2024 MOCK 2 SCIENCE 2 SOLUTION

PAPER 2
[60 MARKS]
QUESTION 1
(a)
(i) Identify the life cycle labeled A and B above.
A = A life cycle of a grasshopper.
B = A life cycle of a housefly
[2 marks @ 1 mark each]
Correct spelling score
(ii) Name each stage labeled I, II, III and IV.
 I = eggs
 II = nymph
 III = adult
 IV = Larva
[4 marks @ 1 mark each]
Correct spelling score

(iii) Provide the main difference between cycle A and B.

 The main difference between the two life cycles is the number of developmental stages
and the way these stages occur. Grasshoppers have three stages in incomplete
metamorphosis, while houseflies have four stages in complete metamorphosis.
[2 marks]
(iv) The stage labeled III belongs to which insect order?
 an adult grasshopper is categorized as an insect belonging to the order Orthoptera
[2 marks]
Total = 10 marks
(b)
(i) Name the natural phenomenon illustrated in the diagram.
 Formation of a shadow from external source of light. [2 marks]
(ii) What does each of the parts labelled I, II, III and IV in the diagram represent in
nature?
 I = external source of light / touch / light source
 II = object/ opaque
 III = Umbra / total shadow.
 IV = Penumbra / Partial shadow.
[4 marks @ 1 mark each]
(iii) What would be experienced by a person standing in the part labelled III in the
diagram?
 A person studying in the III (umbra) will not see the source of light or will not receive
light from the source. [2 marks]
(iv) Give reasons for the answer in (iii) above.
 This is because the light source has been blocked by the opaques or object. [2 marks]
Total = 10 marks
(c)
(i) Name each of the parts labeled IV, V and VI.
IV = evaporating dish
V = clamp stand or retort stand
VI = tripod stand
[3 marks @ 1 mark each
 Name two possible solutions that can react to produce salt.
 Sodium hydroxide
 Hydrochloric acid
[2 marks @ 1 mark each]
Correct spelling score
(ii) Name the process that takes place when the two solutions named in (C. ii) react.
 Neutralization reaction [2 marks]
Correct spelling score
(iii) Name the process that takes place in the set-up B.
 Evaporation or boiling or heating [1 mark]
(iv) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between solutions named in (C.ii).
 Neutralization reaction [2 marks]
Total = 10 marks

(d)
(i) Identify each of the tools labeled A, B, C, D, and E.
 A= digging fork or garden fork.
 B = spade
 C = hand fork
 D = hand trowel
 E = watering can.
[5 marks @ 1 mark each]
Correct spelling score

(ii) Mention one use of A and E.

A (digging fork or garden fork)
 For digging soil during seed bed preparation.
 For breaking up hard or compacted soil.
 For loosening soil in garden and farming.
 For turning compost heap.
 For listing and turning over soil in gardening and farming.
E (watering can)
 For watering or irrigating crops by hand
[2 marks @ 1 mark each]
Any one score
(iii) Mention three ways of caring for the farm tools illustrated.
 Keep tool in a termite free area.
 Keeping tool clean after use.
 Keeping tools in a safe, dry place.
 Using tools for the right purpose.
 Keeping records of the movement of tools
 Etc.
[3 marks @ 1 mark each]
Total = 10 marks
QUESTION 2
(a) (i) Explain briefly why was named laughing gas?
 Nitrous oxide (N2O) earned the nickname "laughing gas" due to the characteristic
euphoric effects it produces when inhaled in small quantities. (1 mark )This gas
induces a temporary altered state of mind, leading to feelings of happiness,
giddiness, and sometimes uncontrollable laughter.(1 mark) These effects led to its
association with laughter, hence the name "laughing gas." However, while it might
induce a sense of joy.(1 mark)
Total =[3 marks]
(ii) Why is it no longer used for the purpose for which it was named?
 Is no longer primarily used for amusement or recreational purposes. The shift away
from its initial association is primarily due to safety concerns associated with its
misuse. [1 mark ]While it can induce temporary euphoria and laughter when
inhaled in small doses, excessive use can lead to oxygen deprivation and health
risks.[1 mark]
Total = [2 marks]
(b) (i) What is a specialized cell?
 Specialized cell is a cell structurally adapted to perform a particular or specific
function. [1 mark]
(ii) Give two examples of specialized cell.
 Sperm cell
 White blood cell
 Nerve cell
[2 marks @ 1 mark each]
Correct spelling score
(c) A water heater is rated , . Calculate the maximum current that
the heater can take.
Power= 1000W V= 240V
Power(P) = current(I) × Voltage(V)
Power =
= = = 4.17 ≊ 4.2
Accept unit in word
Wrong or no unit −
[4 marks]
(d) (i) What is eutrophication?
 Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water, such as a lake or pond,
becomes overly enriched with nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen.
[1 mark]
(ii) How does nitrogen cycle contribute to eutrophication?
 The nitrogen cycle contributes to eutrophication by facilitating the overgrowth of
algae and aquatic plants due to the excessive presence of nitrogen compounds in
water bodies, [1 mark]
 leading to imbalances in the ecosystem and potentially harming aquatic life.
[1 mark]
Total = [2 marks]
TOTAL = 15 MARKS
QUESTION 3
(a) (i) Explain why each of the following strategies conserves energy:
( ). Exchanging of old refrigerators for new ones;
 Upgrading to new refrigerators saves energy due to improved technology and
better insulation, reducing electricity needs for cooling.
( ). Creating large windows and doors in the direction of the prevailing winds.
 Upgrading to new refrigerators saves energy due to improved technology and
better insulation, reducing electricity needs for cooling.
[2 marks @ 1mark each]
(b) (i) State two differences each between weak acid and strong base.
Weak acid Strong acid
Partially ionizes in water Fully dissociates in water
Produces fewer ions in solution Produces more ions in solution
Has a lower conductivity in solution Exhibits higher conductivity in solution
pH closer to neutral pH typically higher (greater than 7)
[2 marks @ 1 mark each]
Any two score 1
(ii) Explain briefly why hydrogen ( ) is a molecule.
 Hydrogen (H2) exists as a molecule because it's composed of two hydrogen atoms
that are chemically bonded together through a shared pair of electrons, forming a
stable structure. [1 mark] This covalent bond holds the atoms together, [1 mark]
resulting in the formation of the H2 molecule. [1 mark]
Total = [3 marks]
(c) (i) What is meant by the term circulatory system?
 The circulatory system refers to the network of organs and vessels responsible for
circulating blood, nutrients, gases, and hormones throughout the body. OR
 The circulatory system is a collection of tissues and organs which transports
materials or food or water or oxygen throughout the whole body.
[2 marks]
(ii) Name three substances that are transported in the body.
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Nutrients
 Hormones
 Waste products:
 Water
[3 marks @ 1 mark each]
Correct spelling score
(d) Briefly explain how legumes are able to add nitrogen to the soil.
 Legumes have a unique ability to host bacteria called rhizobia in nodules on their
roots. [1 mark] Through a symbiotic relationship, these bacteria convert
atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants, providing them with essential
nitrogen for growth. [1 mark] This process, known as nitrogen fixation, enhances
soil fertility as legumes release nitrogen into the soil when they die or shed leaves,
benefiting other nearby plants. [1 mark]
Total = [3 marks]
TOTAL = 15 MARKS
QUESTION 4
(a) (i) Explain the following as used in binary compounds;
( ). decomposition.
 Decomposition in a binary compound refers to the breakdown of a compound made
of two different elements into its individual elements. For instance, breaking down
sodium chloride (NaCl) into sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl).
( ). displacement.
 Displacement in a binary compound occurs when a more reactive element replaces a
less reactive one in a compound through a chemical reaction. For example, zinc
(Zn) displacing copper (Cu) in copper sulfate (CuSO4) to form zinc sulfate and
elemental copper.
[2 marks @ 1mark each]
(b) (i) Defined the term oxygenated blood.
 Oxygenated blood refers to blood that has a high concentration of oxygen bound to
hemoglobin within red blood cells. [2 marks]
(ii) Describe briefly how blood is oxygenated.
 Blood is oxygenated in the lungs during respiration. Inhaled air enters the lungs,
where tiny air sacs called alveoli exchange oxygen with blood in nearby capillaries.
[1 mark] Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, binding to hemoglobin in red blood
cells, forming oxyhemoglobin. [1 mark] This oxygen-rich blood is then pumped by
the heart to body tissues, delivering oxygen and picking up carbon dioxide for
exhalation, ensuring a continuous supply of oxygen for cellular functions. [1 mark]
Total = [3 marks]
(c) Give five differences between solar eclipse and lunar eclipse.
Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse
Occurs when the Moon passes between Occurs when the Earth passes between
the Earth and the Sun, blocking the Sun's the Sun and the Moon, casting its
light. shadow on the Moon.
Moon obstructs sunlight, causing a Earth's shadow falls on the Moon,
temporary darkening of a portion of the causing it to darken or turn reddish in a
Earth's surface. total or partial eclipse.
Only visible within a narrow path on the Visible from any location on the
Earth's surface where the Moon's nighttime side of the Earth where the
shadow falls (totality). Moon is above the horizon.
Can be total, partial, or annular Can be total, partial, or penumbral,
depending on the alignment and distance depending on the extent of the Earth's
between the Earth, Moon, and Sun. shadow covering the Moon.
Occurs during the New Moon phase. Occurs during the Full Moon phase.
Requires eye protection to view safely Safe to view with the naked eye; no eye
due to the Sun's intense brightness. protection needed to observe the
eclipsed Moon.
[5 marks @ 1 mark each]
Any two score one
 (d) Briefly describe the role of lightning in the nitrogen cycle.
 Lightning plays a brief but crucial role in the nitrogen cycle through a process called
atmospheric nitrogen fixation. [1 mark] During thunderstorms, lightning generates
intense heat and energy that split atmospheric nitrogen molecules (N2) apart. [1
mark] These individual nitrogen atoms combine with oxygen and other elements in
the air, forming nitrogen oxides (NOx). [1 mark] These nitrogen oxides dissolve in
rainwater, creating nitric acid (HNO3), which falls to the ground as a component of
precipitation. [1 mark]
Total = [3 marks]
Any three score
TOTAL = 15 MARKS
QUESTION 5
(a) (i) What is pH scale?
 pH scale is one which measures the acidity or the alkalinity of a solution or soil. OR
 pH scale is a measure of the ion concentration of a solution. OR
 The pH scale is a measurement system used to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of a
substance, solution, or environment.
[2 marks]
(ii) Give the range of a pH scale and explain its significance.
 The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where:
 A pH of 0 to 6.9 indicates acidity. The lower the number, the more acidic the
substance.
 pH 7 is considered neutral.
 A pH of 7 is neutral, indicating a balanced concentration of hydrogen ions and
hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.
 A pH of 7.1 to 14 indicates alkalinity. The higher the number, the more alkaline the
substance.
[3 marks]
Any three scores
(b) State the function of each of the following parts of mammalian circulatory system;
( ). heart;
 Pumping: The primary role of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body,
ensuring that oxygen and nutrients are delivered to tissues and organs.
 Circulation: It maintains blood flow by contracting and relaxing in a coordinated
manner, allowing oxygenated blood to be sent out to the body and deoxygenated
blood to return to the heart.
 Generating Blood Pressure: The heart creates the necessary pressure to propel
blood through the blood vessels, ensuring circulation and distribution of blood to all
parts of the body.
( ). capillary.
 Exchange of Substances: Capillaries facilitate the exchange of gases (like oxygen
and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.
 Microcirculation: Capillaries form a vast network of small blood vessels,
providing a large surface area for efficient exchange of substances between blood
and tissues in almost every part of the body.
 Regulation of Blood Flow: Capillaries help regulate blood flow by adjusting their
diameter, controlling the amount of blood reaching specific tissues based on their
metabolic needs.
[2 marks @ 1 mark each]
Any one score
 (c) Draw a ray diagram to illustrate a ray of light travelling from glass to air.

[4 marks]
Correct drawing score 1

(d) (i) Give the names of the form of nitrogen absorbed by plants.
 nitrate ions (NO3-)
 ammonium ions (NH4+)
[2 marks @ 1 mark each]
Correct spelling score
(ii) Which of the forms stated in d(i) is easily leached from the soil?
 Nitrate ions are more mobile in soil water and can be easily washed away by rainfall
or excessive irrigation, moving deeper into the soil profile or even leaching into
groundwater.
[2 marks]
TOTAL = 15 MARKS
QUESTION 6
(a) Describe briefly the structure of the heart of a mammal.
 The mammalian heart is a muscular organ divided into four chambers [0.5 mark]
two atria and two ventricles. [0.5 mark] It is enclosed within a protective sac called
the pericardium. [0.5 mark] The atria receive blood returning to the heart, while the
ventricles pump blood out of the heart. [0.5 mark] Valves between chambers prevent
backward flow of blood. [[0.5 mark] The right side of the heart receives
deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation, while
the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the
body. [0.5 mark] Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood
for its own nourishment and function[0.5 mark]
Total = [3 marks]
(b) (i) Copy and complete the table below:
Compound Constituent elements Chemical formula
Ammonium Nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H). NH
Water Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen(O) NH4+.
Table salt Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). NaCl.
[4 marks @ 1 mark each]

(c) (i) What is nitrogen cycle?

 The nitrogen cycle is a natural process that describes the movement and
transformation of nitrogen in various forms through the environment.
[2 marks]
(ii) State three uses of nitrogen to plants.
 Supports Growth:
 Enhances Leaf Growth:
 Improves Seed and Fruit Development:
 Increases Resistance to Stress:
 Boosts Nutrient Uptake:
 Enhances Crop Yields:
[3 marks @ 1 mark each]
(d) Describe briefly how images are formed in cameras.
 Images form in cameras as light enters through the lens, focusing onto the camera's
image sensor or film. ,[1 mark] This focused light creates an image by capturing
the intensity and color information of the scene. ,[1 mark] In digital cameras, this
data is converted into electronic signals and processed into a digital image file. [1
mark]
Total = [3 marks]
TOTAL = 15 MARKS