OOP : Lecture No : #02 BSCS: KFUEIT

Programming Language:

Imagine a programming language as a set of instructions you

give to a non-technical assistant. You can't use technical non-
standard speech; you need clear, well-defined steps. Programming
languages use a specific syntax (grammar rules) that the computer
can understand. These languages vary in complexity and purpose.
For instance, Python is known for its readability, while C++ offers
more control over hardware for performance-critical tasks.

Operating System (OS):

It manages all the computer's hardware components

(instruments) and software applications (musicians), ensuring
everyone plays in harmony. The OS provides a user interface (UI)
for interacting with the computer, as well as system services like
file management, memory allocation, and security.

Java:

Java is a versatile programming language used for building

various applications, from mobile games to complex enterprise
software. Here's a breakdown of its key features:

Object-Oriented: Java programs are built around objects, which

model real-world entities. An object combines data (attributes) and
the actions it can perform (methods). This makes code more
organized and reusable.

Example: A Car object might have attributes like color, make, and
model, and methods like accelerate() and brake().
OOP : Lecture No : #02 BSCS: KFUEIT

Platform Independent: Java code is compiled into bytecode, a

machine-independent format. This bytecode can run on any
platform with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This is the
"Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) principle that makes Java
popular for cross-platform development.

Garbage Collection: Java automatically manages memory

allocation and deallocation. This simplifies memory management
for programmers, as they don't need to worry about manually
freeing memory when objects are no longer needed.

World Wide Web (WWW):

The WWW is a vast collection of interconnected web pages that

can contain text, images, videos, and interactive elements. You
access these web pages using a web browser, which fetches and
displays the content based on hyperlinks (clickable links) that
connect them. Java applets (small Java programs) were once
used to add interactivity to web pages, but their use has declined
in favor of web technologies like JavaScript.

Java Language Specification (JLS):

The JLS is the official rulebook for the Java programming

language. It defines the syntax (how code is written), semantics
(meaning of the code), and behavior of Java programs. While you
might not need to memorize it all, the JLS serves as a valuable
reference for experienced programmers to ensure their code
adheres to the language's standards and avoids unexpected
behavior. It's like a comprehensive guide for building things the
"Java way."
OOP : Lecture No : #02 BSCS: KFUEIT

Application Programming Interface (API):

An API acts like a waiter in a restaurant. It takes your order (your

program's request) and delivers it to the kitchen (the underlying
software component or library). The API provides a well-defined
way for your program to interact with other software modules or
libraries, allowing you to leverage their functionality without
reinventing the wheel. For instance, the Java API for Database
Connectivity (JDBC) allows Java programs to connect to and
interact with various databases.

Java Development Kit (JDK):

The JDK is your essential toolkit for developing Java applications.

It includes:

javac: The Java compiler that translates your human-readable

Java source code (.java files) into bytecode (.class files) that the
computer can understand.
java: The Java runtime interpreter that executes the bytecode on
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
JRE (Java Runtime Environment): A subset of the JDK that
includes the JVM and essential libraries needed to run Java
programs, but not the development tools (compiler, debugger, etc.).
Other tools: Debuggers to identify and fix errors, documentation
generators to create user guides, and more.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

An IDE is your command center for software development. It

provides a comprehensive set of features to streamline the coding
process:
OOP : Lecture No : #02 BSCS: KFUEIT

Code editor: A specialized text editor with syntax highlighting,

code completion, and indentation to make writing and editing code
more efficient.
Compiler/interpreter: Integrates the javac compiler and java
interpreter for compiling and running your code directly within the
IDE.
Debugger: A tool to