Title: The Challenge of Crafting a Thesis on Xenotransplantation

Crafting a thesis on xenotransplantation can be an arduous task that demands extensive research,
critical analysis, and exceptional writing skills. As students delve into the complexities of this cutting-
edge field, they often find themselves grappling with the intricacies of scientific terminology, ethical
considerations, and the need for a well-structured and coherent argument.

Xenotransplantation, the process of transplanting organs or tissues from one species to another,
presents a myriad of challenges that must be addressed in a research paper. From navigating the
technical nuances of genetic engineering to examining the ethical implications of using animal organs
for human transplantation, the breadth of the topic requires a deep understanding of both scientific
and ethical dimensions.

One of the primary hurdles students face is the extensive literature review required to grasp the
current state of xenotransplantation research. Staying updated with the latest advancements in
genetic engineering, immunology, and transplantation procedures is crucial for constructing a well-
informed thesis.

Additionally, the ethical considerations surrounding xenotransplantation introduce another layer of

complexity. Balancing the potential medical benefits with concerns about animal welfare, public
perception, and the risk of zoonotic diseases requires a nuanced approach. Crafting an argument that
addresses these ethical challenges while maintaining scientific rigor is a delicate balance that
demands careful consideration.

The writing process itself can be daunting, as students must synthesize vast amounts of information
into a coherent and compelling narrative. Translating complex scientific concepts into accessible
language for a diverse audience is a skill that takes time and practice to develop.

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to the unique demands of crafting a research paper on this intricate topic. Their team of experienced
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In conclusion, tackling a thesis on xenotransplantation requires a multifaceted approach, combining

scientific knowledge, ethical awareness, and proficient writing skills. For those who find the task
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It needs sacri?ces of many other animals as surrogate mother to produce a genetically modi?ed pig
through gene knockout and cloning technology. The committee was aware of and commends the
efforts of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) in developing the first set of guidelines, which are soon to be released, but were
not final before this report was complete. A clinical trial is ongoing in Argentina and New Zealand.
Several research groups over the world are conducting xenotransplantation studies with genetically
modi?ed pigs. A total of 14 civil panels discussed various issues of xenotransplantation through 3
preparation meetings and 1 ?nal conference. Organ regeneration and bioengineering represent two
potential solutions and are areas of intense research. Notwithstanding claims of miraculous cures,
medical historians believe that none of the grafts became permanent. It is contrasted with
allotransplantation (from other individual of same species), syngeneic transplantation or
isotransplantation. Special attention should be given to the speci?c information needs of individual
potential subjects as well as to the methods used to deliver the information.”. Partly for this reason,
xenotransplantation is still in a preclinical stage using animal models in most countries. To browse
Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade
your browser. A serious risk will be posed when a novel infection breaks out. The annals of thoracis
surgery, 103(6): 2015-2019. Pigs have molecules on their cell surfaces, including sugars and proteins,
that humans do not have. But LLS is beyond the ordinary practice required for common clinical
trials or clinical research. The committee concludes that, although the degree of risk cannot be
quantified, it is unequivocally greater than zero. Page 48: He did not know he was going to build a
rocket but instead he has hope it’s going to go well. Before transplantation, the recipient undergoes
pre-conditioning to make room for the incoming donor bone marrow cells. In ordinary clinical trials
and clinical researches, some of the rights of the human subject could be temporarily reserved by the
human subject’s own will through informed consent. It may be true for recipients who receive
xenotransplantation. The massive production of source organs for transplantation in animal stock
surely will solve the global problem of organ shortage. Based on the concept that a decision should
be based in order to benefit the majority, it also neglects the minority. Our Authors and Editors We
are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160
countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. The
immunology of corneal xenotransplantation: a review of the literature. However, almost all patients
died in a few days after the transplantation. In the United States, the National Kidney Foundation
sponsored an opinion poll on the matter in 1997. The importance of such guidelines should be
emphasized. Hence. It is impossible to evaluate the risk-bene?t only in individual dimension in
xenotransplantation. LLS should not be limited to only the recipient but also be extended to the
“close contacts” of the recipient. In 1984, Bailey reported that a newborn infant with a congenital
heart disease lived for 20 days after receiving a baboon kidney transplantation.
Disease Defect Target cell Severe combined Bone marrow cells or immunodeficiency T-lymphocytes
Hemophilia Liver, muscle Cystic fibrosis Lung Cells. Such preclinical studies have also demonstrated
the absence of insurmountable physiological incompatibilities between pig and primate. In the first
part of my paper, I do in brief explain the advanced made in recent years in the field of
xenotransplantations and which possible advantages this medical procedure implies. Perhaps, by
utilizing philosophy to understand a medical technique, we may be able to attain a solution that truly
benefits the human race. Reemtsman carried out 13 chimpanzee-to-human kidney transplantations in
1963-64. The risk of transplant rejection can be reduced, but not eliminated, by the use of
immunosuppressive drugs. Monitoring adherence of local IRBs and IACUCs to national regulations,
and possibly to the guidelines proposed here, is the responsibility of the Office for Protection from
Research Risks. However, all members of the committee agreed that some mechanism is needed to
ensure attention to and reduction of the risk of infectious disease transmission. In the same year,
there was also an attempt to transplant baboon kidneys into rhesus monkeys, but the experiment
failed. In the second part, instead, I direct my research to the main ethical issues related to
xenotransplantations viewed from the perspective of the recipient and of the human society as a
whole, which, as I will clarify, is greatly involved when xenotransplantations are performed.
Cooperative links with such registries may constitute a valuable resource for surveillance and
research. This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies
again. However, it is evident that LLS should be applied to the xenotransplantation recipient and his
or her close contacts through their lifetime regardless of the form of xenotransplantation. For years,
researchers in this field have almost exclusively directed their efforts towards combating the
immunological barrier that precluded long-term xenograft survival. A serious risk will be posed when
a novel infection breaks out. Most nonhuman primates are in danger of extinction. Larsen at Emory
University reported the results of these preclinical studies to the academic world. In the third part,
instead, I concisely discuss the main ethical issues viewed from the perspective of the “forced ”
donor. Murray, Keith Reemtsman, Luhan Yang lab, Muhammad Mohiuddin, PERV, Porcine
Endogenous Retrovirus, Skin xenograft, Thomas E. In addition, reassuring findings regarding
biosafety aspects have been generated and pro-active research aimed at the identification of an organ
source with a higher safety profile is also underway. They are apparently encouraged by existing
stringent regulatory frameworks for cells and tissues as well as the promising new developments in
xenocell therapies (Sobbrio and Jorqui 2014). A decision at global level might in?uence all people on
earth. It sounds like science fiction, but new technological advances mean that xenotransplantation
may become widespread in the near future. Given the evolving nature of this field, tracking of
research progress is required so that guidelines can be amended as new data emerge. Institutions and
companies, registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by
providing IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. Although there is no case of human trial
yet, animal (porcine) heart might be considered as “bridging solution” for very grave heart failure
patient in the waiting list for human heart from brain-dead donor. Studies have been conducted in
both small and large animal models and the most relevant results have been obtained in pre-clincal
studies, specifically those utilising the pig-to-nonhuman primate combination. History of... Statistics
Biological Concept of... Ethical Issues of... Where are we going with... Works Cited Photos Cited. In
2006, a research group led by Bernhard Hering at the University of Minnesota and another group by
Christian P.
The risk of transplant rejection can be reduced, but not eliminated, by the use of immunosuppressive
drugs. Some countries permit it, while others prohibit it for many reasons. Studies have been
conducted in both small and large animal models and the most relevant results have been obtained in
pre-clincal studies, specifically those utilising the pig-to-nonhuman primate combination. Any kind
of zoonotic infection would be potent to become epidemic or even pandemic disease. In this regard,
the problem is that the risk cannot be exactly evaluated with currently available scienti?c methods. In
addition, it will screen the risk of possible harmful infection meticulously prior to transplantation.
Therefore, xenotransplantation may not be a good clinical option from the view of healthcare system
runners besides its issue of zoonotic infection. Despite many different attempts to increase access to
transplantation, global demand for donor organs greatly outstrips the present supply. To date, porcine
xenografts have been shown to sustain the life of nonhuman primates for several months. In the third
part, instead, I concisely discuss the main ethical issues viewed from the perspective of the “forced ”
donor. In addition, this company capsularizes choroid plexus. Instructor? Request an Exam Copy As
an IntechOpen contributor, you can buy this book for an Exclusive Author price with discounts from
30% to 50% on retail price. Special efforts should be made to coordinate the development of a
national database or patient registry with efforts already under way internationally. I am especially
interested in pointing out the most debated ethical issues connected with this controversial medical
practice, issues that for their peculiarity do involve human and non-human beings. I would like to
recommend the following IntechOpen book to be added to our library catalog. For example,
screening of source animals should focus first on those organisms known to infect that animal species
and known to be pathogenic in humans. There is the risk of developing serious or novel infections
which could infect not just the transplant recipient but also close contacts or the wider human or
animal populations. In light of this dramatic shortage, it is clear why the interest in
xenotransplantation has considerably increased in the last decades. Pigs with up to nine genetic
manipulations are now available. Pigs and Humans. Rebecca Lewis Frontiers in Biology. In all
transplantation of the heart, some recipients are reported to experience certain personality change
after the transplantation. REFERENCES Xenotransplantation is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical
journal covering xenotransplantation. PERV may infect the cells of human host through
xenotransplantation. They should have enough time of deliberation on the matter required by the
enrollment in xenotransplantation before making the decision. Treatment of disorders by inserting
genetic material inside the cell. The combination of genetically modified pigs, tolerance protocols,
and effective immunosuppressive medications has already helped to reduce the extreme organ
rejection witnessed in early xenotransplantation. With this in mind, this article will briefly review the
current situation with respect to the immunological, physiological and biosafety aspects related to the
transplantation of pig organs into primates. Therefore, special measures are necessary to prevent the
possible outbreak of zoonotic infection in xenotransplantation, which may seriously infringe basic
human rights of the recipients as well as the widely accepted principles in biomedical ethics. Cost-
effectiveness of a treatment is becoming the primary concern of policy makers. Nobody knows the
long-term effect of PERV infection.
There is no established consensus among xenotransplantation researchers regarding the period of the
checkups, the admitted methods, and the kinds of suspicious agents in case of xenotransplantation
(WHO 2011). Baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) was detected on day 5 but not. My life’s not over A
new beginning’s just begun I have a hope I have this hope. Recently, the number of novel epidemic
diseases such as AIDS, SARS, Ebola, and others are suspected of animal origin. Surprisingly, a
heterotopic heart from the gene-editing pig continued to beat for almost 2.5 years, when implanted in
the monkey abdomen, and a pig life-supporting kidney could also function for over 1.3 years in
monkeys. Concerning islets, islets from gene-editing pigs could work for more than. Since pig organs
are similar in size and physiology to human organs, they are good candidates for transplant and
would be readily available when needed. Attempts to accomplish this have followed two major paths:
deletion of pig xenoantigens, as well as insertion of “protective” human transgenes to counter the
human immune response. Agrobacterium tumefaciensppt.it is a slide presentation on interki. Globally,
the most commonly transplanted organs are the kidneys, followed by the liver, heart and lungs. If the
consent cannot be expressed in writing, the non-written consent must be formally documented and
witnessed. Daniel Rodger There is a global shortage of organs for transplantation and despite many
governments making significant changes to their organ donation systems, there are not enough
kidneys available to meet the demand. Patients and close contacts should be effectively educated
about their treatment to encourage compliance and to minimize risks for themselves and for society.
It will require lifelong follow-up of recipients and possibly their close contacts. However, almost all
patients died in a few days after the transplantation. Baboons are resistant to productive infection
with HIV-1. It is better to exclude the ones that are too young or too old, mentally retarded or
mentally ill, or less competent human subjects for any reason as a potential recipient for
xenotransplantation. Work-role of Radiation Therapists in the Consequences of Adaptive
Radiotherap. Dr. Cooper’s attempt to transplant pig organs to humans yet proved to be unsuccessful.
In 1954, the kidney was the first human organ to be transplanted successfully (5). Interest in animal-
to-human xenotransplants has been spurred by the continuing shortage of donated human organs and
by advances in knowledge concerning the biology of organ and tissue rejection. At first, the recipient
is put on immunosuppressive drugs so that the donor bone marrow cells don’t get rejected. History
of... Statistics Biological Concept of... Ethical Issues of... Where are we going with... Works Cited
Photos Cited. Each year of secondary education reduces the probability of public welfare
dependence in adulthood by 35 %. These donor immune cells in the recipient will not attack the
transplanted organ, because they recognize it as self. In this context, a better understanding of the
immunological mechanisms underlying the rejection of a xenograft have allowed the identification of
specific targets of intervention that have resulted in considerable improvements in survival of porcine
organs or cells in nonhuman primates. There is no effective tool to prohibit the “xenotourism” when
the xenotransplantation treatment is really effective or better than other alternatives. Our Authors
and Editors We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions
spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited
researchers. Most known infectious agents such as bacteria and fungi could be screened and
controlled with the current knowledge and technology, although it requires high cost. Moreover, the
execution of the LLS should be assured though any legislation in a nation. The number of neonates
would be suffered from many congenital anomalies and other problems. To be used as source animal,
GM pig has to be raised in speci?c pathogen-free condition where the feeding, drinking, breeding,
and social activities are strictly controlled.
In light of this dramatic shortage, it is clear why the interest in xenotransplantation has considerably
increased in the last decades. In this context, a better understanding of the immunological
mechanisms underlying the rejection of a xenograft have allowed the identification of specific
targets of intervention that have resulted in considerable improvements in survival of porcine organs
or cells in nonhuman primates. For example, federal agencies that address the basic and clinical
science of xenotransplantation and infectious disease include the FDA, the NIH, the CDC, and
certain components of the Department of Agriculture, but the duties of each of these agencies do not
often overlap. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Thus, xenotransplantation
has advantage over all transplantation that wholly depends on the inde?nite condition of human
donors. While kidneys can be transplanted from living donors, other organs come from deceased
donors. The number of neonates would be suffered from many congenital anomalies and other
problems. To be used as source animal, GM pig has to be raised in speci?c pathogen-free condition
where the feeding, drinking, breeding, and social activities are strictly controlled. However, research
studies using nonhuman primates are widely criticized by animal activists and environmentalists in
the world. Immunology Physiology Biosafety Ethics and regulations. First WHO Global consultation
on regulatory requirements for xenotransplantation clinical trials. Scientists, doctors, and
bene?ciaries should not limit the risks of xenotransplantation only to that of the family, but also
assume that these dangers can happen to any citizen. First, we explore the insufficiency of different
organ donation systems to meet the kidney shortage. In the third part, instead, I concisely discuss the
main ethical issues viewed from the perspective of the “forced ” donor. In addition, reassuring
findings regarding biosafety aspects have been generated and pro-active research aimed at the
identification of an organ source with a higher safety profile is also underway. Libraries are offered a
20% discount on retail book prices. Further, it is known that the pathogenicity of infectious
organisms can change under a variety of conditions and that the effects of infection by some
organisms, such as the human immunodeficiency virus, are delayed for years or even decades. As
risks of infections started to represent an obstacle for xenotransplantation in the late 1990s, the
number of quantitative analyses of xenotransplantation rapidly grew in scienti?c journals, where
sociological literature earned growing respect with an increasingly wider pace (Sobbrio and Jorqui
2014). A Ripple of Hope. This presentation is dedicated to the memory of Donna Rado-Nazario and
all those that have lost their lives in the fight against AIDS. Oncotarget team swiftly dealt with the
situation and took it under control. It is noteworthy that one group reported a survival of adult wild-
type pig islets of over 600 days. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs
functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to
understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. IXA Update - May
2019 (PDF) Ethical issues with xenotransplantation clinical trials Xenotransplantation - Wiley Online
Library Xenotransplantation - Wiley Online Library Bringing xenotransplantation to patients with the
prospect of reducing the current shortage of donor organs has thus become more realistic. However,
the number of source organs from brain-dead, cadaveric, or even living donors has not been
increased so much to satisfy the need, which is why common animals are considered as a source of
organ transplantation. These results demonstrate for the first time that pig bone marrow
transplantation may benefit a primate xenograft recipient’s immune system by reducing organ
rejection. Genetic modi?cation of the animals may improve the effectiveness of such xenotransplant
material. This has led scientists and clinicians to explore alternative means of meeting this organ
shortfall. There is no established consensus among xenotransplantation researchers regarding the
period of the checkups, the admitted methods, and the kinds of suspicious agents in case of
xenotransplantation (WHO 2011). The recipient of the baboon heart died after six hours, while the
recipient of the chimpanzee heart survived for 4 days before the heart was rejected. Kubicar
Download Free PDF View PDF Herb papieza Benedykta XVI. Seminario biologia molecular-
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.