REVIEWER FOR I. I. I
A
Statistical Tools
Mean - The arithmetic mean, more
commonly known as ―the average, is the
sum of a list of numbers divided by the
number of items on the list. The mean is
useful in determining the overall trend of
a data set or providing a rapid snapshot of
your data.
Standard Deviation - The standard
deviation, often represented with the
Greek letter sigma, is the measure of a
spread of data around the mean.
Regression -. Regression models the
relationships between dependent and
explanatory variables, which are usually
charted on a scatterplot.
Simple linear regression allows us to look
at the linear relationship between one
normally distributed interval predictor
and one normally distributed interval
outcome variable. Multiple regressions is
very similar to simple regression, except
that in multiple regression you have more
than one predictor variable in the
equation.
Sample Size Determination - When
measuring a large data set or population,
like a workforce, you don‘t always need to
collect information from every member of
that population – a sample does the job
just as well.
Hypothesis Testing - Commonly called t
testing, hypothesis testing assesses if a
certain premise is actually true for your
data set or population.
One sample t-test allows us to test
whether a sample mean (of a normally
distributed interval variable) significantly
differs from a hypothesized value.
paired (samples) t-test is used when you
have two related observations and you
want to see if the means on these two
normally distributed interval variables
differ from one another
One sample median test allows us to test
whether a sample median differs
significantly from a hypothesized value.
O n the other hand, one sample binomial
test allows us to test whether the
proportion of successes on a two-level
categorical dependent variable
significantly differs from a hypothesized
value.
Correlation- Correlation is useful when
you want to see the linear relationship
between two (or more) normally
distributed interval variables.
One-way ANOVA- Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) is used when you have a
categorical independent variable (with
two or more categories) and a normally
distributed interval dependent variable
and you wish to test for differences in the
means of the dependent variable broken
down by the levels of the independent
variable. Factorial ANOVA, on the other
hand, has two or more categorical
independent variables (either with or
without the interactions) and a single
normally distributed interval dependent
variable.
DATA ANALYSIS- Is the process of
systematically applying statistical and/or
logical techniques to describe and
illustrate, condense and recap, and
evaluate data? Various analytic
procedures provide a way of drawing
inductive inferences from data and
distinguishing the signal (the
phenomenon of interest) from the noise
(statistical fluctuations) present in the
data.
Drawing Logical Conclusions
Formulating Recommendation 5. Conclusions should refer only to the
subjects or population of the research
Strategies for Writing an Effective
study.
Conclusion
6. Conclusions should not contain
1. Conclusion are intertwined with the
apologetic statements for unresolved
Introduction
problems in the study.
Intertwining your conclusion with
7. Conclusions should contain categorical
the Introduction of your research paper
statements. Refrain from using words like
can be an excellent strategy as you will
perhaps or maybe, or those words that
have a more concrete scenario which
would imply unresolved issues.
explains that you have evidence that will
contribute to a new understanding to a Formulating Recommendations
field of study.
Recommendations typically play
2. Conclusions are inferences and an essential portion of research study.
generalizations based upon the findings of Formulating recommendations is easy,
the study provided the findings and conclusions
have been fully explained and completed.
3. Conclusions should specifically answer
Recommendations are based on the
the questions posed in the “Statement of
findings of the study. They should not be
the Problem” of a research study
based on your own biases or beliefs. They
4. Conclusions should contain facts or should not be too broad to lose its
actual results from the research study or relevance to the precise topic the
the inquiry. Conclusions should never be research study.
based from indirect implications of the
findings.

Other Guidelines in Writing Conclusions

An effective way to write a
conclusion is to provide completion of
your research paper. The reader should
feel satisfied after you have fully
explained all that you have fully
accomplished.
1. Conclusions should be clearly, briefly,
and concisely stated.
2. Conclusions should not introduce new
arguments, new information or ideas not
related to the research study.
3. Conclusion should be original and
accurate.
4. Conclusion should leave the reader
with an interesting final impression
towards the study.
Characteristics of Recommendations
1. Relevance to the Study
~relevance measures the degree
to which a certain variable is related or
useful to what is eing talked about.
Recommendations for things should not
be discussed in the study if it is irrelevant.
2. Logical reasoning
~the recommendations should be well
thought of and with valid reasons. (1) if
the finidngs, for instance, is a large class
size, it is only logical to recommend an
ideal class size to create a healthy
teaching and learning environment.
3. Feasibleness and Attainability
~the recommendations based on the
finding and conclusions should be
practical, workable, and achievable. A
recommendation pertaining to the need
to improve and upgrade the science
laboratory in public schools is feasible and
attainable.
Purposes of a Recommendation
1. Policy Recommendations. A policy
serves as a guideline in promulgating
certain regulations in various sectors of
society. Policy recommendations should
be included as an output of research. The
recommended actiosn should be
specified, the steps required to
implement the proposed actions and
what resources are needed should also be
included.
* When formulating policy
recommendations, the following should
be included:
1. Discussion of the problems
based on the findings and what should be
done in order to solve the problem.
2. Discussion of the benefits or
advantages to the agency or organization.
3. The plan of action and the
evaluation process to ensure success of
the proposed policy recommendations.
4. The feasibility or viability of the
proposed policy.
2. Recommendations for Future Research
Directions. It is also ideal to discuss
actions of your research for further study
of validation purposes. You may present
or discuss additional research which you
were not able to include in your research
but worth while doing.
3. Recommendations to some Problems
Discovered in the Research Study
4. Recommendations for Improvement or
Change
5. There may also be recommendations
for the continuance of good practice
Listing References
APA Style uses a list of References instead
of Bibliography. The requirements of a
reference ist are that all references cited
in the text of a paper must be listed
alphabetically, first author’s last name in
the list of Refeences and that all
references listed must be cited within the
text. In general, the list of References is
double-spaced. The reference list should
appears at the end of the research paper.
BOOKS
(Basic Entry)
The entry for a book begins with the last
name of the author, followed by a comma
and the author’s initials followed by
periods. The date of publication follows in
the parentheses, followed by a period.
Only the first word f the book title, the
title is underlined and followed by a
period. Facts of publication include the
city of publication. The name of the
location is followed by a colon and the
name of the publisher. The entry ends
with a period.
Edition othr than First
Identify an edition other than the first or a
specific volume with parentheses
following the title without any intervening
punctuation.
Periodicals
The basic entry for an article in a
periodical begins with the last names and
initials of all authors, iverted. The year of
pubication follows in parentheses; for
magazine and newspaper articles, give the
month and day (if any). Next comes the
title of the article, not enclosed
inquotation marks; the inclusive page
numbers. A period follows the author
entry and the title of numbers are
separated by commas.
Journals Paginated by Issue
If each issue of a journal begins with page
1, give the issue number in parentheses
after the volume number.
Magazine Articles
The entry for citing a magazine article
includes the author, (year and month of
publication), article title, magazine title,
volume (issue), page
Monograph
In an entry for monograph, identify the
nature of the material within brackets and
give the volume number of the issue.
Place additional identifying numerals,
such as isse and serial (or whole) numbers
in parentheses after the volume number.
Commonly Used Rules and Reference of
APA
Parenthetical Reference Citations in Text
When you do not mention the author’s
name in your text, that name followed by
a comma and the date of publication,
appears in parentheses at the end of your
sentence. Use the last name only in both
first and subsequent citations, except
when you have more than one author
with the same last name.
author; the page number should follow
the end of the quotation.
Work by Two Authors
When you refer to a work by two authors,
cite both names each time the reference
appears.
Work by Two Through Five Authors
- For a work by more than two
authors but fewer than six authors, cite all
names in the first reference. In
subsequent references, cite only the
name of the first author and use et.al.
Reference to More than One Work
- List two or more workds by the
same author in order of date of
publication: ) Carey, 2005, 2012).
Differentiate workd by the same author
and with the same publication date by
adding an identifying letter to each date:
(Prieto, 2010a, 2010b). the letter also
appear in the reference list, where the
works are alphabetized by title.
List works by different authors in
alphabetical order by last name, and use
semicolons to separate the references:
(Carey, 2002; Naval, 2007; Priet, 2010)
Sharing your Research

Author and Date Cite in Text

If you use both the name of the author

and the date in the text, parenthetical
reference is not necessary.

Quotation with Name of Author

Whan your sentence contains a quotation

and includes the name of the author;
place the publication date and page
number in parentheses. Abbreviate page
or pages (p. or pp.). the publication date
should follow the name of author; the
page numbr should follow the name of