Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work

ADRIANA LUCIA MARIN CARDONA

Group 203058_46
1006159817

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2024 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open
propagation medium?

✓ Open mediums are defined as medium where the energy moves

in only one direction and where electromagnetic waves that
travels in these mediums the do not find any obstacle that
reflects the waves towards the emitting focus.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “loss

tangent”?

✓ This is a physical parameter used to determinate the value of

loss of signal because of the fundamental dissipation of
electromagnetic energy that takes place in the substrate of the
printed circuit board.

3. How can we classify a medium according to the value of its "loss

tangent"?

Considering the value of the loss tangent we can have:

Media Tan(δ)
Perfect dielectrics Tan(δ) = 0
Good insulators 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1
Dissipative dielectrics 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10
Good conductors Tan(δ) > 10
Perfect conductors Tan(δ) >>> 10
Application exercise:
The following 4-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for
which, each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in
Table 1 and announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.

Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.

Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥10 7 1

2. Sea wáter 4 80
3. Air 5.5𝑥10−15 1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
6. Sweet wáter 1.00𝑥10−3 80
7. Vacuum 0 1
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

Step 1: Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses
δ of the medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic
wave E of frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3
digits of your identification number.
Calculations:
✓ The medium is Dry soil, then:

𝑓 = ( 817 + 20) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 837 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 837 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧

𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
𝜎 1.00𝑥10−4 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = = 715.853
2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 837𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 3 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2

✓ Angle of losses δ:

𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (715.853) = 89.91°

Calculator evidence

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Step 2: According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior

of the chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <=84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

✓ We got a value of the loss tangent equal to 89.92° that implies
according to table 2 that the medium is a good conductor.

Step 3: According to the classification obtained in step 2 and using Table

3 shown below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the
wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
 Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝜇⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜇 = μr μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

Calculations:

✓ The propagation constant:

𝜸 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜 = √𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

Where:
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ 837𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 = 5259.026𝑥106
𝑠
𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
𝜎 = 1.00𝑥10−3 𝑆/𝑚

Then:

𝜸 = √j ∗ 2π ∗ 837𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1.00𝑥10−3 𝑆/𝑚 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

𝜸 = 0.00181 + 0.00181j

✓ Attenuation constant:

 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
 1.00𝑥10−3 𝑆 m
 = √𝜋 ∗ 837𝑥106 ∗ ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T
𝑚 A

𝛼 = 0.00181 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
✓ Phase constant:

 = 𝛼 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝑟𝑎𝑑
 = 0.00181
𝑚

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Step 4: According to the results obtained in step 3 and using the following
equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the
chosen medium:
d. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
e. Wavelength 𝝀.
f. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

✓ The propagation speed:

 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 5259.026𝑥106
𝑠
𝑉𝑝 = = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
 0.00181
𝑚
𝑚
𝑉𝑝 = 2893137.891
𝑠
✓ Wavelength:

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝜆= =
β 𝑟𝑎𝑑
0.00181
𝑚
𝜆 = 3456.556𝑚
✓ Penetration depth:
1
𝜹𝒑 =
|𝛼|
1
𝜹𝒑 = = 550.128 𝑚
|0.00181 𝑁𝑝/𝑚 |

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

5. Using the following equation, calculate 𝛿(𝑓) for some values of
frequency 𝒇 given in Table 5 (Calculator must be in RADIANS mode).
Identify and explain how the medium behaves as the frequency
increases. use the medium chosen in this activity. Plot the data using
Excel or other.
 𝝈
𝜹°(𝒇) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝛆𝐫 𝛆𝒐
Table 5: losses angle / media behavior

Media: Dry soil σ=1x10^-4 S/m εo=8.8542x10^-12 C^2/Nm^2 εr=3

𝒇(𝑯𝒛) 𝜹°(𝒇) Media behavior
1 89.99 84°< δ < 90° Good conductors
1 ∗ 103 89.90 84°< δ < 90° Good conductors
1 ∗ 106 30.92 6° < δ <= 84° Dissipative dielectrics
1 ∗ 109 0.0343 0° < δ <= 6° Good insulators
1 ∗ 1012 0.0000343 0° < δ <= 6° Good insulators
 Interpretation
Interpretation: The value of 715.853 of the loss tangent, implies that the
dry soil behaves as a good conductor.
Besides, considering the frequency of the wave, we got a wavelength with
a value of 3456.556𝑚 and a velocity of propagation in the copper of
𝑚
2893137.891 𝑠 .

Finally, we found that the penetration depth was equal to 550.128 𝑚, which
represents the distance that the electromagnetic wave is able to reach
into the copper.

References

─ Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's

Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An
Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. Nova Science Publishers,
Inc. (pp. 46-60).

─ Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic

Press. (pp. 513-519).