TITLE PAGE

TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE AUTHORITY JADA

BY

HUSSAINI NURUDDEEN BRIGHT

ST/SLT/ND/22/486

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC MUBI, ADAMAWA STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN SCIENCE LABORATORY
TECHNOLOGY

MARCH, 2024

i
 DEDICATION
This technical report is dedicated to Almighty God who in his infinite mercy saw me
through the course of my training. I also dedicate this work to my entire family member.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to the almighty God for his mercies upon my life, for
given me this opportunity to acquire wisdom, knowledge and understanding skills restoration
experience and spiritual care during this SIWES mission.
My special gratitude also goes to my beloved parents for their support academically,
financially and spiritually. My prayer is May Almighty God triple your blessings.
My sincere gratitude goes to the Primary Health Care Authority Jada for accepting me
and giving me maximum support toward this SIWES mission, and the entire staff of the
laboratory. I want to thank my industrial based supervisor for his support. I Pray that
almighty God bless you more abundantly.

Finally my regard goes to all my beloved brothers and sisters for their support and all
my friends whose names have not appeared here.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE................................................................................................................................
DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................
1.1 History of ITF........................................................................................................................
1.2 History of SIWES..................................................................................................................
1.3 Objectives of SIWES.............................................................................................................
1.4 History of Primary Health Care Authority Jada.....................................................................
1.5 Objectives of the Organization..............................................................................................
1.6 Organization Chart of Primary Health Care Authority Jada..................................................
1.7 Name of Organization............................................................................................................

CHAPTER TWO
PARASITOLOGY UNIT............................................................................................................
2.1 Malaria Parasite......................................................................................................................
2.2 Urine Examination.................................................................................................................
2.3 Retroviral Screening (RVS)...................................................................................................

CHAPTER THREE
HAEMATOLOGY UNIT............................................................................................................
3.1 Blood Sample Collection.......................................................................................................
3.2 Packed Cell Volume (PCV)...................................................................................................
3.3 Widal Reaction Test.............................................................................................................
3.4 Blood Grouping....................................................................................................................

CHAPTER FOUR
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY/VIROLOGY UNIT.....................................................................
4.1 Some of the Test Carried out in the Units............................................................................
4.2 Pregnancy Test (PT TEST)..................................................................................................
4.3 Virology Unit.......................................................................................................................
4.4 Hepatitis Virus (HBsAg)......................................................................................................

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 History of ITF

SIWES is a co-operate education program initiated by industrial training fund (I.T.F) to
supplement the theoretical learning to higher institution with practical occupational
experience in industries, in other to enhance the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of
polytechnic graduate in various occupational fields. The scheme still maintains and meets the
same objectives despite its problems and management challenges. These however are in line
with the philosophy of Nigerian educational Government experience meaningful and
prepared student toward self-realization through the acquisition of appropriate skills abilities
and competencies.

This scheme involved the student training by lectures from the institution, the co-operate
industrial or employer and the training or employer Fund (ITF) the scheme is initiated by ITF
where controlling and finding without the assistance of the Government from 1979 and
finally withdraw from paying students allowance when the retired General Mohammed
Buhari took over, he revert the operation of the scheme from (NBTE) in 1976 to the (ITF)
these new arrangement lead to the birth of SIWES in July 1985 (Baron, 1973).

1.2 History of SIWES

In Nigeria, to have an approved requirement for graduating, the Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) must be included. It creates avenue that links the practice
of science, technology and engineering, medical science, agricultural and other professional
programs offered in Nigeria tertiary institutions.
The Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established by the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973, and it started in 1974 with 748 students from 11
institutions of higher learning participating. As at 1978, the scope of participation in the
scheme had increased to about 5,000 students from 32 institutions, (ITF, 2003). Currently the
level of participation has grown remarkably and is comprehensive.
The scheme is responsible for the exposure of students to new equipment and modern
machines which are not present or generally insufficient in most of our tertiary institutions.
The SIWES is a program involving the students, the institution and industries in a
cooperative manner.

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1.3 Objectives of SIWES
i. To provide students with opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real
work situation thereby bridging the gap between polytechnic work and actual
practice.
ii. To allow students to acquire industrial skills and experience in various courses of
study.
iii. To enlighten and strengthen employers involvement in the entire education
process of preparing polytechnic graduates for the employment industry.
iv. To expose students to work and techniques in handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in the polytechnic.
v. To prepare student for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
vi. Make transition from the polytechnic to the world of work easier and this
enhances student contacts for later job placement after graduation (Willey, 2009).

1.4 History of Primary Health Care Authority Jada

The health care center has a laboratory unit where tests are usually done on clinical specimens
in order to obtain information about health of a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment,
and prevention of disease.

1.5 Objectives of the Organization

 Diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
 Training of Students on Industrial Training.
 Medical supplies.

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 1.6 Organization Chart of Primary Health Care Authority Jada

CEO/Managing Director

Account Chief Technologist Medical Record Pharmacy

Office

Receptionist

Laboratory Attendant Physiotherapist

Laboratory Cleaner

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1.7 Name of Organization
The name of the organization is Primary Health Care Authority Jada.
The laboratory equipments used in the organization are as follows:
 Microscope
 Centrifuge machine
 Microheamatocrit centrifuge
 Test tube
 Syringe and needles
 Blood collection containers
 Petri-dish
 Capillary tube
 Semi auto chemistry analyzer
 Air condition
 Pasteur pippete
 Micro pippete
 Chemical reagent
 Conical flask
 Glass slides
 Swap
 Incubator
 Cutting wool
 Widal kit, etc

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 CHAPTER TWO

PARASITOLOGY UNIT

Parasitology is the study of parasite and the relationship with the host that harbors
them. Parasite are organisms that depend on their host for food and shelter which contribute
other things to the host (Willey, 2009)

2.1 Malaria Parasite

Aim: To determine the presence of malaria parasite.

Materials: Tap water, Microscope, Slide, Field strain A and B

Procedure:

 On a free grease slide a drop of blood sample was placed at the center to obtain a
smear.
 I allowed to air dry
 I stained with field stain for 30 seconds
 I washed in clean water
 I allowed to air dry
 Immersion oil was added to the sample
 I observed it microscopically using x 100 objective lens

Result

 0-3 Parasite = scanty

 3-7 Parasite =+
 7-9 Parasite =++
 9 and above =+++

2.2 Urine Examination

Aim: To examine for the presence of parasite, ova, epithelial cell etc. this is done
microscopically and microscopically.

Microscopic Examination
 Colour: deep amber
 Appearance: cloudy
 Odor: Aromatic
Material: Centrifuge machine and its tubes, glass slide and microscope, urine sample.
Procedure:
 10mls of the urine was placed in a test tube

5
  I centrifuged it at 1500rpm for 5 minutes
 The upper natant was discard to re-suspend the deposit
 On a grease free slide the drop of the urine deposit was placed at the center
I covered with a cover slip
I observed it microscopically using x10 and x objectives.
Result:
 Schistosoma haematobium
 Cells e.g. epithelial cell, red blood cell, yeast cells, casts.

2.3 Urine Analysis

Aim: To determine the abnormality of the kidney and urinary infection in the urine.
Materials: Urine sample, combi-9 test strip, universal container
Procedures:
 The test strip dipped into the urine sample for some seconds.
 After 2-3 seconds, the strip was compare with the colour scale on the strip container.

Observation:

It was observed that when the strip was changed, to blood, it was positive;
urobolonogen-dark milk was normal, light pink double was positive for bilirubin, etc.

BLOOD
UROBILINOGEN
PROTEIN
KETONES
ASCORBIC ACID
GLUCOSE
PH

Figure 1: COMBI 9 Strip

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2.4 Retroviral Screening (RVS)
This is a HIV (Human immune virus) test, which is disease caused by AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and is done to determine in either positive or
negative.
Aim: To test for HIV (human immune virus) in blood of patient
 Blood sample
 RVS Strip
 Tourniquet
 Syringe and needle
 Cotton wool
 70% alcohol
 Sample bottle
 Dropping pipette

Procedure:
A blood sample was collected from a patient and transferred into a sample bottle. The
sample was spine for about 5 minutes in a centrifuge machine to separate the plasma and the
packed cell.

Using dropping pipette, two drop of plasma was doped into RVS strip and allowed to
some minutes for result interpretation.

Result:

 Two band line on the test strip indicates positive

 One band line on the test strips indicates negative
 No band line on the test strip indicates invalid

Precaution:

 I ensured that, the sample was carefully collected abiding all precautions necessary.
 I ensured that, the strip used in the test has not expired, to avid invalid result.

Procedure:

A blood sample collected was smeared on a clean glass slide and allowed to air dry at
room temperature. The smeared slide was dipped into field stain A (blue stain) for 3-5
seconds and it was removed and dipped into water for 3-5 seconds for rinsing, the smeared
slide was also dipped into field stain B (red stain) for 2-4 seconds and it was removed and
dipped into water for rinsing, then it was allowed to air dry and oil immersion was applied
onto the slide and it was observed under the x 100 objective lens.
Interpretation of Malaria Parasite Result, as Viewed Under the Microscope:
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One to eight ( 1-8) plasmodium specie" seen in the microscope, the result is reported as (+ l)
positive.

Eight to sixteen (8-16) plasmodium species seen in the microscope, the result report as (+2)
positive.
Sixteen (16) upward the result is reportedas (+3) positive.

Figure 2: Microscope

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 CHAPTER THREE

HAEMATOLOGY UNIT

Haematology this is the study of normality and abnormality of blood. The following are
the investigation carried out in the unit (Dele, 2008).
Investigations

 Blood collection
 Packed cell volume (PCV)
 Widal test
 Blood grouping

3.1 Blood Sample Collection

Veinous Collection Blood Sample And Capillary Tube Materials.

i. Tourniquet
ii. Cotton wool
iii. 70% alcohol
iv. Syringe and needle

Procedure:

i. The patient was seating comfortable on chair.

ii. Tourniquet was used to tie the upper arm of the patient to make the prominent.
iii. The prominent vein was observed.
iv. 70% alcohol swab to sterilize the prominent vein.
v. Syringe and needle were assembled and inserted into the prominent vein and
blood sample was drawn into syringe.
vi. The tourniquet was gently released before removing the needle.
vii. Cotton wool was placed at the puncture to stop bleeding.
viii. The collected blood sample was transferred into EDTA container and labeled for
analysis.

3.2 Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

Aim: To know the percentage volume of blood

Method: Microchematocrate.

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Material: Micro hematocrit centrifuge, capillary tube, hematocrit reader, clay tube (sealant)
or gas flame.

Procedure:

i. The capillary tube was filled with the sample by capillary action to at least 2/3
level of the tube
ii. The tube was wiped using a piece of a cotton wool.
iii. One end of the tube was sealed with sealant.
iv. It was placed in the radial gloves of the hematocrit centrifuge lead, with the
opened and toward the center.
v. The lip was replaced.
vi. It was centrifuge at 1000rpm for 5 minutes.
vii. The device was allowed to stop on its own.
viii. It was removed and used the reader to read the percentage of packed red cell.

Result: 42%

Normal Ranges:

 Adult men ………………..(42-52%)

 Adult women …………….(34-48%)
 New born baby……………(47-60%)

Precaution:

 I sealed the tube properly without exposing the blood sample to necked flame
 I used capillary tube
 I ensured that the centrifuge has done at 1000rmp for 5 minute

3.3 Widal Reaction Test

Aim: To test for presence of salmonella antibodies in a patient serum

Method: Tile method

Material: Tile, pusher pipette, cotton wool, steroid.

Specimen: Serum

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Procedure:

 Two horizontal lines of four drops of salmonella antigen (O&H) were placed on a
clear dry tile at different portion.
 Equal drop of serum were added to each droop antigen
 They were mixed separately
 It was rock for 5 minutes and observed for the presence of agglutination.

Result:

The title can be written as follows:

Salmonella O antigen----------------------------------- salmonella H antigen
Salmonella O paratypti A 1/180------- salmonella H paratypti A 1/40
Salmonella O paratypti B 1/20---------salmonella H paratypti B 1/60
Salmonella O paratypti C 1/40---------salmonella H paratypti C 1/160
Salmonella O paratypti D 1/320--------salmonella H paratypti D 1/20
Tile significant for typhoid.

Comments:

 Significant >1/160 and 1/320

 Border line =1/180
 Negative =<1/40

3.4 Blood Grouping

Method: Cell grouping

Aim: Cell grouping it is the testing of unknown red cell for the presence or absence of A and
B antigen with unknown anti-A, B and D sera.

Material:

 Clean tile
 Anti-sera (A,B and D)
 Cotton wool
 Applicator stick

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Procedure:

 A drop of each anti sera (A, B & D) where placed at different portion of a tile.
 Equal drop of blood sample were added to each antigen
 Then mixed and rocked for 3 minutes
 Agglutination and non-agglutination occur indicate the blood grouping.

A B O RESULT
A-

B-

O-

O+

A+

B+

AB-

AB+

Key

Non Agglutination.

Agglutination.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY/VIROLOGY UNIT
Chemical pathology deals with the chemical composition of blood fluid like it plasma
and also the study of blood chemistry and urine examination to observe the presence of acid,
protein, and sugar etc. that arc likely to cause abnormalities in human body (Ake, 2019).
4.1 Some of the Test Carried out in the Units
Pregnancy test (PT strip)
Malaria Parasite Test
RVS
HBV

4.2 Pregnancy Test (PT TEST)

Pregnancy test are designed to tell, if a patient developed a hormone called human
chronic gonadotrophin (HCG). This hormone is produce right after a fertilized egg is
attached to the wall of a woman's uterus.
Aim: to test for the presence of human chronic gonadotropin hormone in urine
Materials:
Urine sample
PT strip
Hand glove
Urine container

Procedure:
A PT strip was immersed into a container that contain the early morning urine sample,

the strip was then removed and the reading was taken after some minutes based on the line

that appear on the strip.

Result:
Two band lines on the strip indicates positive result, one band line on the strip indicate
negative result and no band line at all indicate an invalid PT strip.

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 Test
Results

Figure 3: Diagram demonstrating pregnancy test result.

4.3 Virology Unit

This is the unit that mostly deals with the internal infection (viruses) which causes the

absolute illness to the patient, Viruses contribute significantly to the global burden of disease

infection, it experiences countless infection throughout the lives with a particular or high

frequency in early childhood.

4.4 Hepatitis Virus (HBsAg)

This disease is the inflammation of the liver and is cause by a virus which has the ability to
stay alive for a long period of time outside the host, this shows dangerous the disease is and it
is done to know whether a patient is infected or not.
Aim: to determined hepatitis virus in patient blood

Materials:

 Blood sample
 Hepatitis strip
 Dropping pipette
 Cotton wool
 70% alcohol pad
 Syringe and needle
 Sample bottle
 Assay-buffer

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Procedure:
A sample was collected from a patient and transferred into a sample bottle and shake well,
the sample was spin for about 5 minute in a centrifuge machine to separate plasma and the
packed cell using dropping pipette, few drops of the plasma where dropped onto the hepatitis
strip and allowed for few minute to observed the result.
Result:
 Two band line on the strip indicate positive result
 One band line on the strip indicate negative result
 One band line on the strip indicate an invalid strip
Precautions:
 It was ensured that the hand gloves were used to avoid contamination of disease in the
laboratory
 It was ensured that the strip used has not expired

Conclusion
It was concluded that hepatitis virus was determined in the blood as liver disease caused by
virus.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion
The experience of our four 4 months Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) attachment, we were able to agree with the objectives of Industrial Training Fund
(I.T.F) in combination with universities and the industrial section bridging the gap between
theory and the actual practices. This Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme attachment
program has really enlighten us a lot of things that we have not done during our theoretical
study and it also exposed us to many principles, test and some machines that we have not
seen or handled before.

5.2 Recommendations
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was interesting; some
students find it difficult to carry out some of the test with modern equipment in the
laboratory. Likewise there was restriction on some of the equipment which is only operated
by the specialist in the establishment. In this respect I am pleading with the government to
provide modern laboratory equipment to schools, and the students be given opportunity to
operate the available equipment in the laboratories (Physics, Chemistry, and Microbiology).
Secondly the ITF official should try to visit establishment where students are
undergoing their SIWES program.

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 REFERENCES
Ake, N.W (2019), clinical guide to laboratory test third edition, W.B Saunders company.
Phidephia, USA. Pp329.333. Weltman O. (1992), method for the simple detection of
urinary tract infections. Wien. Med Wschr 72:618.

Baron, N.D (1973) Textbook of clinical pathology. Third edition Biddles Ltd. Guilford
surrey. Great Britain. Pp. 178-183

Dele, U. (2008). Florissant fossil beds national monument explorer the world of Florissant
paleontology. Http//planning.ng.gov/flfo/ Grant G.H et al (1987),

Fundamental of clinical chemistry third edition, WB Saunders company phidephia, USA,

pp.329.333 Leonard’s J. (1962) simple test for Hematuria compared with established
tests.

Willey J.M, (2009). Prescott principal of microbiology, McGraw hill higher edition.pp. ISBN
978-0-721341-1.

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