TELEVISION

TRANSMISSION
HISTORY
TECHNOLOGY
 WHAT IS TELEVISION BROADCASTING ?
(Analog)
Television broadcasting: A form of broadcasting in which a television signal
is transmitted by radio waves from a terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter of a
television station to TV receivers having an antenna.

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass
communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.
THE SCANNING SYSTEM
Progressive Video: Video sources that are listed with the letter p are called progressive scan signals.
Examples of this would be 480p, 720p or 1080p. Progressive scan video content displays both the even
and odd scan lines (the entire video frame) on the TV at the same time. A High Speed HDMI® Cable is
required to transmit a video signal in 1080p.

Interlaced Video: Video sources that are listed with the letter i are called interlaced. An example of
this would be 480i or 1080i. Interlaced video displays even and odd scan lines as separate fields. The
even scan lines are drawn on the screen, then the odd scan lines are drawn on the screen. Two of
these even and odd scan line fields make up one video frame.
ASPECT RATIO
Television aspect ratio refers
to the ratio of a television
screen's length vs. height.
From the time the television
was introduced, 4:3 or
1.33:1 was the standard
aspect ratio used by
televisions, only losing
popularity as it became
cheaper to manufacture
HDTVs with an aspect ratio
of 16:9.
 BROADCAST TELEVISION STANDARDS

There were three main analog television systems in use around the world until the
late 2010s: NTSC, PAL, and SECAM

Now in digital terrestrial television (DTT), there are four main systems in use
around the world: ATSC, DVB, ISDB and DTMB.
MODULATION
The process of converting data in radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. It needs
steady waveform and constant amplitude and frequency.

All analog television systems use vestigial sideband modulation, a form of amplitude modulation in which one sideband
is partially removed. This reduces the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, enabling narrower channels to be used.

For TV transmission, Both AM and FM are used. This is because TV information gives you two types of information- audio and
video. To deliver video signal to your TV screen, AM modulation is used. A total bandwith of 4MHz is used to deliver this
information.

Now comes the audio signal. The audio signal reaches your TV as FM modulated waves. Now the thing is that these waves are
suffixed and prefixed to the video signal as side bands and hence they are called Vestigial Side bands (VSB). A total bandwidth of
2MHz is used to deliver the audio.
ANALOG TV STANDARDS
 DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL TELEVISON STANDARDS
Digital terrestrial television (DTTV or DTT, or DTTB with "broadcasting") is a technology for terrestrial television in which
land-based (terrestrial) television stations broadcast television content by radio waves to televisions in consumers' residences in
a digital format.

DTTV is a major technological advance over the previous analog television, and has largely replaced analog which had been in
common use since the middle of the 20th century. Test broadcasts began in 1998 with the changeover to DTTV (aka Analog
Switchoff (ASO) or Digital Switchover (DSO)) beginning in 2006 and is now complete in many countries.

The advantages of digital terrestrial television are similar to those obtained by digitising platforms such as cable TV, satellite, and
telecommunications: more efficient use of limited radio spectrum bandwidth, provision of more television channels than analog,
better quality images, and potentially lower operating costs for broadcasters (after the initial upgrade costs).

Now in digital terrestrial television (DTT), there are four main systems in use
around the world: ATSC, DVB, ISDB and DTMB.
MPEG
Stands for "Moving Picture Experts Group." MPEG is an organization that develops standards for encoding digital audio and
video. It works with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) to ensure media compression standards are widely adopted and universally available.

The MPEG organization has produced a number of digital media standards since its inception in 1998. Examples include:

● MPEG-1 – Audio/video standards designed for digital storage media (such as an MP3 file)
● MPEG-2 – Standards for digital television and DVD video
● MPEG-4 – Multimedia standards for the computers, mobile devices, and the web
● MPEG-7 – Standards for the description and search of multimedia content
● MPEG-MAR – A mixed reality and augmented reality reference model
● MPEG-DASH – Standards that provide solutions for streaming multimedia data over HTTP (such as servers and
CDNs)
ATSC
Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards are an American set of standards for
digital television transmission over terrestrial, cable and satellite networks.

It is largely a replacement for the analog NTSC standard and, like that standard, is used mostly in the
United States, Mexico, Canada, and South Korea.

The ATSC standards were developed in the early 1990s by the Grand Alliance, a consortium of
electronics and telecommunications companies that assembled to develop a specification for what is
now known as HDTV.
DVB
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a set of international open standards for digital television.

DVB is an initiative that answers the problem of analog television: normalization. In fact, analog television standards (PAL, SECAM,
etc.) are not uniform and are sometimes incompatible. The success of DVB cannot, therefore, be complete without a fairly strong
impetus from European bodies to prompt the entire chain of actors, from design to production, to enter the consortium.

Currently, the DVB norm is well-installed across the entire world, particularly its satellite version. Competition remains high for media,
such as cable and terrestrial waves.

Although DVB owes its success largely to that of MPEG-2 compression and the European initiative from which it originates, its
adaptability is a fundamental element of its current and future success. The DVB system was designed to be broad and intelligent,
adaptable to different methods of transmission to the extent that it imposes no restrictions on the material used.

This open side of DVB is one of the elements that currently interest the different European and Asian projects, and this is what led us
to study this standard.
ISDB
The Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB; Japanese: 統合デジタル放送サービス, Tōgō dejitaru
hōsō sābisu) is a Japanese standard for digital television (DTV) and digital radio used by the country's radio
and television networks.

ISDB supersedes both the NTSC-J analog television system and the previously used MUSE Hi-vision analog
HDTV system in Japan as well as the NTSC, PAL-M, and PAL-N broadcast standards in South America and
the Philippines.

Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (DTTB) services using ISDB-T started in Japan in December 2003
and Brazil in December 2007 as a trial. Since then, many countries have adopted ISDB over other digital
broadcasting standards.
DTMB
DTMB (Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast) is the digital TV standard for mobile and fixed devices,
developed in the People's Republic of China.

It is used there and in both of their special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and also in
Cambodia, the Comoros, Cuba, East Timor, Laos and Pakistan.

In Pakistan, as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor Project, ZTE Corporation will provide Pakistan
Television Corporation collaboration across several digital terrestrial television technologies, staff training and
content creation including partnerships with Chinese multinational companies in multiple areas including
television sets and set top boxes as a form of "International Cooperation".[2]
Cable television (CATV)
Cable television - CATV is a media distribution system that uses a network of cables to deliver multiple video and audio channels. CATV
systems typically have 50 or more video channels. In the late 1990's, many cable systems started converting to digital transmission using fiber optic
cable and digital signal compression.

Analog Cable - An analog cable system distributes television (and other information services) via a cable television distribution system in analog
modulated form.

Digital Cable - A digital cable system distributes television (and other information services) via a cable television distribution system in digital
modulated form. Digital cable systems may include high-speed data and two-way interactive services.
COAXIAL CABLE
Coaxial cables are manufactured to meet the
increasing requests of high speed data and
video.

They are flexible and suitable for extreme

environmental conditions. In order to avoid signal
distortions or interferences, the coaxial cables
must be manufactured ensuring high quality of
the final product.

The choice of material and manufacturing

process is essential to produce a coaxial cable
which does not have any problems in its final
application.
DIRECT TO HOME (DTH)
Direct-to-Home (DTH) television is a method of receiving satellite television by means of signals transmitted
from direct-broadcast satellites.

The Govt. of India permitted the reception and distribution of satellite television signals in November 2000.
The first DTH service in the country was launched by Dish TV on 2 October 2003. DD Free Dish, the first
free DTH service in India, was launched by public broadcaster Prasar Bharati in December 2004.

India is the largest DTH market in the world by number of subscribers. As on 31 December 2019, there were
69.98 million active pay DTH subscribers in the country. These figures do not include subscribers of free DTH
services.

The Indian market is serviced by 4 paid DTH providers and one free DTH provider as of 31 March 2020.
DTH services were first proposed in India in 1996. The proposal
was not approved due to concerns over national security and
negative cultural influence. In 1997, the Government of India
banned DTH services when Rupert Murdoch-owned Indian Sky
Broadcasting (ISkyB) was about to launch its DTH services in
the country.
After deliberations among groups of ministers, DTH services
were permitted by the NDA government in November 2000. The
ministers made four key recommendations to governing DTH
services:
No single entity, either private or state-owned, should be
permitted a monopoly in DTH services;
The vertical integration of DTH and cable television services
should be monitored in order to prevent the formation of a
monopoly in television distribution;
The vertical integration of DTH operators and television
channels should be avoided in order to ensure fair competition
among TV channels.
The new policy announced in November 2000 required all DTH
operators to set up earth stations in India within 12 months of
receiving a license.
DTH licenses were priced at $2.14 million with a validity of 10
years. The limit for foreign direct investment in the DTH sector
was capped at 49%, and a company operating the services was
required to be headed by an Indian citizen.
HISTORY OF TELEVISION
History of television, records the work of numerous engineers and inventors in several countries over many decades. The
fundamental principles of television were initially explored using electromechanical methods to scan transmit and reproduce an
image. As electronic camera and display tubes were perfected, electromechanical television gave way to all-electronic broadcast
television systems in nearly all applications.

The beginnings of mechanical television can be traced back to the discovery of the photo conductivity of the element selenium by
Willoughby Smith in 1873, the invention of a scanning disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884 and John Logie Baird's demonstration of
televised moving images in 1926.

As a 23-year- old German university student, Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the first electromechanical television system in
1884.
Who invented the TV?

There is no one answer. It was the result of the efforts of several people spanning several
decades across multiple continents. However, it is generally agreed that the first television
images were produced in the 1920s.
The televisor

On January 26, 1926, Scottish inventor John

Logie Baird gave the first public
demonstration of a true television system in
London. He called it a “televisor”. It used
mechanical rotating disks to scan moving
images into electronic impulses. This
information was then transmitted by cable to a
screen where it showed up as a low-resolution
pattern using light and shade.
First commercial televisions
The Baird model mechanical television
sets were introduced to the public in
1929. These mechanical TV sets projected
orange-red unclear images on a screen
about the size of a dollar coin
Electronic television
American prodigy Philo Taylor Farnsworth
was about 21 years old when he made the
first successful demonstration of the
electronic television, in September 1927.
He used cathode ray tubes to display the
images and the first image transmitted
was a simple line. By 1936, over 2,000
television sets were in use across the
world.
Colour TV

John Baird gave the world’s first

demonstration of the colour TV system in
July 1928. On June 27, 1929, Bell Telephone
Laboratories in New York made the first
public demonstration of a colour TV
broadcast. Colour TV broadcasting didn’t
truly takeoff until the mid-1950s. But it
took two more decades for colour TVs to
be more widely used. These sets were
heavy.

This live image of Paddy Naismith was

used to demonstrate Baird’s first
all-electronic colour TV system.
Remote Report

The Zenith Radio Corporation created the first

commercial TV remote control in 1950 called Lazy
Bone. Consumers did not like the wired remote
because the cable caused them to frequently trip.

The first wireless TV remote came out in 1955. Zenith’s

Flash-matic was operated using four photocells, one
in each corner of the TV screen. The viewer used a
directional flashlight to activate the functions.

A year later, Zenith came out with the Space C ..

THE TECHNOLOGY
CATHODE RAY TUBE
The body of a CRT is usually made up of
three parts: A screen/faceplate/panel, a
cone/funnel, and a neck. The joined
screen, funnel and neck are known as
the bulb or envelope.

The working of CRT depends on the

movement of electrons beams. The
electron guns generate sharply focused
electrons which are accelerated at high
voltage. This high-velocity electron
beam when strikes on the fluorescent
screen creates luminous spot
VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gnl1vuwjHto
PLASMA TV
What is Plasma?

The central element in a fluorescent light is a plasma,

a gas made up of free-flowing ions (electrically
charged atoms) and electrons (negatively charged
particles).

The first prototype for a plasma display monitor was

invented in July 1964 at the University of Illinois by
professors Donald Bitzer and Gene Slottow and then
graduate student Robert Willson.

However, it was not until after the advent of digital

and other technologies that successful plasma
televisions became possible.
● Plasma television technology is based loosely on
the fluorescent light bulb. The display itself
consists of cells.
● Within each cell two glass panels are separated by
a narrow gap, in that includes an insulating layer,
address electrode and display electrode, in which
neon-xenon gas is injected and sealed in plasma
form during the manufacturing process.
● When a Plasma TV is in use, the gas is electrically
charged at specific intervals.
● The charged gas then strikes red, green and blue
phosphors, thus creating an image on the Plasma
TV screen.
● Each group of red, green, and blue phosphors is called a pixel (picture element - the individual red, green, and blue
phosphors are referred to as sub-pixels).
● Due to the way that Plasma technology works, it can be made very thin.
● However, even though need for the bulky picture tube and electron beam scanning of those older CRT TV is no
longer required, Plasma TVs still employ the burning of phosphors to generate an image.
● Thus, Plasma TVs still suffer from some of the drawbacks of traditional CRT TVs such as heat generation and
possible screen-burn of static images.
LIQUID CRYTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
A liquid crystal display or LCD draws its
definition from its name itself. It is a
combination of two states of matter, the
solid and the liquid. LCD uses a liquid
crystal to produce a visible image. Liquid
crystal displays are super-thin technology
display screens that are generally used in
laptop computer screens, TVs, cell
phones, and portable video games. LCD’s
technologies allow displays to be much
thinner when compared to a cathode ray
tube (CRT) technology.
The principle behind the LCDs is that when an electrical current is applied to the liquid crystal molecule, the molecule tends to
untwist. This causes the angle of light which is passing through the molecule of the polarized glass and also causes a change in
the angle of the top polarizing filter. As a result, a little light is allowed to pass the polarized glass through a particular area of the
LCD.

Thus that particular area will become dark compared to others. The LCD works on the principle of blocking light. While
constructing the LCDs, a reflected mirror is arranged at the back. An electrode plane is made of indium-tin-oxide which is kept on
top and a polarized glass with a polarizing film is also added on the bottom of the device. The complete region of the LCD has to
be enclosed by a common electrode and above it should be the liquid crystal matter.

Next comes the second piece of glass with an electrode in the form of the rectangle on the bottom and, on top, another polarizing
film. It must be considered that both the pieces are kept at the right angles. When there is no current, the light passes through the
front of the LCD it will be reflected by the mirror and bounced back. As the electrode is connected to a battery the current from it
will cause the liquid crystals between the common-plane electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the
light is blocked from passing through. That particular rectangular area appears blank.
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
An LED TV uses less power, provides a brighter
display with better contrast, a thinner panel, and
lesser heat dissipation than a conventional LCD
TV. This is because an LED TV uses light-emitting
diodes for backlighting as opposed to the CCFLs
of conventional LCD TVs. The display of an LED
TV is not an LED display, so a more technically
correct name for it would be "LED-backlit LCD
television."
Composite video cables
Composite Video Cable
A composite video cable — also known as an RCA or “yellow plug” cable — is an
old standard that transfers a video signal through one cable and connector. It
doesn’t support HD content or progressive scan images. Because the video signal is
forced to travel through a single cable it is heavily compressed, losing much of its
resolution and picture clarity. The cables also suffer from radio frequency
interference, which further degrades picture quality.

Composite Uses
Composite video is a dying technology, because it can’t support HD video signals.
When given the option, go for component over composite every time because this
connection will always provide a better picture at higher resolutions. The only
practical use for composite video today is when using older equipment, such as
older video game systems or VCRs, which do not support the component video
format. Because of this, some new HDTVs include at least one composite video
input to make them compatible with old equipment
Component Video Cable

Component video splits the video signals into three cables — green, blue and
red — with each transmitting a specific component of the video signal. The green
cable (also called Y) transmits the brightness information of the signal. The blue
and red cables (called Pb and Pr, respectively) transmit the blue and red
components of the picture’s color. Green components are inferred by a
combination of all three signals. Since component video is spread across three
separate cables, it does not need to be as compressed as composite video,
allowing support for HD resolutions as high as 1080, as well as progressive scan
images that create smoother images with more defined edges.

Component Uses

Component cables initially replaced composite as the de facto analog video

cable, thanks to its improved picture quality and HD support. Nearly all HDTVs
made today have at least one set of component inputs. Component video is also
supported by most video game consoles, DVD players, digital video recorders,
cable set-top boxes and Blu-ray players.
Advantages: News, current events and historical programming can help make young people more aware of
other cultures and people. Television keeps us informed of all current affairs in the world One can have a
weather forecast and accordingly plan several things before time. It entertains. Television helps us enrich our
spiritual lives.

Disadvantages: Television's hidden agenda is consumerism.