CE4131 - Lecture 1

Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Khulna-9203
Email: grytansarkar@gmail.com
Web: http://www.kuet.ac.bd/ce/grytan/
Outline
•   
•      

•       

•  
•     
   
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering 17 July 2016 2
KUET, Khulna-9203
References
        
        

        
        
    
         

         
  
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Geotechnical Design Criteria
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Geotechnical Design Criteria
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Strength Criteria
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Strength Design Approach
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Overall Factor of Safety
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
According to BNBC, 2010
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Approach
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
LRFD Approach
where ρ is load factor; P is load; R is resistance; f is the performance factor; η is

a ductility, redundancy, and operational performance factor; and i is the load type,
such as dead load or live load, and the resistance type.
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
The Partial Factor of Safety
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Serviceability Criterion
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Serviceability Criteria
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Serviceability Criterion
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Design Method
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Typical Bearing Capacity
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Foundations
          
           
          
           
             
           
    
             
           ≤ 
           

           
        γ
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Foundations
          
           
          
      
              
            
           
        
            
           
     
          

            

Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Types of Foundation
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Types of Foundation

 
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Types of Foundation

Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Distribution of bearing pressure (after Taylor, 1948)
flexible foundation on clay flexible foundation on sand rigid foundation on clay
rigid foundation on sand simplified distribution
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Soil Response to a Loaded Footing
For dilating soils,
 failure corresponds to the peak shear
stress,
 failure load in dilating soils as the
collapse load.
 collapse load is the load at peak shear
stress,
 Collapse means a sudden decrease in
the bearing capacity of a soil.
For nondilating soils,
 failure corresponds to the critical state
shear stress.
 the term failure load for nondilating soils
is the load at critical state.
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Determination of Collapse Load
              
              
     σ
𝜑𝜑 ′ 𝑐𝑐
 σ
 
  𝜏𝜏 = 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢 𝑝𝑝 𝜏𝜏 = 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢
𝛿𝛿𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛 = 0 𝑝𝑝
 𝛿𝛿𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛 = 0
   𝜓𝜓𝑐𝑐
 𝜏𝜏⁄𝜎𝜎 ′ max = tan𝜑𝜑 ′ δγp δγp
𝑝𝑝
𝛿𝛿𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛 𝑝𝑝
𝜎𝜎 ′ , 𝛿𝛿𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛
𝑝𝑝
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑆𝑆𝑢𝑢 𝛿𝛿𝜀𝜀𝑛𝑛
δγp
𝜑𝜑 ′ 𝑐𝑐 𝜏𝜏 ′ , 𝛿𝛿𝛾𝛾 𝑝𝑝
(a) Undrain Loading (b) Drain Loading

Geometry of failure
1. Prandtl (1920) studied a rigid–
perfectly plastic half space loaded by
a stiff wedge that is subjected to
centric load.
2. Terzaghi (1943) applied Prandtl’s
theory to a strip footing with the
assumption that the soil is a semi-
infinite, homogeneous, isotropic,
weightless rigid–plastic material.
3. ABD is a fan with radial slip planes
stopping on a logarithmic spiral slip
plane.
4. ADE is a Rankine passive zone,
consists of slip planes oriented at
angles of 45+ f/2 and 45- f/2 to the
horizontal and vertical planes,
respectively
5. Surfaces AB and AD are frictional
sliding surfaces, and their actions
are similar to rough walls being
pushed into the soil.
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Failure Mechanism
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Types of Failure
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Types of Failure
For loose soils, the slip planes, if they developed, are expected to lie within the soil
layer below the base of the footing and extend laterally. This is called local shear
failure.
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Types of Failure
For very loose soil, the slip surfaces may be confined to the surfaces of the
rigid wedge. This type of failure is termed punching shear
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Failure of Shallow Foundations
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Improved Upper Bound Solution (Total Stress Analysis)

Wedge angle δθ
 δθ
  2𝑣𝑣0
   
Radius of  

 
  shear zone R 
   2𝑣𝑣0 
Arc length Rδθ  

  
Reference
velocity, v0
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Improved Upper Bound Solution (Effective Stress Analysis)
(π /2 tan ϕ ′ ) sin(45° + ϕ ′ / 2) (π /2 tan ϕ ′ )

 ×
cos(45° + ϕ ′ / 2) = 0
cos(45° + ϕ ′ / 2)
3
σ ′
v3x sin(45° + 𝜑𝜑′ ⁄2)
σ′
   𝜑𝜑′
 
 45° − 𝜑𝜑 ′ ⁄2 45° − 𝜑𝜑′ ⁄2
v0
2 cos(45° + ϕ ′ / 2)  
𝜑𝜑′
(π / 2 tan ϕ ′) 45° − 𝜑𝜑 ′ ⁄2 = 0
45° + 𝜑𝜑′ ⁄2 1
cos(45° + ϕ ′ / 2)
2 cos(45° + ϕ ′ / 2)
 45° + 𝜑𝜑′ ⁄2
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Improved Lower Bound Solution (Effective Stress Analysis)
𝜎𝜎 ′ f 𝜎𝜎 ′ f
𝜎𝜎 ′ f 𝜎𝜎 ′ 0
𝜎𝜎 ′ 0 𝜎𝜎 ′ 0

 

𝜎𝜎 ′1
𝜎𝜎 ′1 𝜎𝜎 ′1
 
          
      ( 0      ( 0     
             
   
𝜎𝜎 ′ 0
 
θ =π /2
𝜎𝜎 ′1      

 ( 0    
      
  
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Improved Lower Bound Solution (Effective Stress Analysis)
𝜎𝜎 ′ f
𝜏𝜏 𝜎𝜎 ′ 0

 𝜃𝜃
𝜎𝜎 ′ 1
𝜏𝜏 = 𝜎𝜎 ′ tan𝜑𝜑′ 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜎𝜎 ′ tan𝛿𝛿 

𝜎𝜎 ′1
△
D
△ 𝑡𝑡2 𝜃𝜃
△ 180 − (△ −𝛿𝛿)
△ 𝑡𝑡
𝜑𝜑 𝛿𝛿 1
B △ −𝛿𝛿 △ +𝛿𝛿 A 𝜎𝜎 ′
o 𝑠𝑠 ′1 △ +𝛿𝛿 C 𝜎𝜎 ′
1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 1
𝑠𝑠 ′ 2
𝜎𝜎 ′1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2
△ −𝛿𝛿
2
180 − (△ −𝛿𝛿) 𝜎𝜎 ′1
Zone 1 2
𝜋𝜋
𝜃𝜃 = −△
2 𝜎𝜎 ′1
Zone 2 △ +𝛿𝛿
𝜎𝜎 ′1 2
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Improved Lower Bound Solution (Total Stress Analysis)
𝜏𝜏 Plane of minor
principal total stress
𝜏𝜏𝑢𝑢 𝜏𝜏max = 𝜏𝜏𝑢𝑢
△
D 2
𝜎𝜎 ′1
𝜏𝜏
180 −△
△ △ △ 2
𝑡𝑡1 𝜋𝜋
o 𝜎𝜎 𝜃𝜃 =
2
−△
𝜎𝜎 ′1
𝑠𝑠1 C 𝑠𝑠2 △
𝜎𝜎1 in zone 2 2
Plane of major principal
𝜎𝜎 ′1 in zone 1 𝜎𝜎 ′1
total stress in zone 2
Discontinuity
Plane of major principal
Zone 1 Zone 2 total stress in zone 1
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Comparison of the Bearing Capacity Factor
Upper Bound
Total Stress 2π
Effective Stress 𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 = 𝑒𝑒 2𝜋𝜋tan𝜑𝜑
′
Lower Bound
Total Stress Nc=4
Effective Stress Nq=𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝2
Improved Upper Bound
Total Stress 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 = (2 + 𝜋𝜋)
Effective Stress 𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 = 𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋tan𝜑𝜑
′
Improved Lower Bound

Total Stress 𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 = (2 + 𝜋𝜋)
Effective Stress 𝑁𝑁𝑞𝑞 = 𝐾𝐾𝑝𝑝 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋tan𝜑𝜑
′
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Comparison of the Bearing Capacity Factor
6.29
Increasing feasibility of
5.78 failure mechanisms
Upper bound
Solution for Nc
Lower bound
5.14
5.0 Increasing feasibility of

stress discontinuities
4.83
4.0
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Comparison of Bearing Capacity Equations
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
             

   
            
          
        
         

Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Effect of Water Table
        
     γ   
        
     
Case I– = 0
       γDf    
     γ´Df (γ´     
    γ   γ  
  γ´.
Case II– 0 < ≤
        γd + (Df - d)γ´,    γ   Nγ
    γ´.
  ≤ ≤ 
               
         γ     γ  
𝑑𝑑−𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓
         𝛾𝛾,̅ or 𝛾𝛾̅ = 𝛾𝛾 ′ + 𝛾𝛾 − 𝛾𝛾 ′
𝐵𝐵
  
      γ       γ     
        
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Bearing Capacity From SPT
          
      
          
          
        
         
          
            
 

  


     
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203


……………. (2)
……………. (3)
          σ′  

    

                 
……………. (4)  


 

……………. (5)
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Example 1: The SPT results at various depths in a soil are shown in Table.
Determine the allowable bearing capacity for a square footing 2 m wide located at
0.6 m below the surface. The tolerable settlement is 25 mm. The ground water
level is deep and its effects can be neglected.
The question that arises is what value of N to use. We will estimate the thickness of the soil (=2B)
below the footing that will be stressed significantly (>10% of applied stress) and take an average value of N
within that layer. The unit weight is not given, so we have to estimate this based on the description and the N
values (Table 10.6)
Solution:
Step 1: Determine N1.
Calculate σ′zo and the correction factor cN (eqn 2 & 3)
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Step 2: Calculate qa.
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Bearing Capacity from Field Load Tests


 Tests on full-sized footings are
desirable but expensive. The
alternative is to carry out plate
load tests to simulate the load
settlement behavior of a real
footing.
 The usual practice is to load-
test small steel plates of
diameters from 0.3 to 0.75 m
or squares of side 0.3 X 0.3
and perhaps 0.6 X 0.6m.
These sizes are usually too
small to extrapolate to full-size
footings, which may be 1.5 to
4 or 5 m2.
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
      
         
       
             
    
           

           
         
                

             
                
                
      
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203

                  
               
       
                   
                   
                 
               
                
              
            
            
               
    
                 
            
              
               
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203

  
       γ      
 γ           


   ϕ 

           
γ        
 γ 
Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203



Grytan Sarkar
Assistant Professor
KUET, Khulna-9203
Grytan Sarkar Assistant
Professor Department of Civil
Engineering KUET, Khulna-
9203 Email:
grytansarkar@gmail.com
17 July 2016 61

CE4131 - Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

CE4131 - Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE4131 - Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grytan Sarkar

where ρ is load factor; P is load; R is resistance; f is the performance factor; η is

          

flexible foundation on clay flexible foundation on sand rigid foundation on clay

rigid foundation on sand simplified distribution

(a) Undrain Loading (b) Drain Loading

Arc length Rδθ  

(π /2 tan ϕ ′ ) sin(45° + ϕ ′ / 2) (π /2 tan ϕ ′ )

𝜎𝜎 ′1      

𝜃𝜃 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Improved Lower Bound

5.0 Increasing feasibility of

             

  

          σ′  

……………. (4)  

Step 2: Calculate qa.

           

                

   ϕ 

 γ 

You might also like