Research • a process of executing various
It must work on a topic that is
mental acts for discovering and examining facts
and information to prove the accuracy or
truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about
the topic of your research.
Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work independently
2. To learn how to work scientifically or
systematically
3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something
4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you
think in higher-order thinking strategies (HOTS)
of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing,
appreciating, applying, and creating
5. To improve your reading and writing skills
6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research
and the various techniques of gathering data
and of presenting research findings
7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the
domination or strong influence of a single
textbook or of the professor’s lone viewpoint
or spoon feeding
The Importance of Research in Daily Life
1. Widens learners’ vocabulary
2. Facilitates problem-solving acts
3. Improves learners’ learning abilities
4. Increases social awareness and cultural
heritage
5. Encourages cooperative learning
5. Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
6. Hastens/quickens conceptual understanding
7. Encourages higher-order thinking strategies
8. Elevates interpretative thinking through
graphic skills
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Accuracy. It must give correct or accurate
data
2. Objectiveness. It must deal with facts, not
with mere opinions arising from assumptions,
generalizations, predictions, or conclusions.
3. Timeliness.
fresh, new, and interesting to the present
society.
4. Relevance. Its topic must be instrumental in
improving society or in solving problems
affecting the lives of people in a community.
5. Clarity. It must succeed in expressing its
central point or discoveries by using simple,
direct, concise, and correct language.
6. Systematic. It must take place in an organized
or orderly manner.
RESEARCH PROCESSES
1. Develop a research plan
2. Define research problem
3. Collect research data
4.Analyze research data
5. Present the findings 6. Disseminate and
utilize findings
RESEARCH ETHICS ● involves the application of
fundamental ethical principles to research
activities which include the design and
implementation of research, respect towards
society and others, the use of resources and
research outputs, scientific misconduct and the
regulation of research
RESEARCH ETHICS
1. Scientific soundness- proper design of a
study as well as it must be executed with
sufficient skills and rigor
2. Consent - Seeking informed consent as a
voluntary agreement of the participants to be
involved in the study
3. Informant Validation.- A process in which the
researcher asks research participants and
original respondents to check the accuracy of
the study
4. Confidentiality - refers to the investigator's
agreement with participants
5. Exploitation- Being exploited in the conduct
of research is usually attributed to the research
participants.
6. Misrepresentation- This occurs when you
represent data or information incorrectly,
improperly or falsely
7. Identification of the participant by self or
others- Researchers must mind the method of
anonymizing the identity of the participants
Two Major Types of Research
Qualitative Research-interviews
Quantitative Research- numerical data
Types of Research
1. Based on Application of Research Method
● Pure Research - deals with concepts,
principles, or abstract things; aims to increase
your knowledge about something.
● Applied Research - apply your chosen
research to societal problems or issues, finding
ways to make positive changes in society
2. Based on Purpose of Research
● Descriptive Research - This type of research
aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or
picture of a person, thing, event, group,
situation, etc.
● Correlational Research - shows relationships
or connectedness of two factors, circumstances,
or agents called variables that affect the
research.
● Explanatory Research - elaborates or
explains not just the reasons behind the
relationship of two factor.
● Exploratory Research - is to find out how
reasonable or possible it is to conduct a
research study on a certain topic.
● Action Research - ongoing practice of a
school, organization, community, or institution
for the purpose of obtaining results that will
bring improvements in the system.
3. Based on Data Needed
● Qualitative research requires non-numerical
data, inquiry, or investigation about people’s
thoughts, views, and regarding the object of the
study.
● Quantitative research involves measurement
of data.
Primary Data VS Secondary Data
● Primary data are obtained through direct
observation or contact with people, objects,
artifacts, paintings, etc.
● Secondary data are already been written
about or reported on and are available for
reading purposes.
Approaches to Research
1. Scientific or Positive Approach - you discover
and measure information as well as observe and
control variables in an impersonal manner.
2. Naturalistic Approach – this approach uses
words.
3. Triangulation Approach - combination of the
first two approaches. you are free to gather and
analyze data using multiple methods, allowing
you to combine or mix up research approaches.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Human understanding and interpretation..
2. Active, powerful, and forceful.
3. Multiple research approaches and methods.
4. Specificity to generalization.
5. Contextualization.
6. Diversified data in real-life situations.
7. Abounds with words and visuals.
8. Internal Analysis.
Types of Qualitative Research
1. Case Study-It seeks to find answers to why
such thing occurs to the subject.
2. Ethnography. study of a particular cultural
group to get a clear understanding
3. Phenomenology. study of how people find
their experiences meaningful.
4. Historical Analysis. understand the
connection of past events to the present time.
5. Grounded Theory. discover a new theory to
underlie your study at the time of data
collection of 6. Content and Discourse Analysis
RESEARCH TITLE Is the first thing that is read on
a research paper that outlines the purpose of
the research, the methods used and the overall
tone of the paper.

WORKING RESEARCH TITLE Contains few

possible words that could not adequately
describe the contents of your research paper.

IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO CREATE A ‘WORKING’

RESEARCH TITLE FIRST. • summarizes the main
idea/s of your study
• it is the part of the paper that is read the most
and is usually read first captures reader’s
attention and draws his attention at the
research problem being investigated
• differentiates the paper from other papers of
the same subject area.
• Predicts content • Contains keywords that will
make it easy to access by a computer search

BASIC REMINDERS IN WRITING A RESEARCH

TITLE
-KEEP IT SIMPLE, BRIEF, AND ATTRACTIVE
-USE APPROPRIATE DESCRIPTIVE WORDS
-AVOID ABBREVIATIONS AND JARGON.
-IT IS A GOOD IDEA TO CREATE A ‘WORKING’
RESEARCH TITLE FIRST.