The enthalpy of a reaction.

The enthalpy of a reaction is defined as the heat

energy change that occurs when reactants
become products.

ΔH is positive if heat is absorbed during the

reaction.

if heat is released, ΔH is negative.

In a chemical reaction, why is heat released or absorbed?
Chemical bonds are either broken or formed in any chemical
reaction.
Heat is released when chemical bonds form, and heat is absorbed
when chemical bonds break.

Since molecules want to remain together, forming chemical bonds

between them requires less energy than breaking them, which
requires more energy and results in heat being absorbed from the
surroundings.
Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction
Endothermic Reaction Exothermic Reaction

Heat is absorbed by reactants to form products. Heat is released.

Heat is absorbed from the surroundings; as a result, the Heat is released by the reaction to surroundings;
surroundings get cold. surroundings feel hot.

ΔH is positive ΔH is negative

The bonds broken in the reactants are stronger than the The bonds formed in the products are stronger than the
bonds formed in the products. bonds broken in the reactants.

The reactants are lower in energy than the products. The products are lower in energy than the reactants.

Represented by an "uphill" energy diagram. Represented by an "downhill" energy diagram

Melting ice, evaporation, cooking, and Rusting iron, settling, chemical bonds,
photosynthesis . explosions, and nuclear fission
 Bond Breaking & Bond Forming
Chemical bonds in reactions
Whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic depends on the
difference between the energy needed to break existing bonds and
the energy released when the new bonds are formed
Bond breaking is always an endothermic process as energy needs to
be taken in from the surroundings to break the chemical bonds
Bond making is always an exothermic process as energy is transferred
to the surroundings as the new bond is formed
Overall exothermic reactions
If more energy is released than is
absorbed, then the reaction is
exothermic
More energy is released when new
bonds are formed than energy
required to break the bonds in the
reactants
The change in energy is negative since Bond making exothermic reaction Making new chemical
the products have less energy than bonds releases energy which radiates outwards from the
reaction to the surroundings in the form of heat
the reactants
Therefore an exothermic reaction has
a negative ΔH value
Overall endothermic reactions
If more energy is absorbed to break bonds than is
released to form new bonds, this reaction
is endothermic overall
The change in energy is positive
since the products have more energy than the
reactants

Therefore an endothermic reaction has

a positive ΔH value, which is shown on the energy
level diagrams and in calculations
Exothermic reactions:
During an exothermic reaction, more energy is energy is given out when
new bonds are made than the energy taken in to break bonds

This means that the energy of the products will be lower than the
energy of the reactants,
so the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is negative

This is represented on the energy-level diagram above with the energy

of the products being lower than that of the reactants
Endothermic reactions:
During an endothermic reaction, more energy is taken in to break
bonds than the energy given out to make bonds
This means that the energy of the products will be higher than the
energy of the reactants,
so the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is positive

This is represented on the energy-level diagram above with the

energy of the products being higher than that of the reactants
Calculating the Energy of a Reaction

Energy change = Energy taken in - Energy given out

Is each chemical reaction exothermic or

endothermic?

1.CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) + 213 kcal

2.N2(g) + O2(g) + 45 kcal → 2NO(g)

Is each chemical reaction exothermic or endothermic?

1.H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF (g) + 130 kcal

2.2C(s) + H2(g) + 5.3 kcal → C2H2(g)

1.Two different reactions are performed in two
identical test tubes. In reaction A, the test tube
becomes very warm as the reaction occurs. In reaction
B, the test tube becomes cold. Which reaction is
endothermic and which is exothermic? Explain.

2.Classify "burning paper" as endothermic or

exothermic processes.
 ANSWER

1.Reaction A is exothermic because heat is leaving the system

making the test tube feel hot. Reaction B is endothermic

because heat is being absorbed by the system making the test

tube feel cold.

2."Burning paper" is exothermic because burning (also known

as combustion) releases heat

An endothermic reaction is:

A-when the system gains heat as the surroundings cool down.

B-when the system loses heat as the surroundings heat up.

C-when one or more substances are changed into one or more

different substances.

D-when energy is either created or destroyed

E-when the reaction involves subatomic particles

An example of an exothermic reaction is:

A-the lighting of a match

B-an instant cold pack
C-when two chemicals are added together
D-evaporation of water
E-the breaking of bonds
2. Enthalpy change is

A-the amount of energy as heat that is lost or gained by a system

B-the total amount of energy in a system

C- a chemical reaction

D- when energy is neither created nor destroyed

E- when one or more substances are changed into one or more different
substances.