Student Book Answers

CB2a Mitosis CB2b Growth in animals

6th 1 any sensible suggestions such as liver 4th 1 a any suitable answer, such as
cell (diploid), sperm cell or egg cell measuring mass once a week, or
(haploid) measuring length from tip of nose to
end of tail every week
7th 2 16
5th b This would show the increase in
7 th
3 to make sure that the daughter cells size over time, which is caused by
have the same number of chromosomes an increase in number of cells in the
as the parent cell kitten's body.

8th 4 so that each daughter cell has the same 6th 2 a no

number as the parent cell/so that each
6th b The mass increase is due to the food
daughter cell has enough mitochondria
and water, not due to an increase in
(for respiration)
the number of cells in the body.
7th 5 Table should show each stage of
6th 3 a about 7.9 kg
mitosis in order and with an appropriate
description from diagram B. Some 7th b 3 months is about 6.4 kg, 9 months
students may add in additional detail is about 8.9 kg, so the increase is
that can be seen in the images that is 8.9 − 6.4 = 2.5 kg
not in the captions (such as the cell
starting to constrict during telophase). 8th 4 Yes, because the growth curve remains
close to the same percentile curve
8th 6 Its cells are identical to the parent’s. throughout the year.
7th 7 They contain exactly the same 5th 5 a There is a large amount of fat stored
chromosomes/genes/genetic information. in droplets in the cell.
8th 8 because it needs all the cells in the 7th b The cell has no nucleus, which
offspring to be genetically identical to the makes more room for haemoglobin
parent’s that combines with oxygen.

8th 9 a a lump on the stem
9th b changes to cells, causing rapid/
uncontrolled cell division (students
are not expected to know anything
about what causes the ‘changes’ to
the cells of the rose)
S1 Flow chart showing the steps of mitosis:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
and cytokinesis.
Students may also have included interphase,
but the flow chart should clearly indicate that
this is part of the cell cycle but happens prior to
mitosis.
E1 If there are very few members of the opposite
sex in an area then there is less chance that an
organism can reproduce sexually. If organisms
are able to reproduce asexually then they can
still reproduce. Asexual reproduction relies on
mitosis to produce clones.
Exam-style question
•
the cell cycle produces diploid cells/cells
with two sets of chromosomes (1)
•
gametes/sperm cells are haploid/contain
one set of chromosomes (1)
6th 6 a any two suitable suggestions, for
example muscle cells and cells
lining the gut
7th b appropriate explanation and prediction
of adaptations, for example:
Muscle cells that move wings will
contain proteins that contract to
shorten the cell.
Cells lining the gut are specialised for
absorption such as by having microvilli
to increase their surface area.
S1 Cell number increases due to cell division by
mitosis. Different kinds of cells develop through
cell differentiation.
E1 Advantages include: simple measurements
done regularly are good indicators of growth
and therefore health of the baby. Disadvantages
include: the few measurements taken may not
indicate problems with internal organs or with
other parts of the body that are not measured.
Exam-style question
An explanation including the following points:
•Percentile growth curves show the rate
of growth expected for babies of different
birth weights. (1)

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• Plotting a baby's growth on a set of
percentile curves can indicate if the baby
is growing normally or not. (1)
CB2c Growth in plants
6th 1 Meristems are the parts of a plant where
cell division/mitosis is happening quickly,
such as in shoot and root tips.
6th 2 a Cells are dividing quickly by mitosis.
6th b Cells are getting longer.
7th c Some cells are differentiating and
becoming specialised for different
functions.
5th 3 a They are all similar.
7th b because they have recently been
formed by mitosis
6th 4 a They each have a long extension that
reaches out into the soil to increase
the surface area for absorption.
7th b The increased surface area of the
cell and the greater contact with the
soil makes it easier for water and
mineral salts to enter the cell.
6th 5 They form long hollow tubes that water
can easily pass through. The walls of
the tubes are thickened and strong,
to withstand the pressure of the water
moving through them.
7th 6 Root hair cells make it easier for the
plant to absorb water and dissolved
mineral salts from the surrounding soil.
Xylem vessels help the plant to move
water and dissolved mineral salts quickly
and easily from the roots to other parts
of the plant.
9th 7 • Increases in height, leaf surface
area and tree girth all indicate an
increase in the number of cells in
the plant, and therefore growth.
Increases in mass can indicate an
increase in the number of cells, but
may be affected by the amount of
water in the plant.
• A better answer will indicate that
an increase in mass can also be
affected by the amount of water
in the plant, so that measurement
of dry mass is a more accurate
measure of plant growth than wet
mass due to an increase in cell
number and size.
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Student Book Answers
6th 8 a starting/initial mass is 2.27 kg; mass
after 5 years is 76.74 kg
gain in mass = final mass – initial
mass = 76.74 – 2.27 = 74.47 kg
b
percentage increase in mass
6th
final mass – initial mass
____________________
=    ​   ​× 100%
initial mass
76.74 − 2.27
​___________​× 100% = 3281%
=   
2.27
8th 9 Palisade cells have many chloroplasts
in their cytoplasm, because chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll that captures energy
from light for photosynthesis/are the site
of photosynthesis in a plant.
S1 The seedling increased in size through cell
division and cell elongation. The cells also
differentiated into many different kinds of
specialised cell with different functions in the
tree, such as different cells in the leaves, trunk
and roots.
E1 The change in cell size means there is
movement of substances into and out of cells at
different times of day. Some of this movement
of substances will be active (against their
concentration gradient), and so needs energy.
So guard cells contain many mitochondria to
provide energy from respiration.
Exam-style question
Explanation should include the following points:
•Ribosomes are where proteins are made. (1)
•Meristem cells are the site of cell division
where new cells are formed and so will
need more proteins. (1)
CB2d Stem cells
Student Book
7th 1 a two from: shoot tip, root tip, tree
trunk just below bark
7th b divide to produce many identical cells
that then differentiate, for growth
7th 2 Unspecialised cells have no specialised
features to help them carry out particular
functions.
7th 3 to produce all the different kinds of blood
cell
8th 4 They are only able to produce a small
range of specialised cells/they have
lost the ability to produce other kinds of
specialised cell.
 Student Book Answers
b Risks include stem cells not producing the
9th 5
Answer needs to include the following right kind of differentiated cell in the right
points: place in the body, and continuing to divide
•
Similarities between adult and uncontrollably when they are in the body
embryonic stem cells: both divide and so causing cancers.
to produce new cells that then
differentiate into specialised cells. Exam-style question
•
Differences: adult stem cells Description must cover the following points:
are found in tissue containing
specialised cells/embryonic stem • Meristems contain stem cells/
unspecialised cells. (1)
cells are found in embryos; adult
stem cells produce cells that • These cells divide and then differentiate
differentiate into a limited range of to produce all the specialised cells in plant
specialised cell types/embryonic tissues. (1)
stem cells produce cells that
differentiate into a wide range of
specialised cell types. CB2e The nervous system
8th 6 Heart stem cells could be injected into
6th 1 brain, spinal cord
the person’s heart, where they would 4th 2 eye
differentiate into new heart muscle cells
to replace the ones that were damaged 7th 3 Impulses from receptor cells (sensitive
in the heart attack. to pressure) in the skin are transmitted
to the brain, where they are processed.
8th 7 They may continue to divide uncontrollably
and cause cancer. If taken from an embryo 8th 4 Receptor cells in the ear detect the
or from a person other than an identical sound; impulses from the receptor
twin, they may be rejected and killed by cells are transmitted to the brain; the
the patient’s immune system. impulses are processed and you hear
S1 a the track; the brain sends impulses
to muscles in the arm and hand; the
Type of stem Where found Produces muscles move the arm and hand to turn
cell many/few up the volume.
types of
specialised 6th 5 a receptor cell (or specifically named
cell receptor cell, e.g. cone in the eye
retina, although this is not expected)
embryonic embryo many
stem cell 7th b dendrite → dendron → axon →
adult stem cell inside tissue few axon terminal
containing 8th 6 many dendrites to receive impulses from
specialised many receptor cells; long dendron and
cells axon to carry impulses long distances;
plant meristems, e.g. many myelin sheath to speed up impulse
(meristem) near shoot and transmission; many axon terminals to
stem cell root tips allow impulses to be transmitted to other
b any one benefit such as: replaces neurones
damaged or diseased cells to make a 6th 7 the body doing something or a change
person better, may help in producing new in the body in reaction to a change in its
drugs or treatments for disease; plus any internal or external environment
one risk such as: may cause cancer, may
be rejected by the immune system S1 Better flow charts will contain most of these
points:
E1 a Research can now look for the role of
'buddy' cells in developing human blood •
object touches the heel
stem cells. When this is understood, it •
impulses generated in receptor cell
may be possible to develop human blood •
impulses transmitted through sensory
stem cells so that they can be injected into neurone
patients with blood diseases, so that the
stem cells make healthy cells to replace
•
impulse transmitted through neurones in
the spinal cord
the diseased cells.

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 Student Book Answers
• impulses reach the brain
10th 5 A suitable table may include some or all
• brain processes the impulse information
of these rows:
• you feel the object touching your heel.
Reflex Processed
E1 Better paragraphs will contain most of these
actions actions
points:
speed faster slower
•
receptor cells in eye detect light from ice
automatic? yes no
cube
•
impulses sent (down (optic) nerve) to brain use the brain? no yes
•
brain processes and you see ice cube use sensory and yes yes
•
brain sends range of impulses to muscle motor neurones?
cells in arm and hand
6 so the impulse is not slowed too much
•
8th
you touch ice cube
by synapses
•
receptor cells in skin detect pressure and
7 A good answer will include the following
cold 8th
points:
•
impulses sent to brain via spinal cord
•
brain processes and you feel ice cube • light reflected by football detected
by receptor cells in the eyes
•
brain sends range of impulses to muscle
• impulses sent via sensory neurones
cells in arm and hand
to central nervous system
•
finger muscles grip ice cube, and arm
• brain processes signals and sees
muscles lift it up.
the football
Exam-style question • impulses sent from brain (via CNS)
to motor neurones in legs
The description should include three of the points
below, with one mark for each of the three points • muscle cells are effectors and allow
made: the ball to be kicked.
S1 flow chart along the lines of: impulse in relay
• Receptor cells in the skin pick up the
neurone → axon terminal → synapse →
stimulus. (1)
neurotransmitter released into gap → detected
• Electrical impulse(s) carries information. (1)
by motor neurone dendrite → new impulse
• Impulse(s) transmitted along a sensory generated
neurone. (1)
E1 Reflex actions use reflex arcs; impulses have
• Impulse(s) travels to CNS/spinal cord (and
to travel a shorter distance in a reflex arc
brain). (1)
(than if brain-processing is needed); there are
• Impulse(s) is processed by the brain. (1) fewer synapses in a reflex arc (than if brain-
processing is needed).

CB2f Neurotransmission speeds Exam-style question

4th 1 a eyes Three of these points are needed, in the correct
order:
b leg muscles
4th
• impulse triggers the release of
neurotransmitter (1)
5th c sweat glands/adrenal glands/
muscles around ‘vocal cords’ (other • neurotransmitter is released into synapse (1)
answers possible) • next neurone detects the neurotransmitter
(1)
6th 2 a away from
• new impulse is generated in the next
6th b towards neurone. (1)

7th 3 They ensure impulses only travel in one

direction; they allow generation of fresh
impulses in many neurones (avoiding
dissipation).

8th 4 to stop objects injuring/getting into our

eyes

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