respondent____________

QUESTIONNER

Part one: - Background information

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1. Sex: ___Male ___Female

2. Age: ___20-30 ___31-40 ___ >40

3. Rank: ___Prof ___ Dr ___Ato ___w/o

4. Educational Qualification: ____Diploma ____BA/B/SC ___MA/M/SC ___ PHD

5. Services year in the University: ___1-5 year’s ___6-10 year’s ___ 11-15 years above

Part two: - Question related to challenge of good governance

2.1 Participation

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1. Is there any institutional framework that enables the sub city community to participate in the
process of formation of rule, regulation and preparation of manual?

A. excellent B. very good C. fair D. poor E.very poor

2. If your answer is D or E, for the above question, what do you think is the reason?

A. The framework for participation is not practical

B. Employers are not ready to participate
C. There is no any frame work related to employers participation in the above process
D. Officials of the institution disfavor employer’s participation

3. According to your opinion what should be done to achieve active participation of employers in
the institution?

A. give training, workshop or seminar to the institution in general about the importance of
employers participation
B. make changes of participation framework of the institution
C. create awareness about the importance of participation on the part officials
D. other (specify) _______________________________________________________

4. There is sufficient opportunity and participation to solve problems in the sub city?

A. Strongly agree B. Agree C. Disagree E. strongly disagree

5. Does your institution give training or seminar about good governance in?

A. Yes B. No C. No Answer

6. If yes is your answer to question no.4, how many times does you attain governance
trainings, seminars or conferences?
A. One times B. Two Times C. Three Times D. More than three times E. I don’t know

7. Do you agree the chance of training to employee of the sub city is fair?

A. Strongly agree B. Agree C. Disagree D. Strongly disagree

2.2 Transparency

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1. Do you agree that clear and updated information is transmitted to employee with regular and
clear manner when important decisions are made in the sub city?
A. Strongly Agree B. Agree C. Disagree D. Strongly disagree

2. Are vacancies announced within the institution or publicly and are simple, clear and
easily understood?

A. Yes B. No C. No Answer

3. Does your institution have clear strategic plan/visions?

A. Yes B. No C. No Answer

4. If choice yes is your answer for question 13, do you clearly know and understand the
strategic plan of your institution?

A. Yes B. No C. No Answer

5. In what way the strategic plan and missions of the institution are formulated?

A. By the highest officials

B. By the highest officials and department heads
C. Given from upper political officials
D. The highest officials, department heads and all other staff members of the institution
together
E. By community prepared from different departments of the institution.
F. Other (specify) _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
6. Do you think the promotion on different administrative position is transparent in the sub city?

A. Strongly agree B. Agree C. Disagree D. Strongly disagree

2.3 Rule of law

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1. The management decisions indicate that there is supremacy of the law in the sub city?

A. Strongly agree B. Agree C. Disagree D. Strongly disagree

2. Do you think administrative/disciplinary decisions are made based on convincing evidence?

A. Strongly agree B. Agree C. Disagree D. Strongly disagree

3. How much you are secure to stay in your job?

A. Very high B. High C. Medium D. Low E. Very low

2.4 Accountability

1. Are employee accountable when they found on unethical practice, corruption and
inefficiency?

A. Strongly agree B. Agree C. Disagree D. Strongly disagree

2. Are there official reward to employee who accomplished his/her duty efficiently?

A. Strongly agree B. Agree C. Disagree D. Strongly disagree

Part three: - Corruption related questions

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1. How do you rate the prevalence of good governance in the institution?
A. Perfect B. Very Good C. Good D. Poor E. Very poor

2. What do you think are the cause for poor governance?

A. Because officials are less concerned whether or not good governance is prevalent in their
organization

B. Officials as well as public sectors are not well aware of good governance

C. There is no any institutional framework that follows up and evaluate the implementation of
good governance in the institution

D. Others_______________________________________________________

3. Are there monitoring and reviewing procedures in the sub city to follow up the
implementation of the anti-corruption policy?

A. Yes B. No C. No Answer

4. In your opinion, what are the factors that cause corruption at workplace?
A. Greed and love of money
B. Lack of adequate wage for work
C. Considering corruption as legal and morally acceptable
D. Lack of follow up and appropriate punishment on those caught up in corruption before
E .Other (Specify) _____________________________________________________.
5. What measures do you suggest for good governance is needed to be prevalent in public
institutions?
A. Training for officials and employees
B. Establish institutional frame work for good governance implementation follow up
C. Other (specify) _______________________________________________________
6. What do you think will be the consequences of good governance?

A. Hinders institutional performances

B. Strongly affect service users

C. Slim down the overall aspect of the institution

D. Damage development and expansion of poverty

E. All
F. Other (specify)________________________

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