Mathematics in the Modern

World
 Learning Objectives

1. Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions of mathematics

2. Explain the nature of mathematics as a language

3. Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly

4. Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language.

2
Introduction
 “
Equation vs Expression

4
 Equation vs Expression
Expression - Phrase - Parirala

Equation – Sentence - Pangungusap

 Equation vs Expression
EXPRESSION is equivalent to an
ENGLISH PHRASE.

The most common mathematical

statements or SENTENCES, are called
EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImHNMFhxf8g
Equation vs Expression
Equation vs Expression
Equation vs Expression

9
 Equation vs Expression
Expression variables can have an infinite value
3+𝑥
If 𝑥 = 2; 3 + 2 = 5
If 𝑥 = 99: 3 + 99 = 102

Equations can either have a finite or an infinite value

𝑥 + 20 = 25
10
𝑥 can either be 25, 5, 2
and so on as long as the equation still equals
25
10
Equation vs Expression
Equation vs Expression
 Equation vs Expression
Let us try and solve the value of x in the Algebraic Equation:
3𝑥 4
6 − 2 = 16
4
14
 Equation vs Expression
Let us try and solve for the value of x in the Algebraic Equation:
1
42 − 3𝑥 = 5𝑧
 Equation vs Expression
Let us try and solve an Numerical Equation
4÷5÷4÷5

4 4
÷
5 5

4
5
4
5
F U N C T I O N
AN D I T S
T Y P E S
B. FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
Function
A function is a relation between two sets of values called the domain and the range.
In real life, functions have various applications. The purpose of functions is to provide
a mathematical way to model or represent a certain situation where relation is being
illustrated.
A few examples of applications of functions are the following:
1. Circumference of a circle. A circle’s circumference is a function of its diameter, that
is 𝐶(𝑑) = 𝜋𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐶(𝑟) = 2𝜋𝑟.
2. A shadow. The length of a person’s shadow along a flat ground is a function of
his/her height.
3. Driving a car. When driving a car, the driver’s location varies as time passes by.
4. Temperature. The temperature around a certain area varies on certain inputs or
factors. So, temperature is a function of various variables.
5. Money. The amount of money saved by a person is a function of the time earning it.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
1. Algebraic Function
An algebraic function is a function that involves only algebraic
operations as well as fractional or rational exponents. Polynomial
and rational functions are examples of algebraic functions.

2. Polynomial Function
A polynomial function is an algebraic function in the form of 𝑃 𝑥 =
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 where 𝑛 is a positive integer and
𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , …, 𝑎1 , and 𝑎0 are real numbers. Constant, linear,
quadratic, and cubic functions are examples of polynomial
functions.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
3. Constant Function
A constant function is a function where all
x-values are paired with exactly one y-
value. It is used to represent zero
increase. The graph of a constant function
is a horizontal line and is mathematically
expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 , where 𝑐 is the
constant y-value.

In Figure 2.1, the graph shows that for

every x-value, the y-value is always 2.
FIGURE 2.1
Therefore, the line is a constant function
𝑓 𝑥 = 2.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
4. Linear Function
A linear function is used to show arithmetic
progression or regression. The graph of a
linear function is a line and is
mathematically expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑏, where 𝑚 is the slope and 𝑏 is the y-
intercept of the line. Constant and identity
functions are examples of linear functions.

In Figure 2.2, the graph shows a line that

constantly increases as the x-value
FIGURE 2.2
increases. Therefore, the line is a linear
function with positive slope.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
5. Quadratic Function
A quadratic function is used to represent
projectile or parabolic motions. The graph of
a quadratic function is a parabola and is
mathematically expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 +
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐. If the value of 𝑎 is positive, then the
parabola opens upward. If the value of 𝑎 is
negative, then the parabola opens
downward.

In Figure 2.3, the graph shows a parabola

that initially decreases then increases at 𝑥 = FIGURE 2.3
− 1 . Therefore, the curve is a quadratic
function opening upwards.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
6. Cubic Function
A cubic function is used to model three-
dimensional objects such as stress and
strain tensors, conductivity and resistivity
sensors, and mass moment of inertia tensor.
A cubic function is mathematically
expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑.

In Figure 2.4, the graph shows a curve that

initially decreases then increases at 𝑥 =
− 0.31 then decreases again at 𝑥 = 1.64.
Therefore, the curve is a cubic function with FIGURE 2.4
negative slope.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
7. Identity Function
An identity function is a function where the
paired x-value and y-value have the same
value. The graph of an identity function is a
line with slope of 1 and y-intercept of 0 and is
mathematically expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 .
Identity function is an example of linear
function.

In Figure 2.5, the graph shows that for every

x-value, the corresponding y-value will be the
same. Therefore, the line is an identity FIGURE 2.5
function with relation {…, (-2,-2), (-1,-1), (0,0),
(1,1), (2,2), …}.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
8. Rational Function
Rational function is generally used to describe
distance-speed-time problems and to model multi-
person work problems. It is a ratio of two polynomial
functions and is mathematically expressed as 𝑅 𝑥 =
𝑃(𝑥)
, where 𝑅(𝑥) is the rational function and 𝑃(𝑥) and
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥) are polynomial functions. The graph of a
rational function is normally associated with a vertical
asymptote dividing the curve into regions. When a
rational function has no vertical asymptote, then it
has either a horizontal or slant asymptote. An
asymptote is a line that is being approached by a
curve but is never touched.
In Figure 2.6, the graph shows a curve divided into FIGURE 2.6
two regions by the vertical asymptote 𝑥 = 1 .
Therefore, the curve is a rational function.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
9. Power Function
A power function is mathematically
expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑎 and 𝑛
are constant. Power functions are actually
some of the most important functions in
Algebra. Linear, quadratic, cubic, and
exponential functions are examples of
power functions.

In Figure 2.7, the graph shows a curve of

the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 . Figure 2.7 is an
FIGURE 2.7
example of a polynomial function of
degree 5 and is a power function.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
10. Trigonometric Function
A trigonometric function is used to relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two
side lengths. It is widely used in all sciences related to geometry, such as navigation, wave
mechanics, solid mechanics, celestial mechanics, and geodesy. The six trigonometric
functions are sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions.
Figure 2.8 shows the graph of a sine function. Figure 2.9 shows the graph of a tangent
function. Figure 2.10 shows the graph of a secant function.

FIGURE 2.8 FIGURE 2.9 FIGURE 2.10

B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
11. Exponential Function
An exponential function is used to model
populations, carbon date artifacts, help coroners
determine time of death, and compute
investments. The graph of an exponential
function is sometimes associated with a
horizontal asymptote and is mathematically
expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏,
and 𝑐 are constant and 𝑔(𝑥) is an algebraic
function.

The function of the curve in Figure 2.11 is

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 and has a horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 = FIGURE 2.11
0 . Figure 2.11 is an example of exponential
function.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
12. Logarithmic Function
A logarithmic function is simply the inverse of
exponential function. Logarithmic function has
similar use with exponential function in real life.
Unlike exponential functions, the graph of a
logarithmic function is always associated with a
vertical asymptote and is mathematically
expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 ∙ log 𝑏 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎,
𝑏, and 𝑐 are constant and 𝑔(𝑥) is an algebraic
function.

The function of the curve in Figure 2.12 is

𝑓 𝑥 = log2 (2𝑥 + 3) and has a vertical FIGURE 2.12
asymptote of 𝑥 = −1.5 . Figure 2.12 is an
example of logarithmic function.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
13. Factorial Function
A factorial function is used to represent
permutations and combinations. The
graph of a factorial function is a cut
parabola and is mathematically
expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 !, where 𝑔(𝑥)
is an algebraic function.

The function of the curve in Figure 2.13

is 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 2 ! and is a cut parabola
opening downwards. Figure 2.13 is an FIGURE 2.13
example of factorial functions.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
14. Absolute Value Function
An absolute value function is a function that
contains an algebraic expression within the
absolute value symbol and is mathematically
expressed as 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑔 𝑥 |, where 𝑔(𝑥) is
an algebraic function. It is used to show how
much a value deviates from the norm.

In Figure 2.14, the graph shows a deviation

of a cubic function where all range values
from 𝑥 = −1 to 𝑥 = −∞ are positive instead
of negative. Figure 2.14 is an example of an FIGURE 2.14
absolute function.
B.2 FUNCTION AND ITS TYPES
15. Piece-wise Function
A piecewise-defined function is a function defined by
multiple sub-functions, each sub-function applying to
a specific interval of the function’s domain. Piecewise
function is used to describe situations in which a rule
or relationship changes as the input crosses certain
boundaries.
One application of piecewise function is to model
situations in business for which the cost per piece of
a certain item is discounted once the number ordered
exceeds a certain value.
In Figure 2.15, the graph shows a curve divided into
three regions of different sub-functions: a decreasing
line on the interval (−∞, −3], a horizontal line on the
FIGURE 2.15
interval (−3,1] , and an increasing curve on the
interval (1, +∞). Therefore, the divided is a piecewise
function.
OPERATION
S ON
FUNCTIONS
34
D. OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
The operations on functions use the properties of the operations on algebraic
expressions. It applies the rules on combining similar terms and simplifying the results.
Each of the operation produces a new function.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be two defined in their respective domains. These functions can be
combined to form a new function ℎ(𝑥) defined as follows:
Sum: ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥); for all x in the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑔(𝑥)
Difference: ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥); for all x in the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑔(𝑥)
Product: ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥); for all x in the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
Quotient: ℎ 𝑥 = for all x in the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥), and
ℎ(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0.
Composition of function: the composite function 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) is defined and
denoted by: 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 𝑥 ) and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑓 𝑥 )
D. OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Addition of Functions
Suppose there are two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥). The sum of these functions
can be written as 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥).

Example 4.1 Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8, find (𝑓 +

𝑔)(𝑥).
D. OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Example 4.2 Given that 𝑢 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑣 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 3 and 𝑤 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 9,
find (𝑓 + 𝑔 + ℎ)(𝑥).
D. OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Example 4.3Given that 𝑎 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 8 and 𝑏 𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 2, find (𝑎 + 𝑏)(2).
D.2 SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTIONS
Subtraction of Functions
Suppose there are two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥). The difference of these
functions can be written as 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥).
Example 4.4Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2, find (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥).
D.2 SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTIONS
Example 4.5Given that 𝑎 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1 , 𝑏 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6 and
𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥, find (𝑎 − 𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑥).
D.2 SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTIONS
Example 4.6 Given that 𝑢 𝑥 = −15𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 and 𝑣 𝑥 = 4 − 5𝑥, find
(𝑣 − 𝑢)(−3).
D.3 MULTIPLICATION OF FUNCTIONS
Multiplication of Functions
Suppose there are two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥). The product of these
functions can be written as 𝑓 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔(𝑥).
Example 4.7Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 6 and ℎ 𝑥 = −15𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 8, find
(𝑓 ∙ ℎ)(𝑥).
D.3 MULTIPLICATION OF FUNCTIONS
Example 4.8 Given that 𝑖 𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑗 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 4, and 𝑘 𝑥 = 5 − 𝑥 3 , find (𝑖 ∙
𝑗 ∙ 𝑘)(𝑥).
D.3 MULTIPLICATION OF FUNCTIONS
1
Example 4.9 Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑖 𝑥 = 4, find 𝑓 ∙ 𝑖 2
.
D.4 DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS
Division of Functions
Suppose there are two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥). The quotient of these
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
functions can be written as 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑓
Example 4.10 Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 6, find 𝑥 .
𝑔
D.4 DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS
𝑔
Example 4.11 Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, find 𝑥 .
𝑓
D.4 DIVISION OF FUNCTIONS
𝑎
Example 4.12Given that 𝑎 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 4 and 𝑒 𝑥 = −9𝑥 + 6, find 𝑒
12 .
D.5 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

5. Composition of Functions
A composite function is created when
one function is substituted into another
function. Suppose there are two functions
𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥). The function 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is called the composite function.
Take a look on this representation.

Note that in a composite function, a white

circle (○) is used to represent composition.
D.5 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Example 4.13 Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , find (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥).
D.5 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
1
Example 4.14 Given that 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥, 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1, find
(𝑎 ○ 𝑏 ○ 𝑐)(𝑥).
D.5 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Example 4.15Given that 𝑖 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑗 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 7, find (𝑖 ○
𝑗)(−2).

(𝑖 ○ 𝑗)(𝑥) = 𝑖 𝑗 𝑥
𝑖 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 3
52
53
54
55
56