1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of The Study

Concrete is the world's second most consumed substance after water. Concrete

makes up the majority of the structures you see. Concrete is the most frequently used

construction material on the planet, and it serves as the foundation for a variety of

infrastructures. In building, concrete is a structural material made up of a hard,

chemically inert particle ingredient called aggregate (typically sand and gravel) and

cement and water. The demand for concrete is increasing every day due to the huge

growth in construction projects. Furthermore, studies reveal that concrete production

accounts for roughly 10% of overall greenhouse gas emissions. Given the depletion of

raw materials and environmental degradation, sustainable aggregate alternatives have

become a dire need (Gagg, 2014).

Due to the increase in solid waste in the environment, the reuse of waste glass is

one of the most critical challenges in many counties. Waste glass is considered as an

important solid waste that can be found in the majority of the world’s countries and is

being not much affected by weather conditions and its existence leading to the

environmental problem (Caijun, et. al 2007). As a result, appropriate solutions to this

problem must be identified. Accordingly, valuable research has been undertaken to

demonstrate the feasibility of using waste glass as a building material and adding it as a

partial replacement to the concrete mixture without harming the quality of the concrete.

Therefore, the concrete can be created with acceptable qualities.

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Many studies aim to replace fine with a certain percentage of crushed waste glass

as a fine aggregate to be added to the concrete mixture. In addition, these studies focus on

the possibility of using the waste glass as a partial alternative to the conventional

concrete materials, which give the possible outcomes, first is reducing the depletion of

the wealth of natural resources, second is reducing the environmental risks by producing

non-conventional concrete that is called the glascrete.

Glass

Glass is a chemically inert material that may be recycled several times without

losing its qualities. Unfortunately, a lot of glass becomes unsuitable for recycling, and the

efficiency of this process (i.e., recycling) is affected by several factors. Firstly, the

efficiency of collecting and sorting methods for different glass colors, where, if different

colors (clear, black, white, etc.) are mixed, they become unsuitable for manufacturing

new glass containers. Secondly, it is affected by the level of contaminants that might be

presented in the stockpile, and finally the shipping costs. Since recycling, factories are

not available in every city in every country. Thus, the primary goal of environmental

authorities is to eliminate or recycle post-consumer glass in landfall as much as possible.

Therefore, it has been supposed that, if glass could be incorporated into concrete

production, it would greatly reduce the disposal of waste glass or its use in lower-valued

works such as fill or road base materials (Shayan, et al. 2006). On the other hand, the

major concern regarding the use of glass in concrete is the chemical reaction that takes

place between the silica-rich glass particles (glass aggregate) and the alkali in cement

(i.e., alkali-silica reaction) (Shao, et al. 2000).

 3

Glascrete

Glascrete is a unique sort of concrete that can be made by partially substituting

sand or gravel, or both, with crushed glass material of specific sizes. In concrete, glass

can be used to substitute fine particles. This Green Concrete type is made up of cement,

coarse aggregate, and glass aggregate.

According to Paul Christopher Kimali Kioko (2021), Glascrete has been used in

the construction sector to make a variety of items, some of which are listed below:

1. Making of glass concrete tiles. There are manufacturers which are producing tiles

that utilize expensive specialty aggregates such as marble chips. Crushed glass

constitutes a relatively low-cost alternative to such materials, even if the glass

needs to be sorted by color. Efforts are now underway to mass-manufacture Glass

Concrete tiles.

2. Concrete Masonry Block. These are used in the construction of building walls.

3. Paving Stone. Paving stones are composed purely of glass aggregate. They have

reflective properties of the glass which cannot be obtained by using natural

aggregate like sand.

4. Decorative Applications. They exist in the architectural and decorative fields. We

can create surface textures and appearances using colored glass.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to answer the following problems:

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1. What are the characteristics of finely crushed waste glass in concrete?

2. What are the effects of using waste glass as a fine aggregate replacement in

concrete?

3. What percentage (5%, 15%, and 20%) of crushed waste glass replacement gives

the strongest concrete after seven (7) days?

Objectives of the Study

In general, the objective of this study was to partially replacement in concrete

block: the use of waste glass as fine aggregate.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. To examine the properties of the concrete that contains finely crushed waste glass.

2. To investigate the feasibility of using waste glass as a fine aggregate replacement

in concrete.

3. To discover what proportion of replacement (5%, 15%, or 20%) results in high

concrete strength.

Hypothesis of the Study

The researcher’s assumption in this study with regards to the problems are as

follows:

1. The higher the ratio of crushed waste glass, the mixture will a bit watery due to

the texture of glass.

2. As the results in conducting this study, the highest ratio of crushed waste glass

might give the highest strength in concrete.

3. Honey comb in concrete might observe due to the compaction of concrete.

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Significant of the Study

The usage of recycled waste glass in concrete has attracted people's interest all

across the world. In recent years, there has been a lot of discussion about using scrap

glass as part of concrete materials. It is regarded as one of the most valuable options

because it will partially solve the related disposal problem while also providing new

opportunities to develop new applications. This study can provide valuable contributions

to:

The government and the people. The government and community will benefit

from this study since the materials required for it will reduce trash creation.

Ecosystem or Environment. The prospect of minimizing solid waste and

greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the preservation of raw materials, are all long-term

advantages of using waste glass in concrete. The current research investigates the use of

recycled waste glass as a partial and total replacement for natural sand in the production

of environmentally friendly concrete.

Future Researchers. This study gives future academics information and ideas for

expanding their research into eco-friendly alternatives as a building material and using

them as a partial replacement with the used of certain amount of ratio to produce

concrete.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study was limited to analyzing the characteristics of finely crushed glass-

containing concrete, observing the effects of employing waste glass as a fine aggregate

replacement in concrete, and determining the optimal ratio of finely crushed glass that

results in high-strength concrete.

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Four different concrete mixes were made. As a partial replacement for natural fine

aggregate, waste glass aggregates of 5%, 15%, and 20% by weight were used in three

concrete mixes. All concrete mixes were cured for seven days.

Conceptual Framework

This conceptual framework describes the process of how the researcher obtained

the data needed for the completion of this study. Below shows the input, process, and

output of the study that serve as the guide and foundation of the research.

INPUT

Preparation of the materials

Cement
Sand
Gravel
Waste Glass (Fine Aggregate in %)

PROCESS

Working process of the specimens

Concrete
Mold
Curing in 7 days

OUTPUT

Test Result
Compressive Strength Test

Figure 1. Paradigm of Conceptual Framework

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Definition of Terms

The following terms defined will be used dynamically throughout the study

Alkali- defined as the content of sodium oxide (Na2O) and potassium oxide

(K2O) in cement.

Alternative- a partial replacement for sand in concrete, recycled crushed glass can

be used.

Concrete- used for building and made by mixing cement, sand, and broken rocks

with water.

Glascrete- type of concrete that can be produced by replacing partially the sand or

the

gravel or both of which with the crushed glass material at certain sizes.

Greenhouse- caused by the warming of Earth’s atmosphere that is caused by

pollution.

Green Concrete- concrete that support or concerned with environmentalism.

Infrastructure- the basic equipment and structure that are needed for a country,

region,

or organization to function properly.

Porosity- is a measure of the volume of voids in concrete.

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Silica- a chemical that contains silicon, that is found in sand and quartz, and that

is

used to make glass.

NOTES

Gagg, Colin R. (1 May 2014). "Cement and concrete as an engineering material:

An historic appraisal and case study analysis". Engineering Failure Analysis. 40: 114–
140. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.004. ISSN 1350-6307

Caljun shi and keren zheng, (December 2007). “A review on the use of waste
glasses in the production of cement and concrete”. Resources Conservation and
Recycling. 52: 234-247. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.01.013

Yixin Shao, Thibaut Lefort, Shylesh Moras, et al. (January 2000). “Studies on
concrete containing ground waste glass”. Cement and Concrete Research 30(1):91-100.
doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00213-6

Shayan, A. and Xu, A. (2006), Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic

material in concrete, a field trial on concrete slabs, Cement and Concrete Research 36
(3),457–468.

Shao, Y., Lefort, T., Moras, S. and Rodriguez, D. (2000), Studies on Concrete
Containing Ground Waste Glass, Cement and Concrete Research, vol 30, pp.91-100

Paul Christopher Kimali Kioko (2021). “An Assessment into the Use of Crushed
Glass as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates” International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology. Volume 10, Issue 02 (February 2021) ISSN: 2278-0181
 9

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This part of the study presents the related literature and studies that guided the

researcher in the formulation of conceptual frameworks. The researcher considered these

studies to aid in formulating the use of waste glass as fine aggregate in concrete mixing

that is effective in the economy, society, and environment.

Waste Glass

The utilization of waste glass as a high-value material has received considerable

attention recently. Waste glass became a major problem for municipalities nationwide

due to the austere changes in environmental legislation. A matter that is positively

encouraging the use of waste glass in different construction applications.

According to Ammash et. al. (2009) studied the possibilities of Waste Glass size

up to 5 mm as a fine aggregate in concrete. The waste glass was used as a partial weight
 10

replacement of sand with percentages of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. They found that

waste glass aggregate can be satisfactorily substituted for natural fine aggregate at

replacement levels up to 20%.

According to Malik, et. al. (2013) studied the use of Waste Glass as a partial

replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Fine aggregates were replaced by waste glass

powder as 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight for the M-25 mix. The concrete

specimens were tested for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, durability, and

density at 28 days of age, and the results obtained were compared with those of normal

concrete. They discovered that 20% replacement of fine aggregates of waste glass

showed a 15% increase in compressive strength at 7 days and a 25% increase in

compressive strength at 28 days. With the increase in waste glass content, the percentage

of water absorption decreases. With the increase in waste glass content, average weight

decreases by 5% for mixture with 40% waste glass content thus making waste glass

concrete lightweight. Splitting tensile strength decreases with an increase in waste glass

content.

According to Gunalaan. et al. (2013) studied to investigate the effect of using

waste glass powder in concrete. Laboratory work was conducted to determine the

performance of the control sample and concrete with used waste glass powder. They

concluded that concrete with using waste glass powder averagely had higher strength at

14 days but once the concrete reached 28 days the control mix give more-higher value

compare to the mix that contained waste glass powder but still give a high value of M 30

grade.

General Application of Waste Glass

 11

Glass cullet is recycled container glass (previously used for bottles, jars and other

similar glass vessels) prior to processing. The term Cullet also refers to waste glass

produced as a result of breakage and rejection on quality control grounds during

manufacturing process. The primary aim for collecting is processing it for returning to the

glassmaking process to manufacture new glass products. Crushed, graded glass cullet has

been extensively investigated and tried in a number of construction and non-construction

related applications. (Meyer, 2001)

According Reindl (2003) reported that the glass cullet could be exploited in a

variety of uses, including road construction aggregate, asphalt paving, concrete

aggregate, building applications (glass tiles, bricks, wall panels, … etc), fiber glass

insulation, glass fiber, abrasive, art glass, landscaping, reflective beads, hydraulic cement,

and other applications. The critical requirement in all these applications is that, the

correct characteristics and physical properties of the glass cullet for the targeted

application should be well understood and defined.

According to Weitz (2005) reported that the American Association of State

Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) had recognized the use of recycled

materials in pavement and created a new specification titled – Glass Cullet Use for Soil

Aggregate Base Course I. The specification illustrates that when properly processed,

glass cullet can be expected to provide adequate stability and load support for use as road

or highway bases. Crushed glass cullet that has been used as aggregate in road

construction or bituminous concrete pavements is popularly known as glassphalt. A

number of field trials of glassphalt pavements have been carried out since 1971. It was

observed that holds heat longer than conventional asphalt. This may be advantageous
 12

when road works are carried out in cold weather or when long transport distances are

required. Furthermore, the glass particles will increase the reflectivity of road surface,

therefore, improve the night-time road visibility.

Waste Glass as Construction Material

According to Harrison et al. (2020) glass is a non-biodegradable material. It takes

a long time to break down naturally. The waste glass that cannot be recycled is sent to

landfill, creating environmental problems. One viable option to recycle a large amount of

glass waste instead of it going to landfill is to use it in the construction industry. Several

researchers have studied the use of recycled crushed glass in concrete as either aggregate

(both coarse and fine aggregate) or as a cement replacement, with mixed success. Most of

these studies are limited to laboratory tests, and few have studied the use of recycled

glass in actual field application.

Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR)

The alkali silica reaction is considered one of the adverse reactions in concrete

and which occurs through the reaction between type of active silica that reside sometimes

in types of aggregates and between the alkali exist in cement. This reaction was

discovered in 1940 by Stanton. The reaction occurs between the hydroxide ions

associated with the dissolved salts of sodium and potassium and the silica molecules of

certain imperfectly crystalized siliceous rocks. In fact, the alkalis do not actually attack

the reactive silica. The importance of the alkalis is that their presence in high

concentration in the pore solution results in an equally high concentration of OH ions to

maintain charge equilibrium. It is this high OH concentration, and thus high pH value that

leads to the initial breakdown of reactive silica components in aggregates. The reaction
 13

produces silica gel that will expand in the presence of moisture. The gel that is formed at

the aggregate surface and that formed before hardening is high in lime. These high lime

gels are thought to be innocuous and unable to expand. It is of special interest to know

that although, the alkali silica reaction is very detrimental to the concrete stability, to

some extent this chemical reaction can increase the strength of the concrete. This increase

in strength is usually due to the filling of bond-area area with cementitious reaction

products that have not caused any deleterious reaction expansion. This process may be

considered similar to the pozzolanic reaction in concrete. (Hadlington, 2002)

Alkali Silica Reaction can occur when waste glass is used as coarse aggregates

because of large glass particle size. Cracks in coarse glass particles exhibit more reaction

and higher expansion (Du. et. al. 2014).

Effects of Glass Aggregate on Mechanical Properties

Many studies showed some conclusions like using crushed waste glass by good

method making them has a good resistance for abrasion and lower shrinkage in dry

situation comparing with plain concrete. Furthermore, the concrete with waste glass has a

lower ability to water absorption compared with plain concrete. (Concrete Technology

Unit, 2003)

According to Meyer (2000) reported that the presence of glass as aggregate will

affect the mechanical properties of concrete, due to the lower adhesion and bond strength

between glass aggregate and cement paste, due to the relatively smooth surfaces of glass

comparing with relatively rough surfaces of natural aggregate.

 14

According to Park (2004) reported that use of waste glass as fine aggregate will

decrease the slump value with increase the replacement level of waste glass and observed

that the mechanical properties (compressive, tensile and flexural strength) of concrete

containing waste glass as fine aggregate decreased with decrease waste glass replacement

level.

According to Shehata et al. (2005) reported that the effect of using waste glass as

partial volume replacement of fine aggregate on mechanical properties part of the

concrete composites has higher modulus of rupture values for all glascrete mixes relative

to reference mix. The main findings of using waste glass as a fine aggregate are good

interfacial bonding between cement paste and glass aggregates, and that the glass

aggregates act as crack arrestors, preventing cracks from propagating through them.
 15

According to Bashar et al. (2007) found that the presence of particles recycled

glass sand (RGS) can reduce the permeability of the concrete and the amount of water in

concrete was reduced when the content of RGS was increased as shown in Figure 2, on

the other hand, the presence of RGS in concrete will reduce of the consistency of the

cement paste and adhesive bond of the ingredients inside the concrete mix. And reported

that the presence of the RGS in concrete will reduces compaction factor and workability

compared with controlled mix, thus the strength properties of the concrete will be

negatively affected.

Figure 2. Effect of Recycled Glass (RGS) on Water Absorption of

Concrete (Bashar et al., 2007)

Synthesis of the State of the Art

There were many related literature and studies that deals to the compressive

strength of waste glass as partially replacement as fine aggregate to concrete. Some of the

available literature related to the usage of waste glass in construction and non-

construction applications, but it is specifically focused on the utilization of waste glass as

fine aggregates in in different percentages as well as their effects on the mechanical

 16

properties in the concrete system. Several studies found that the addition of waste glass in

concrete has a negative effect in concrete properties but some studies were found that a

specific percentage of sand replacement not exceeding 30% revealed positive effect on

concrete properties. Further research is needed to be carried out to investigate the

appropriate replacement percentage of waste glass with no negative effect on mechanical

properties of concrete. Considerable attention is directed towards the possible alkali-silica

reaction and the common ways to mitigate its adverse effects.

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NOTES

Ammash, H., Muhammed, M. and Nahhab, A. (2009). “Using of waste glass as

fine aggregate in concrete”, Al-Qadisiya Journal for Engineering Sciences Vol. 2.

Malik, M., Bashir, M., Ahmad, S., Tariq, T., Chowdhary, U. (July. 2013). “Study
of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates”,
IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) Vol. 3, Issue 7 PP 08-13.

Gunalaan Vasudevan, Seri Ganis Kanapathy pillay, (2013) “Performance of

Using Waste Glass Powder in Concrete as Replacement of Cement” American Journal of
Engineering Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936 Volume-02, Issue-
12, pp-175-181

Meyer, C, and Baxter, S. (2001) “Use of recycled glass for concrete masonry
blocks. Final report”. United States: N. Columbia Univ., Dept. of Civil Engineering and
Engineering Mechanics, New York, NY (United States); New York State Energy
Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY (United States); Bridge Contracting,
Staten Island, NY (United States). PB-98-158934/XAB
TRN: 82432437

Reindl, J. (2003), Report by Recycling Manager, Reuse/Recycling of Glass

Cullet for Non-Container Uses, Dane County Department of Public Works.

Weitz T. (2005), Counties reap benefits from reclaimed glass in aggregate base,
Cement and Concrete Research, vol 24, pp. 342–353.

Harrison, E., Berenjian, A., and Seifan, M. (2020). “Recycling of waste glass as
aggregate in cement-based materials”. School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and
Engineering, The University of Waiko. Hamilton, New Zealand, volume 4
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2020.100064

Hadlington S. (2002), Recycling Beyond the Glass Ceiling, report for the
Independent.co.uk. http://www.glassonweb.com

Du, H., and Tan, K.H., (2014). “Effect of particle size on alkali-silica reaction in
recycled glass mortars”. Construction and Building Materials 66:275-285.
Dio:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.092
 18

Concrete Technology Unit. (2003), Realizing a High-Value Sustainable

Recycling Solution to the Glass Cullet Surplus, Guidance for the Use of Crushed or
Powdered Glass in Concrete, University of Dundee, Dundee, DTI Research Contract
No.GW-12.10-108.

Meyer, C. (2000), ―Glass Concrete‖, Concrete Materials Research at Columbia

University, ACI Materials Journal, pp 3-7.

Park, S.B., Lee, B.C. and Kim, J.H. (2004). Studies on mechanical properties
of concrete containing waste glass aggregate, Cement and Concrete Research, vol 34, pp
2181–2189.

Shehata I., Varzavand, S., Elsawy, A. and Fahmy, M. (2005), The Use of Solid
Waste Materials as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Cementitious Concrete Composites,
University of Northern Iowa, Department of Industrial Technology.

Bashar,T. and Nounu,G. (2007), Properties of concrete contains mixed colour

waste recycled glass as sand and cement replacement, Construction and Building
Materials, vol 22, pp. 713–720
 19

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The experimental work is discussed in this chapter. This chapter provides all of

the materials that will be required in conducting this experiment. A basic test on the

materials used to cast concrete specimens is presented, followed by a brief description of

the mix design and curing technique employed. Various tests on the specimens are

discussed at the end.

Materials

The materials used in this study are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,

crushed waste glass as fine aggregate replacement, and water.

Cement

All materials used in this study are locally available. The ordinary Portland

Cement used in the study was the Apo Cement brand manufactured by Apo Cement

Corporation, owned by CEMEX, shown in figure 3. According to Malaysian Standard

MS 522, which is based on the British standard BS 12 and European Union standard EN

196, the chemical composition and physical properties of the cement are existing in

Table 1.
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Coarse Aggregate

The natural crushed stone aggregate was supplied by local source, with maximum

size of 19.5 mm in figure 4. The aggregates were washed to remove dust and dirt and

were dried to surface dry condition. The sieve analysis results of coarse aggregates were

carried out according to ASTM standard specifications. The sieve analysis results of

coarse aggregate are given in Table 2.

Fine Aggregate

The fine aggregate used for the experimental work was locally procured and the

fine aggregate (Albay Sand) of 4.75 mm maximum size and 0.15 mm minimum size in

figure 5. The used sand was sieved according to the requirements of the ASTM standard

specification. Sieve analysis results are presented in Table 3.

Glass Aggregate

Most of the raw glass materials used in this study were clear or pure glass. The

first step in preparing the glass aggregate was the crushing process, which was carried out

using manual crushing materials. The second step in preparing the glass aggregate was

sieve. Sieve analysis for the particles shown in Table 4. The specific gravity of glass was

2.5, while the absorption was negligible, shown in figure 6.

Water

The water used to mix the ingredients for this experiment came from a DPWH

pipe. The water had to be pure and free of contaminants or reactive substances.

Crushing Waste Glass and Sieving Crushed Glass Aggregate

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In this experiment, clear or pure glass was used. In preparing the glass aggregate,

the first step was the crushing process which was carried out using manual crushing

materials. Glass waste was carefully crushed. Sieving was the second step in the glass

aggregate preparation process (4.75 mm maximum and 0.15 mm minimum sieve size).

Mixture Proportioning

Four types of concrete mixes were prepared. Materials consisting of fine

aggregate (48kg/m 3 ), coarse aggregate (96kg/m 3 ), cement (24kg/m 3 ), and water (12kg/m 3

) were manually mixed using a scoop and mixing pan, resulting in a water-cement ratio

of 0.50, shown in figure 9. The other mixes were contained waste glass aggregates of 5%,

15% and 20% by weight as a partial replacement of natural fine aggregate. All types of

concrete mixes were cured for 7 days.

Preparation of Molds

The molds (cylinder shaped mold) were coated with mineral oil to ensure that no

water escaped during filing and prevent adhesion of concrete and leave out ready to

casting it shown in figure 10.

Mixing Process

Mixing process was carried out manually using the shovel and scoop in a mixing

pan. The dry ingredients (cement, glass, coarse, and fine aggregates) of each mixture was

initially mixed for 2 to 6 minutes until achieving a homogenous mix then the cement is

added with the rest of the water. The concrete is manually mixed with all ingredients for

at least 4 to 5 minutes, shown in figure 11.

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Casting of the Specimens

Clean and oiled molds were used for each mix. The mold should be filled in 3

layers of concrete and each layer is rodded with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the

tamping rod, shown figure 12. The samples were left in the mold for first 24 hours at

ambient condition.

Curing of Specimens

Specimen were removed from the molds with care so that no edges were broken

and were placed in the curing place at the ambient temperature for curing, shown in

figure 13.

Testing Specimens

The two types of testing the specimens to be conducted are Fresh Mortar and

Hardened Mortar Test.

Fresh Mortar Test

The slump and unit weight test were conducted on fresh mortar after the concrete

mixing.

1. Slump Test - The main objective of slump test is to know the slump

measurement for the degree of workability of the concrete after mixing. The

300 mm ruler, slump rod, standard slump cone, flat metal base plate, small

scoop, steel float and waste rag are used in this test.

The mold should be filled in 3 layers of concrete and each layer is

rodded with several strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod. After, the
 23

top layer has been rodded and cleaned, the mold is then lifted vertically

from the concrete, shown in figure 14. The value of slump is then recorded.

2. Unit Weight Test - Fresh concrete tests measure factors such as strength,

consistency, unit weight, air content, and temperature. By performing such

tests consistently, you can detect changes in concrete that may affect its

long-term performance. The unit weight for all mixes was carried out on

fresh concrete. To get the unit weight of a sample of concrete, you must get

the weight of a full container of concrete, subtract the weight of the empty

container, and divide that by the volume of the container. UWT calculated

by the following equation:

Df=(Mc-Mm)/Vm (Eqn. 1)

Where:

Df = fresh unit weight of concrete (kg/ m³)

Mc= mass of mold filled with concrete (kg)

Mm= mass of mold (kg)

Vm = volume of the mold (m³)

Hardened Mortar Test

There will be two types for hardened concrete to be conducted. There are

destructive and non-destructive tests. The destructive test consists of compressive

strength test. Meanwhile, the non-destructive test consists of water absorption test. All

specimens were taken out from the water just before testing. The average result of the

specimens is recorded at each test.

 24

1. Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strength test carried out according to (B.S.1610: part 1: 1992)

and using cylinder specimens of size (150mm dia. X 300mm). This test was carried out at

the age of 7 days. The compressive strength test of any mix was taken as the average of

strength of four specimens. The cylinders were tested by using Compression Testing

Machine of 1500 KN capacity, shown in figure 15.

2. Water Absorption Test

The water absorption test needed to measure the percentage of the concrete. First,

dry a specimen for 24 hours and get the weight of dry specimen. Immerse the specimen

into the water until the age of 7 days and weight it again.

The water absorption test was calculated by the following equation:

A (%) =[(W1-W2)/W2]x100 (Eqn. 1)

Where:

A (%) = Water absorption percentage

W1= Weight of the saturated sample in air

W2 = Weight of the dry sample (24 hours)

 25

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter discussed the results of the tests conducted. Test carried out for fresh

and hardened concrete. Slump Test and Unit Weight Test were conducted for the fresh

concrete, Compressive Strength Test and Water Absorption Test for hardened concrete.

Fresh Mortar

Effects of Glass Aggregate in Slump Test

As the results of the slump test shown in Table 6, it can be observed that the

slump values gradually decrease when the amount of waste glass ratio increases

comparison to the controlled mix. As shown in Figure 16, the slump values of waste glass

specimens containing 5%, 15% and 20% of the slump were 71.12mm, 60.96mm, and

40.64mm, respectively. Due to decrease in slump values, it can be attributed to the poor

geometry of the fineness modulus. In a previous study, Gautham et al. (2012) discovered

that increasing the ratio of waste glass reduces concrete slump because waste glass
 26

aggregates had sharper and more angular grain and were larger than sands, resulting in

less fluidity.

Table 6. Slump Test Result

Mix W/C Slump (mm)

Control Mix 0.50 81.28
5% Replacement 0.50 71.12
15% Replacement 0.50 60.96
20% Replacement 0.50 40.64

Slump (mm)

90
80
70
60
50 81.28
40 71.12
60.96
30 40.64
20
10
0
CONTROL MIX 5% GA 15% GA 20% GA

Contents of Waste Glass

Figure 16. Result of Slump Test

Effects of Glass Aggregate in Unit Weight Test

The results of unit weight test for all mixes are presented in Table 7. The results

shown in Figure 17 demonstrate the tendency of the unit weight values (density) to

decrease as the waste glass ratio increases relative to controlled mix, due to the lower

specific gravity of glass aggregate as compared with natural fine aggregate (sand).

Table 7. Fresh Density for All Mixes

 27

Mix MC MM VM Df
(Mass of mold (Mass of (Volume of (Fresh unit
filled with mold) mold) weight of
concrete) concrete)
Control mix 23.98 10.5 0.00530 2542.7
5% 23.76 10.5 0.00530 2501.2
15% 23.53 10.5 0.00530 2459.1
20% 22.89 10.5 0.00530 2337.1

Fresh unit weight kg/m³

2550

2500

2450

2400

2350

2300

2250

2200
Control 5% 15% 20%

Figure 17. Fresh Unit Weight for All Mixes

Hardened Mortar

Effects of Glass Aggregate in Compressive Strength Test

The compressive strengths of the controlled and waste glass concrete mixes at the

age of 7 days are presented in Table 8. The comparison between the values of the

compressive strength for the same mixes is shown in Figure 18. The development of

compressive strength with time for controlled mix and mixes containing 5%, 15% and
 28

20% of glass aggregate as partial replacements of the sand is shown in Figure 19. It can

be shown that in the age of 7 days the compressive strength of concrete increases with the

addition of waste glass. Hence, from the specimens been conducted only 20% obtained

the strength required or passed in the result of 75% of the control mix.

Table 8. Compressive Strength (psi) Results for all Mixes

Mix Compressive Strength (psi) at ages of 7 Days

Control Mix 2289.97

5% Waste Glass 1329.66

15% Waste Glass 1676.85

20% Waste Glass 1867.27

Compressive Strength Psi

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Control Mix 5% GA 15% GA 20% GA

7 days

Figure 18. Comparison between the Values of the Compressive

Strength for All Mixes
 29

Compressive Strength Psi

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
Control Mix 5% GA 15% GA 20% GA

7 days

Figure 19. Compressive Strength Development for Controlled Mix and Mixes Containing
Different Glass Aggregate Replacements

Effects of Glass Aggregate in Water Absorption Test

The water absorption test results for all mixes at the age of 7 days are presented in

Table 9. When compared to the controlled mix, increasing the proportion of glass

aggregate in mixes decreased water absorption. The water absorption test result for

concrete containing waste glass as fine aggregate in various ratios are depicted in Figure

20. Similar to M. Iqbal Malik, et al. (July 2013).

 30

Table 9. Water Absorption Result for all Mixes

Mix W1 W2 Water Absorption (%) at

(Weight of the (Weight of the ages of 7 Days
saturated sample dry sample (24
in air) hours))
Control Mix 13.408 12.7 5.57

5% Waste Glass 13.357 12.68 5.34

15% Waste Glass 13.208 12.56 5.16

20% waste Glass 12.645 12.05 4.93

Water Absorption (%)

5.6
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.6
Control mix 5% 15% 20%

7 days

Figure 20. Comparison between the Values of the Water

Absorption for All Mixes
 31

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This study was conducted at the DEBESMSCAT, Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate on

April 2022 to May 2022. The objective of the study was: to examine the properties of the

concrete that contains finely crushed waste glass; to investigate the feasibility of using

waste glass as a fine aggregate replacement in concrete; and to discover what proportion

of replacement (5%, 15%, or 20%) results in high concrete strength, and it was conducted

at the DPWH, Masbate City on May 2022.

The results for all experimental conducted shows that none of all replacement

proportion exceeded to the target strength which is the control mix strength, all

replacement strength is weaker than the controlled mix. In compressive strength with 5%,

15% and 20% crushed waste glass replacement of sand gives 41.94%, 26.77% and

18.46% lower compressive strength than controlled concrete respectively. But neither of

that, it is clearly specified that the compressive strength of 20% crushed waste glass

passed, according to AASHTO which gives 75% passing rate of strength as of 7 days in

age.

Conclusions

Based on the results of this study, which involved partially replacing waste glass

as fine aggregate in concrete, the following conclusions can be highlighted and

summarized:
 32

1. Characteristic of concrete with increasing of waste glass content, the fine

aggregate became absorbent and due to that the cement compaction to the coarse

aggregate decreases. Honey comb observed in physical property of concrete

during the compaction of fresh mortar and after 24 hours of hardening.

2. With increasing waste glass content, the slump of concrete using waste glass as a

fine aggregate replacement reduced. In spite of reduction in the slump values of

mixes containing glass aggregate, they have good workability. When natural fine

aggregate is replaced at 5%, 15%, and 20%, the slump value is reduced by 12.5

percent, 25 percent, and 50 percent, respectively, compared to the control mix.

3. Unit weight test of concrete with a respective ratio of crushed waste glass as

partial replacement as fine aggregate decreased in density compared to control

mix. As mass of mold with concrete decreases the fresh unit weight of concrete

also decreases, this happens because of the water absorption that with increase of

ratio of crushed waste glass the volume of water decreases.

4. Compressive strength of the concrete with partial replacement of sand by finely

crushed waste glass increased with the increment ratios of waste glass.

Compressive strength of all concrete with partial replacement of sand by finely

crushed waste glass is lower compared to controlled mix. Compressive strength at

7-days concrete age with 5%, 15% and 20% crushed waste glass replacement of

sand gives 41.94%, 26.77% and 18.46% lower compressive strength than

controlled concrete respectively. But neither of that, it is clearly specified that the

compressive strength of 20% crushed waste glass replacement of sand passed,

 33

according to AASHTO which gives 75% passing rate of strength as of 7 days in

age.

5. Water absorption decreases with increase in waste glass aggregate ratio. Water

absorption with 5%, 15%, and 20% of GA replacement gives the reduction of

4.13%, 7.36% and 11.5% respectively at 7-days age, relative to control mix. On

the other hand, all mixes showed decrease in water absorption with age, therefore

the porosity of the concrete will decrease as well.

Recommendation

Waste glass was used as a fine aggregate replacement in concrete in this study,

with different percentages of replacements used. The results indicate that a 20% waste

glass sand replacement is appropriate, with good mechanical and chemical qualities after

7 days. The effect of waste glass on the long-term durability of concrete is studied with

recommendations. The following are some suggestions:

1. Study the performance of concrete containing waste glass over the required

maximum number of days.

2. Study the durability of concrete containing waste glass at the maximum day(s)

required.

3. Study the fire resistance of the waste glass-filled concrete.

4. Conduct other test for determining the strength of a concrete using crushed

waste glass.

5. Investigate and study the alternative ways to lessen the cost of producing the

material to be used as replacement including the cost of equipment.

 34

REFERENCES
 35

REFERENCES

Ammash, H., Muhammed, M. and Nahhab, A. (2009). “Using of waste glass as fine
aggregate in concrete”, Al-Qadisiya Journal for Engineering Sciences Vol. 2.

Bashar,T. and Nounu,G. (2007), Properties of concrete contains mixed colour waste
recycled glass as sand and cement replacement, Construction and Building
Materials, vol 22, pp. 713–720

Caljun shi and keren zheng, (December 2007). “A review on the use of waste glasses in
the production of cement and concrete”. Resources Conservation and Recycling.
52: 234-247. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.01.013

Concrete Technology Unit. (2003), Realizing a High-Value Sustainable Recycling

Solution to the Glass Cullet Surplus, Guidance for the Use of Crushed or
Powdered Glass in Concrete, University of Dundee, Dundee, DTI Research
Contract No.GW-12.10-108.

Du, H., and Tan, K.H., (2014). “Effect of particle size on alkali-silica reaction in recycled
glass mortars”. Construction and Building Materials 66:275-285.
Dio:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.092

Gagg, Colin R. (1 May 2014). "Cement and concrete as an engineering material: An

historic appraisal and case study analysis". Engineering Failure Analysis. 40:
114–140. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.004. ISSN 1350-6307

Hadlington S. (2002), Recycling Beyond the Glass Ceiling, report for the
Independent.co.uk. http://www.glassonweb.com

Harrison, E., Berenjian, A., and Seifan, M. (2020). “Recycling of waste glass as
aggregate in cement-based materials”. School of Engineering, Faculty of Science
and Engineering, The University of Waiko. Hamilton, New Zealand, volume 4
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2020.100064

Malik, M., Bashir, M., Ahmad, S., Tariq, T., Chowdhary, U. (July. 2013). “Study of
Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregates”, IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) Vol. 3, Issue 7 PP 08-13.

Meyer, C, and Baxter, S. (2001) “Use of recycled glass for concrete masonry blocks.
Final report”. United States: N. Columbia Univ., Dept. of Civil Engineering and
Engineering Mechanics, New York, NY (United States); New York State Energy
Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY (United States); Bridge
 36

Contracting, Staten Island, NY (United States). PB-98-158934/XAB TRN:

82432437

Meyer, C. (2000), ―Glass Concrete‖, Concrete Materials Research at Columbia

University, ACI Materials Journal, pp 3-7.

Park, S.B., Lee, B.C. and Kim, J.H. (2004). Studies on mechanical properties of
concrete containing waste glass aggregate, Cement and Concrete Research, vol
34, pp 2181–2189.

Paul Christopher Kimali Kioko (2021). “An Assessment into the Use of Crushed Glass as
Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregates” International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology. Volume 10, Issue 02 (February 2021) ISSN: 2278-
0181

Reindl, J. (2003), Report by Recycling Manager, Reuse/Recycling of Glass Cullet for

Non-Container Uses, Dane County Department of Public Works.

Shao, Y., Lefort, T., Moras, S. and Rodriguez, D. (2000), Studies on Concrete Containing
Ground Waste Glass, Cement and Concrete Research, vol 30, pp.91-100

Shayan, A. and Xu, A. (2006), Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in

concrete, a field trial on concrete slabs, Cement and Concrete Research 36
(3),457–468.

Shehata I., Varzavand, S., Elsawy, A. and Fahmy, M. (2005), The Use of Solid Waste
Materials as Fine Aggregate Substitutes in Cementitious Concrete Composites,
University of Northern Iowa, Department of Industrial Technology.

Vasudevan, G., and Pillay, S. (2013) “Performance of Using Waste Glass Powder in
Concrete as Replacement of Cement” American Journal of Engineering Research
(AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936 Volume-02, Issue-12, pp-175-
181

Weitz T. (2005), Counties reap benefits from reclaimed glass in aggregate base, Cement
and Concrete Research, vol 24, pp. 342–353.

Yixin Shao, Thibaut Lefort, Shylesh Moras, et al. (January 2000). “Studies on concrete
containing ground waste glass”. Cement and Concrete Research 30(1):91-100.
doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00213-6
 37

A P P E N D I C E S
 38

Appendix A

DR. EMILIO B. ESPINOSA, SR. MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY POLICY

I. Definitions
A. Inventions - All inventions, discoveries, computer programs, software, and/or code, methods, uses,
products or combinations, whether or not patented or patentable at any time under RA 8293
(Known as Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines) as now
B. Creations - Written creations, recorded creations, arts and crafts, mediated creations.
a. Written Creations - All literary, dramatic, and musical materials or works and all other reference
materials or works including computer programs and software and/or code, published or unpublished,
whether or not copyrighted or copyrightable at any time under RA 8293 as now existing or hereafter
amended or supplemented.
b. Recorded Creations - All sound, visual, audio-visual, and television films (e.g., documentary,
animations, etc.), disks, tapes, software and/or codes, recordings or transcription, published or
unpublished, whether or not copyright or copyrightable at any time under RA 8293 as now existing or
hereafter amended or supplemented.
c. Arts and Crafts - Paintings, sculptures, weavings, prints, and other art and crafts whether or not
copyrighted or copyrightable at any time under RA 8293 as now existing or hereafter amended or
supplemented.
d. Mediated Creations - Technology-based academic materials developed for live or delayed
communication via video, audio, CD-ROM, computer, internet, or other electronic means now known
or hereafter developed, including the software developed to support electronic instructional content
for both credit and non-credit courses.
C. College Personnel – Part-time and full-time (paid or unpaid) faculty, staff, and student employees of
DEBESMSCAT.
D. Inventors - College personnel who have developed inventions.
E. Creators - College personnel who have developed creations.
F. Originator - An inventor and/ or creator.
G. Disclosure - A reporting of an invention or creation.

II. College' Right in Inventions and Creations

A. General - Domestic and foreign right to certain inventions and creations developed by the College
personnel in performing the duties of their employment by the College or through their substantial
use of facilities or funds provided by the College shall be assigned to the College creator(s). Right
of College personnel in invention(s) and creation(s) are provided in a subsequent section of this
statement of Policy.
B. College Funds and facilities - Funds and facilities provided by government, commercial, industrial, or
other public or private organizations and administered and controlled by the College shall be
considered to be funds and facilities provided by the College.
C. Substantial Use - The College recognizes and reaffirms the traditional academic freedom of its faculty to
engage in scholarly activity and to publish freely without restriction. In keeping with this
philosophy, the College will not construe the payment of salary from unrestricted funds, nor the
provision of office or library facilities, as constituting substantial use of college facilities or funds
(as this term is used in paragraphs A, D, E and F of this section) except for those situations where
the funds were paid specifically to support the development of an invention(s) and/or creation(s).
D. Inventions - The right of the College and its faculty and staff to ownership and disposition of inventions
are defined in terms of the categories summarized below:
 39

1. Sponsored Work – Right to inventions which are subject to the terms of a sponsored research or
other agreement between the College and a third party are subject to the terms of the applicable
agreement, or, in the absence of such terms, the right to the inventions shall be assigned to the
College pursuant to a revenue sharing plan for inventor(s).
2. Substantial Use of Funds or Facilities - Right to inventions involving the substantial use of
funds or facilities administered by the College, but without any College obligations to third
parties ini connection with such support, are to be assigned to the College pursuant to a revenue
sharing plan for the inventor(s).
3. Without Substantial Use of Funds or Facilities - The College does not assert any right to
inventions not involving the substantial use of funds or facilities administered by the College
and not a part of the employee's College duties.
E. Copyrightable Materials: General
The right of the College and its faculty and staff to ownership and disposition of copyrightable
materials are defined in terms of the categories summarized below:
1. Sponsored Work - Right to copyrightable materials (including software, but excluding theses
and dissertations) which are subject to the terms of a sponsored research or other agreement
between the College and a third party are subject to the terms of the applicable agreement, or, in
the absence of such terms, the right to the copyrightable materials shall be assigned to the
College pursuant to a revenue sharing plan for the creator(s).
2. Substantial Use of Funds or Facilities - Right to copyrightable materials (Including software,
but excluding theses and dissertations) involving the substantial use of funds or facilities
administered by the College, but without any College obligations to third parties in connection
with such support, are to be assigned to the College pursuant to a revenue sharing plan for the
creator(s). The right to textbooks ad monographs; other teaching materials, including software
developed to support instruction; scholarly and literary publications; and arts and crafts remain
with the creator unless such work have been commissioned by the College or have been
developed under a sponsored agreement as outlined in paragraph E.1 above.
3. Without Substantial Use of Funds or Facilities - The college does not assert any right to
copyrightable materials (including software, but excluding theses and dissertations). Prepared
substantial use of college funds or facilities.
4. Publication of Theses and Dissertations - A student must, as a condition of a degree award,
grant royalty-free permission to the College to reproduce and publicly distribute, including by
electronic and digital technologies known today or developed in the future, on a non-
commercial basis, copies of the thesis or dissertation.
5.Ex tension and Public Service Agencies - The University retains all right to copyrightable
materials developed by staff of its extension and public service agencies as a part of their
routine employment duties.
STATEMENT OF POLICY IN PATENTS, COPYRIGHT, AND OTHER INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
The DEBESMSCAT (referred to as college in this policy) has functioned reasonably well for
many years without a comprehensive policy on Patents, Copyright, and Other Intellectual Property. Recent
developments in research however, have pointed to the need to develop a more specific policy at this time.
These developments include: (1) changes in law that allow colleges and universities to retain ownership of
invention and copyrightable materials developed in the course of research and requiring the establishment
of procedures for disclosing and developing such inventions and materials; (2) a heightened interest by
private government companies in sponsoring research at universities and colleges, and the need for the
College to establish a negotiating position on the ownership of the outcomes of such research; (3) a
heightened interest on the part of faculty and staff in commercial development of their credit and non-credit
instructional creations and the outcomes of their research; (4) the obligation of the College to support the
economic development of its service community by encouraging such commercialization of research
outcomes, while maintaining the freedom and integrity of the College' instructional and research programs.
By explicitly identifying the right of the College, its faculty and stuff, and external research
sponsors, this policy, it is hoped, will enhance the research thrust of DEBESMSCAT; provide rewards to
faculty and staff; promote the economic welfare of its service community; and protect the traditions of
academic freedom, the open dissemination of research findings, and institutional independence.
General Policy on Patents, Copyright, and other Intellectual Property
 40

The goals of the DEBESMSCAT Policy on Patents, Copyright, and other Intellectual Property is
to promote the progress in agricultural researches, teacher education, science and technology, and the arts
and the development of the College and faculty through the provisions of an established policy. Patents,
copyright, and licensing of intellectual property provide a means for developing and using inventions and
creations. This Statement of Policy has been established to ensure that those creative developments in
which the College has an equity interest will be used in a manner most likely to benefit the public and at the
same time provide compensation to those faculty and staff who invent and create.

To accomplish the above goal, the College holds that it should seek to:
1. Assist the faculty and staff in the compensation of their products.
2. Make inventions and creations resulting from the efforts of the College personnel available to
industry and the public on an affective and non-discriminatory basis; and
3. Obtain revenue for faculty and staff who invent and create and for the College for use in
furthering its educational and research goals.
F. Copyrightable Materials - Mediated Course Materials
The right of the University and its faculty and staff to ownership and disposition of mediated
course materials are shown below. When an employee develops mediated course materials without
substantial use of college funds, facilities, and/ or other employees, ownership of the materials belongs to
the creator, who retains the copyright and the right to update, edit, or otherwise revise the mediated course
materials and to place time limit upon the use of the materials. Ordinary access to libraries, computers,
networks, and course management systems does not constitute substantial use; see E-2 above. Delivery
systems and other supporting materials supplies by the other college employees shall remain the property of
the College where it is practical to separate them from the course content materials supplies by the creator.
The right to control distribution is a right of ownership. However, creators shall not distribute, sell,
license or lease the mediated course materials to third parties, or permit the use, advertisement, or
promotion of course materials with the College' name, logo, or other identifier by third parties, in a manner
that might constitute a conflict of interest with the College, unless such action has been approved by the
College Board of Trustees (BOT).
It is understood that faculty members routinely develop and enhance their courses as part of their
ordinary employment at the College. However, when a College employee is given specific direction from
the College as a special assignment contractual arrangement, and/or within the scope of his/her
employment to create or enhance specific mediated course materials, a contract signed by an authorized
College official and the employee(s) shall define in writing the right of financial interest that might accrue
in the creation, and the parties' right of approval over licenses, patents, and copyright.
III. College Contracts with Third Parties
DEBESMSCAT has the sole right to make provisions for ownership and disposition of rights to
inventions and creations resulting from college contract with third parties.
IV. Statement of DEBESMSCAT IP Policy for Inclusion in Research Proposals and
Contract/Agreements
The statement (contained in Appendix B of this manual) regarding the College Policy on Patents,
Copyright, and other Intellectual Property shall be included in research proposals and contracts/agreements
unless the BOT has approved exceptions to this policy in writing.
V. Statement of Disclosure as Required for College Research Proposals and
Contracts/Agreements
The Director for Research is responsible for insuring that a statement similar to that found in
Appendix c of this manual is included on a form submitted with each proposal or contract/agreement. All
faculty and staff members who will be participating in the project should sign the proposal or
contract/agreement submittal form.
VI. Disclosure of Inventions and Creations
Any invention(s) and creation(s) of potential commercial value, except those excluded by the
provisions of this Statement shall be disclosed by the originator(s) in accordance with procedures
established in the operating policy of this statement. The originator(s) shall work closely with the IPR
Coordinator of the College to whom the College assigns rights to such inventions and creations in pursuing
applications for patents or registering of copyrights as well as in the pursuit of licensing. Likewise, research
manuscript (raw data sheets) shall be submitted to the Research and Development Office.
VII. Assistance for Inventions and Creations in which the College Claims No Rights
 41

The college will provide assistance upon request to college personnel who have developed
invention(s) or creation(s) in which the College does not otherwise claim any rights. The assistance
provided will be the same as that for inventions and creations in which the College asserts rights. In order
to receive such assistance, the originator(s) shall be required to assign rights to such inventions and
creations to the College pursuant to a revenue sharing plan for the inventor (s) and/or creator(s).
VIII. Disposing of Inventions and Creations
DEBESMSCAT has the sole right to license, sell, or otherwise dispose of the rights in inventions
and creations, which have been assigned to the College.
IX. Assignment of Developments of Potential Commercial Value
The generally policy of the College is to assign the title to invention and creations of potential
commercial value that will be handled by the Office of the IPR Coordinator to commercialize the product
on behalf of the College. The IPR Office was created to assist faculty and staff of DEBESMSCAT in
obtaining patents and copyrights on their inventions and creations and to make available a portion of the
income from such inventions or creation for promoting and encouraging further research ad scholarly work.
The IPR Office has the right to make assignments with third parties to pursue commercial development or
may return all rights to the inventor or creator. However, assignment of an invention or creation to an
organization other than the College IPR Office requires the approval of the originator. The College will
establish procedures to ensure that originators are kept informed of actions taken to commercialize their
inventions and creations, and to encourage originators to advise the IPR Office of potential avenues for
commercial development of their inventions or creations.
X. Publication
To fulfil the College' obligations as a publicly aided educational institution, researchers should
serve a public rather that a private purpose and the results should be disseminated on a nondiscriminatory
basis. The College encourages studies whose results can be freely published. The college recognizes that
the legitimate propriety concerns of private research sponsors and the effective commercialization of
research outcomes may require limited delays in publication. Where appropriate, publications can be
deferred for a negotiated period of time in order to protect patent right. Similarly, on those occasions in
which the College has accepted a sponsor's proprietary information as necessary background data for a
research project, the sponsors may review proposed publications in order to identify any inadvertent
disclosure of those specific data.
XI. Licensing
When the college enters into licensing agreements with third parties, it prefers that nonexclusive
royalty-bearing licenses be granted to all qualified licensees. However, an exclusive license may be granted
if it is determined that such a grant is required in the public interest to encourage the marketing and
eventual public use of the invention or creation.
XII. Publicity
A sponsor shall not use the name of the College or reference to the College in any form of
publicity without prior written approval from the College.
XIII. Binding Agreement
This Statement of Policy as amended from time to time shall be part of the conditions of
employment of every faculty, staff and student employee of the University. All employees are subject to
any changes to this Statement made subsequent to employment.
XIV. Assisting Faculty and Staff
As a part of their normal administrative duties, the department administrators will assist the
faculty and staff in realizing the benefits of this policy.
XV. Waiver or Release of College' Right
The College may elect to waive any claim of ownership under this policy. If the College asserts a
claim of ownership, but elects not to seek a patent or copyright or otherwise pursue commercial
development for an invention or creation to which it has been assigned right, it will promptly release its
right to such invention or creation back to the originator.
XVI. Effective Date and Amendments
This Statement of Policy shall become effective upon after evaluation by the Research and
Development Council (RDC) of the College, elevated to the Administrative Council for final review and
endorsement to the Board of Trustees of DEBESMSCAT for approval. It may be amended by the Board of
 42

Trustees upon the recommendation of any member of the DEBESMSCAT BOT following
consultation and approval of the DEBESMSCAT Administrative Council.

OPERATING POLICY ON PATENTS, COPYRIGHT, AND OTHER INTELLECTUAL

PROPERTY
I. Committee on Patents, Copyright, and other Intellectual Property (PCIP)

A. Organization
The PCIP Committee shall consist of the Vice President of Academic Affairs, the director for
Research, the Dean of Graduate School, and the IPR Coordinator. The Vice President for Academic Affairs
will serve as the chairperson of the PCIP Committee. The Committee may elect such other officers, as it
deems necessary. The IPR Coordinator shall act as the Executive Secretary of the Committee and will be
responsible for keeping appropriate written records of its proceedings and actions.
B. Determination by the PCIP Committee The PCIP Committee shall determine:
1. When the right in and to inventions and creations must be assigned to the College under the
provisions of this Statement of Policy pursuant to a revenue sharing plan for inventor(s) and
creator(s).
2. The extent, if any, to which the invention or creation was developed by College personnel
performing the duties of their employment of through their substantial use of facilities or funds
provided by the College.
3. Whether in the interest of fairness to the originator(s), or for any other reason, the College
should waive or release any or all of its right in a particular invention or creation.
4.Whether more than one individual is entitled to right in any invention or creation.
5. The manner in which the right in inventions and creations of college personnel as a group shall
be divided among the individual’s constitution the group, provided, however, that if such
individuals shall have reached agreement among themselves, such agreement shall be
controlling.
6. The appropriate assignment of inventions or creations.
C. Sponsored Project in cases of inventions or creations developed in the course of sponsored project,
determinations of the Committee shall be subject to the provisions of any contacts to which the
College is a party.
D. Assignment of Inventions and Creations by the College The PCIP Committee has the responsibility to
make assignments of the College right in inventions and creations in accordance with Section VIII
of the General Policy.
II. Procedure
A. Disclosure of Inventions and Creations
The College personnel shall promptly disclose all right in inventions and creations, which may be
assigned to the College under the provisions of this statement of Policy, in writing to the Committee. The
disclosure shall be through the department head, director, dean, or the Research and Development Services
Director or through an appropriate procedure prescribed by the R and D Office. If more than one individual
participated in the discovery or development, the disclosure shall be signed by all participants. The
disclosure shall be in accordance with the guideline provided by the PCIP Committee. The participants
shall furnish additional information as needed and shall assist the PCIP Committee in the execution of the
necessary documents from time to time to facilitate the commercialization of inventions and creations.
College personnel. Who question whether rights in a specific invention(s) and/or creation (s) must be
assigned to the College under this Statement of Policy shall request in writing a determination by the PCIP
Committee. The Request shall be made through the Director of Research and Development Services.
B. Action by the Committee
The committee shall promptly consider all disclosure of inventions and creations and request for a
determination of right and shall make the determination required within a reasonable time. The College
personnel involved in the disclosure shall be entitled to appear before the Committee and present evidence
with respect to the disclosure. The Committee's determination shall be made in writing and shall contain a
statement of its finding and ground for decision.
C. Review of Committee Action
 43

Actions of the PCIP Committee may be appealed in writing through the SUC President to the
Board of Trustees.
ROLE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SERVICES IN THE OPERATIONALIZATION
OF THE DEBESMSCAT IP POLICY
The DEBESMSCAT Research and Development Services is one of the arms of DEBESMSCAT
created to provide services along DEBESMSCAT on research. One of its purposes is to promote and
manage research and technology commercialization within the College, including assistance to faculty and
staff in the procurement of patents and registering of copyright and the licensing thereof to support research
at the various institute in the Undergraduate Programs and in the Graduate School.
Relative to this function, the following specific policies are adopted for its operation:
1. The research and Development Services shall create an IP Office that (a) shall function as
coordinator of patenting, licensing, and/or copyright of inventions and creations developed by
the College employees and students; (b) shall coordinate with PCIP on matters pertaining to
policies of the College on IPR. IP Office shall function through an IP Coordinator that shall be
designated by the Office of the President following recommendation from the Director of
Research and Development Services Office that shall commence duty upon approval of the
BOT.
2. When a potential patent or copyright is development by the College employee (hereafter
referred to as originator), it is the policy of the R&D Office to offer the originator an agreement,
whereby if a patent or copyright is obtained in the name of the originator it will be assigned to
the College, with any resulting income to be shared with the originator.
3. If the potential patent or copyright was developed using College time or facilities, the
College will share with the originator at the originator's option, either 15% of any gross income
resulting, or 50% of any net income resulting after all costs of obtaining, defending, licensing,
and administering the patent or copyright have been paid.
At the Originator's request, the office will:
a. Investigate diligently the patentability, sustainability for copyright registration, and commercial
potential of all inventions and creations so assigned.
b. Obtain patents or register copyright on those outcomes deemed patentable or suitable for
copyright, and or potential commercial value, or, alternatively, to arrange for direct commercial
development without patent protection or copyright registration where this appears to be more
attractive option.
1. In determining distributions for research support, it shall be the policy of the Office to
allocate to each institute, 50% of the Office available net income resulting from
patents, copyrights, discoveries and developments originating from that institute.
The remaining 50% of the College’ net income may be allocated to the administration of
other research incentives and rewards gran for the purpose of encouraging and
developing multi-campus research incentives.
2. It shall be the policy of the R&D Office through its IPR Unit to maintain its operating
expenses at the lowest feasible level consistent with prudent management of its
resources and effective service to faculty and staff of the College.
3. For the privilege of acting as the patent, copyright and licensing agent for
DEBESMSCAT, the R&D Unit shall provide the following services.
a. Investigate diligently the patentability, suitability for copyright registration, and
commercial potential of all inventions and creations so assigned.
b. Obtain patents or register copyright on those outcomes deemed patentable or
suitable for copyright, and of potential commercial value, or, alternatively, to
arrange for direct commercial development without patent protection or
copyright registration where this appears to be a more attractive option.
c. Pursue an active licensing program for its inventions and creations. The normal
mechanism for transfer of technology is a non-exclusive license. Where required
for the effective development of inventions and creations to the point of
commercial availability, however, DBESMSCAT will negotiate exclusive
license for a limited term.
 44

Appendix B

STATEMENT OF DISCLOSURE

It is understood that all discoveries, inventions and other intellectual property

made of received in performance of work on this project will be the property of

DEBESMSCAT or in accordance with the contract terms for this project, college policies

and procedures are designed to assure that the interests of the inventor(s)/ researcher(s),

the college, and the sponsors are taken into consideration; and the principal

investigator(s) will furnish prompt and full disclosure of inventions/ research findings

made during performance of this project to the Research and Development Service

Office.

ANTHONY Y. BARRERA
Student Researcher

APRIL ROSE Y. TIU

Student Researcher

RECHELL M. ROCHA
Student Researchers
 45

Source: DEBESMSCAT Research and Development Services Quality

Management System Manual (2015)

Appendix C

THE GANTT CHART

Work
March April May
Activity
Week 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Outline
Proposal
Preparation
Approval to
conduct of
the study
Procurement
of the
materials for
the study
Producemen
t of the
Specimens
for the study
Curing in 7
days
Preparation
of the
Specimens
for the
Compressive
Testing
Machine
Testing of
the
Specimens in
the
Compressive
Machine
 46

Final
Defense

Appendix D

LETTER REQUEST TO START THE STUDY

Republic of the Philippines

DR. EMILIO B. ESPINOSA, SR. MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE
OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Masbate State College)
http://www.debesmscat.edu.ph
Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate

March 03, 2022

The Chairman and Members

Thesis Committee
Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering

Sir/Madam:

Good Day:

The undersigned BS-Civil Engineering students would like to ask approval to start the conduct of this
undergraduate thesis, entitled “PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE BLOCK; THE USE
OF WASTE GLASS AS FINE AGGREGATE” on March 04, 2022.

Your approval on this request is highly appreciated.

Thank you very much.

Respectfully yours,

ANTHONY Y. BARRERA APRIL ROSE Y. TIU RECHELL M. ROCHA

Researchers, BSCE-4

Attested:

SHENNIE B. VILLANUEVA, RCE

Adviser

Recommending Approval:
 47

NACEL C. ALTIZON, RCE-MSc REYNALD I. MALAG, RCE-Ph.D

Member Member

JOHN LOWELL CORDERO, RCE

Member

Approved:
ROEL A. YBAÑEZ, RCE-MSc
Chairman

Appendix D

LETTER REQUEST TO END THE STUDY

Republic of the Philippines

DR. EMILIO B. ESPINOSA, SR. MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE
OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Masbate State College)
http://www.debesmscat.edu.ph
Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate

May 03, 2022

The Chairman and Members

Thesis Committee
Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering

Sir/Madam:

Good Day

The undersigned BS-Civil Engineering students would like to ask approval to start the conduct of this
undergraduate thesis, entitled “PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE BLOCK; THE USE
OF WASTE GLASS AS FINE AGGREGATE” on May 04, 2022.

Your approval on this request is highly appreciated.

Thank you so much.

Respectfully yours,

ANTHONY Y. BARRERA APRIL ROSE Y. TIU RECHELL M. ROCHA

Researchers, BSCE-4

Attested:

SHENNIE B. VILLANUEVA, RCE

Adviser
 48

Recommending Approval:

NACEL C. ALTIZON, RCE-MSc REYNALD I. MALAG, RCE-Ph.D

Member Member

JOHN LOWELL CORDERO, RCE

Member

Approved:
ROEL A. YBAÑEZ, RCE-MSc
Chairman

Appendix E

DETAILED SOLUTION OF TEST RESULT

Unit Weight
Mc-Mm
Df =
Vm

Control Mix
23.98-10.5
Df =
0.00530
Df = 2542.7 kg /m 3

5% Water Glass Replacement

23.76-10.5
Df =
0.00530
Df = 2501.2 kg /m 3

15% Water Glass Replacement

23.53-10.5
Df =
0.00530
Df = 2459.1 kg /m 3

20% Water Glass Replacement

22.89-10.5
Df =
0.00530
Df = 2337.1 kg /m 3

Water Absorption
W 1−W 2
A(%)= × 100
W2
 49

Control Mix
13.408−12.7
A(%)= ×100
12.7
A(%)= 5.57%

5% Waste Glass Replacement

13.357−12.68
A(%)= ×100
12.68
A(%)= 5.34%

15% Waste Glass Replacement

13.208−12.56
A(%)= ×100
12.56
A(%)= 5.16%

20% Waste Glass Replacement

12.645−12.05
A(%)= ×100
12.05
A(%)= 4.93%

Appendix Table F

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OF PORTLAND CEMENT

Chemical Composition
Oxide Content %
CaO 63.17
SiO2 19.98
Al2 O3 5.17
Fe 2 O3 3.27
MgO 0.79
SO 3 2.38
Total Alkalis 0.9
L.O.I. 1.88
I.R. 1.47
L.S.F. 0.87

Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Portland Cement

 50

Main Compounds (Bogue’s equation)

C3 S 59.09
C2 S 12.71
C3 A 8.18
C4 AF 9.94

Appendix Table G

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

Modulus
Lime Saturation Factor 0.96
Silica Modulus 2.37
Iron Modulus 1.58

Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Portland Cement

Physical Properties
Compressive Strength, N/mm 2
3 Days, MPa 38
7 Days, MPa 46
28 Days, MPa 56

Sieve Analysis of 20 mm Coarse Aggregate

Sieve size % Passing by Weight ASTM Standard Specifications
(mm)
 51

19.5 mm 100 100

12.5 mm 93.4 90-100
9.5 mm 67.1 40-70
4.75 mm 9.38 0-15
2.36 mm 0.62 0-5

Appendix Table H

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE

Sieve Size (mm) % Passing by Weight ASTM Standard Specifications

4.75 98.56 95-100
2.36 91.31 80-100
1.18 62.15 50-85
0.60 33.12 25-60
0.30 8.6 5-30
0.15 0.85 0-10
Fineness modulus = 2.95

Grading of Waste Glass

Sieve size Mass % Retained % Cumulative % ASTM standard
(mm) Retained Passing age retained Specification
(grams)
4.75 0 0 100 0 95-100
2.36 1.7 0.17 99.83 0.17 80-100
1.18 357.7 35.77 64.04 35.94 50-85
 52

0.60 230.9 23.09 40.97 59.03 25-60

0.30 200.2 20.02 20.95 79.05 5-30
0.15 113.2 11.32 9.63 90.37 0-10
Pan 96.3 9.63 0 0 0
264.56

Appendix Table I

MIX PROPORTION

No. Mix W/C Amount of Coarse Fine Fine

ratio Cement Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
(kg/m 3 ) (kg/m 3 ) (kg/m 3 ) Glass
(kg/m 3 )
1. Control Mix 0.50 6 24 12 0

2. 5% 0.50 6 24 11.4 0.6

Replacement
3. 15% 0.50 6 24 10.2 1.8
Replacement
4. 20% 0.50 6 24 9.6 2.4
Replacement
 53

Appendix Figure J

SEQUENCES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES

Portland Cement
 54

Coarse Aggregate

Appendix Figure K

SEQUENCES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SAMPLES

Fine Aggregate
 55

Glass Aggregate

Appendix L

MANUALLY CRUSHING WASTE GLASS

 56

Appendix Figure M

SIEVING CRUSHED GLASS AGGREGATE

 57

Appendix Figure N

PREPARATION OF MOLDS
 58

Mixture Proportioning

Molding
 59

Mixing Process
 60

Appendix Figure O

CASTING OF SPECIMEN

Curing the Specimen

 61

Appendix Figure P

SLUMP TEST

Compression Testing Machine

 62

Appendix Figure Q

LETTER TO DPWH TO CONDUCT THE TEST

 63

Appendix R

RESULT OF COMPRESSIVE TEST

 64

CURRICULUM

VITAE
 65

Curriculum Vitae

ANTHONNY Y. BARRERA
Punta Tigbao, Magsalangi, Milagros, Masbate
Contact Number/s: (+63)9097333425
Email Address: anthonybarrera163@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:
Date of Birth : April 25, 1998
Birth Place : Milagros, Masbate
Age : 24
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : English, Tagalog, Minasbate
Name of Father : Alberto T. Barrera
Name of Mother : Lourdes Y. Barrera

EDUCATION:

Elementary Level : Punta Tigbao Elementary School

Punta Tigbao, Magsalangi, Milagros,
Masbate
2006 - 2012

Secondary Level : Masbate School of Fisheries

Cayabon, Milagros, Masbate
2012 - 2018

Tertiary Level : Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial

State College of Agriculture and
Technology (DEBESMSCAT)
Course BS-Civil Engineering
Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate
2018 – 2022
 66

TRAININGS AND EXPERIENCES

1. Participated in the National Certificate (NCII) in Cookery in TESDA held at

Cayabon, Milagros, Masbate. December 2016.

2. Participated in the National Certificate (NCII) in Backhoe Loader, Training of

TESDA held at Bgry. Espinosa, Masbate City. October – November 2021.

3. Participated in the National Certificate (NCII) in Wheel Loader, Training of

TESDA held at Bgry. Espinosa, Masbate City. November – December 2021.

4. Elected as Senator in College of Engineering Student Council at DEBESMSCAT,

Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate.

5. Member, Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Student Chapter,

DEBESMSCAT, Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate. 2019-2021.

6. On-the-Job Trainee, Planning and Development Services, DEBESMSCAT,

Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate. June 2021.

7. Participated in Masbate Environmental Youth Leader’s Summit, held at Palani,

Balud, Masbate. February 21-23, 2020.
 67

Curriculum Vitae

RECHELL M. ROCHA
Brgy. Poblacion West, Milagros, Masbate
Contact Number/s: (+63)9107217228
Email Address: rechellrocha@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:
Date of Birth : March 7, 2000
Birth Place : Milagros, Masbate
Age : 22
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : English, Tagalog, Minasbate
Name of Father : Rosielo C. Rocha
Name of Mother : Nena M. Rocha

EDUCATION:

Elementary Level : Milagros East Central School

Poblacion East, Milagros, Masbate
2006-2012

Secondary Level : Masbate School of Fisheries

Cayabon, Milagros, Masbate
2012-2018

Tertiary Level : Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial

State College of Agriculture and
Technology (DEBESMSCAT)
Course: BS-Civil Engineering
Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate
2018-2022
 68

TRAINING AND EXPERIENCES

1. Participated in the National Certificate (NCII) in Backhoe Loader, Training of

TESDA held at Bgry. Espinosa, Masbate City. October – November 2021.

2. Member, Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Student Chapter,

DEBESMSCAT, Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate. 2019-2021.

3. On-the-Job Trainee, Planning and Development Services, DEBESMSCAT,

Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate. June 2021.
 69

Curriculum Vitae

APRIL ROSE Y. TIU

Sta. Cruz, Palanas, Masbate
Contact Number/s: (+63)9092253907
Email Address: aprilrosetiu0428@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA:
Date of Birth : April 28, 2000
Birth Place : Sta. Cruz, Palanas, Masbate
Age : 22
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language : English, Tagalog, Minasbate
Name of Father : Harry B. Tiu
Name of Mother : Rosejean Y. Tiu

EDUCATION:

Elementary Level : Sta. Cruz Elementary School

Sta. Cruz, Palanas, Masbate
2006-2012

Secondary Level : Holy Name Academy

Poblacion, Palanas, Masbate
2012-2018

Tertiary Level : Dr. Emilio B. Espinosa Sr. Memorial

State College of Agriculture and
Technology (DEBESMSCAT)
Course BS-Civil Engineering
Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate
2018-2022

TRAINING AND EXPERIENCES

1. Member, Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers Student Chapter,

DEBESMSCAT, Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate. 2019-2021.

2. On-the-Job Trainee, Planning and Development Services, DEBESMSCAT,

Cabitan, Mandaon, Masbate. June 2021.
70