Text 1: Questions 1-8

1. In the first paragraph, the writer mentions numerical ratings of pain by patients to underline

A why official definitions of pain aren’t used clinically.

B the importance of tailoring treatment to the individual.

C differences in approach between researchers and doctors.

D how little is known about how pain feels to different people.

E
2. What point does the writer make about words used by patients to describe their pain in the first paragraph?

L
A They may not reflect the full range of possible types of pain.

P
B They fail to take account of recent studies into the nature of pain.

C They are often attached to unreliable memories of the experience of pain.

M
D They can be too subjective to give any real indication of the causes of pain.

A
3. The writer suggests that early attempts to find an objective marker of pain by scientists were largely

S
unsuccessful due to

A a wrong assumption about how the brain responds to pain.

B a lack of clear aims in the design of the research studies.

C a failure to see the potential of technical innovations.

D a focus on one particular group of patients.

4. The words ‘this factor’ in the third paragraph refer to

A the brain’s response to increasing amounts of pain.

B the person’s awareness of their situation.

C biological differences between people.

D the conscious perception of pain.

[CANDIDATE NO.] READING QUESTION PAPER PARTS B & C 10/16

 5. In the fourth paragraph, the writer expresses the view that the study of gamma oscillations

A has shown how pain is related to other sensory stimuli.

B has received surprisingly little research attention to date.

C has been neglected in relation to the specific study of pain.

D has proved useful in the study of a range of sensory stimuli.

E
6. The work of Valentini and Shultz using gamma waves has established that the individual’s response to pain

L
is likely

A to be consistent from one experience of pain to another.

P
B to be the same whatever type of pain is experienced.

C to fall into one of a number of distinct patterns.

M
D to reflect the age and gender of participants.

A
7. What reservation does the writer express about the study carried out by Valentini and Shultz in paragraph

S
six?

A it didn’t consider the long-term effects of pain on the brain.

B It couldn’t account for the differences between people.

C It focussed on one unrepresentative type of pain.

D It failed to recommend any practical applications.

8. In the final paragraph, the writer suggests it may be difficult to

A use gamma waves to assess levels of analgesia.

B set up further research with relevant patient groups.

C convince health professionals to embrace new principles.

D deal with the scale of any changes to treatment pathways.

[CANDIDATE NO.] READING QUESTION PAPER PARTS B & C 11/16