;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf

Public Procurement Journal

jif{ – * c+s – ! c;f/, @)&&

;Dkfbg ;ldlt
;lrj, >L df]xg s[i0f ;fksf]6f – ;+/Ifs
;x;lrj, >L o1/fh sf]O/fnf – ;+of]hs
lgb]{zs, >L >Lw/ kGyL – ;b:o
lgb]{zs, >L l6sf/fh kf]v/]n – ;b:o
n]vf clws[t, >L lbg]z nD;fn – ;b:o
zfvf clws[t, >L ;Gtf]if s'df/ e§ – ;b:o ;lrj

-o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfx? n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g . o; ;DaGwdf ;Dkfbg ;ldlt tyf
k|sfzssf] s'g} lsl;dsf] lhDd]jf/L x'g] 5}g ._

g]kfn ;/sf/

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
tfxfrn, sf7df08f}
kmf]g g+= )!–$)#)%!*, $)#)%$^, ˆofS; M )!–$)#)^$@
Website : www.ppmo.gov.np, Email : info@ppmo.gov.n
Public Procurement Journal
June, 2020

Editorial Board
Secretary, Mohan Krishna Sapkota - Patron
Joint Secretary, Yagyaraj Koirala - Coordinator
Director, ShreeDhar Panthee - Member
Director, Tika Raj Pokhral- Member
Account Officer, Dinesh Lamsal - Member
Section Officer, Santosh Kumar Bhatt - Member Secretary

The Article of this Journal are personal opinion of the author.

Publisher

Government of Nepal
Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
Public Procurement Monitoring Office
Redcross Marg, Tahachal, Kathmandu
Phone : 01-4030518, 4030546, Fax : 01-4030642
Website : www.ppmo.gov.np, Email: info@ppmo.gov.np
 g]kfn ;/sf/
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
tfxfrn, sf7df08f}

dGtJo
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ug{] ;]jf k|jfx b]lv k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ;d]tsf sfo{df dxTjk'0f{
ljifo xf] . /fHosf ;a}h;f] lgsfox?df ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg Ps k|d'v tyf cleGg sfo{sf]
?kdf /xg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ Ps a[xt tyf dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . /fHosf] ;l~rt sf]ifaf6
ul/g] s'n vr{sf] sl/a b'O{ ltxfO{ vr{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf x'g] tYoaf6 klg o;sf] Jofks If]q tyf
dxTjsf] af]w x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPdf dfq /fHosf ;a} If]qdf
ldtJolotf, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 x'g uO{ /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u x'g hfG5 .
kmn:j?kM /fHok|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; clej[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;d]t 6]jf k'Ub5 .
t;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] ;'zf;g;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw x'G5 .
d'ns' ;+3Lotfdf k|jz ] u/];uF } ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] If]q Jofks ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy;fy}
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gdf klg ;dofg'sn " kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf dx;'; eO{ ljleGg ;dodf ;+zf]wg
eO{/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ xfn g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf
lgodfjnL, @)^$ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] ;a} ;/sf/L, cw{ ;/sf/L, ;+:yfg,
;ldltx? nufot :jfoQ lgsfox? ;d]t ;d]6s ] f]n] of] Pp6f 5ftf P]g (Umbrella Act) sf] ?kdf /x]sf]
5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfd ubf{ o; ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw,
k|lqmof tyf lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'nf, kf/bz{L,{ j:t'lgi7 agfpg] d"n p2]Zo /fv]sf] kfO{G5 .
;a}h;f] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df vl/b O{sfO{ jf zfvfdf sfd ug{] sd{rf/Lx? nufot ;fj{hlgs vl/b;Fu ;Da4
lghL If]qdf /x]sf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ vl/b ;DaGwL ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s 1fgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . vl/b
;DaGwL ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s 1fg, ;Lk k|fKt u/]sf sd{rf/Lx? / ;/f]sf/jfnfx? af6 ;Dkflbt sfdåf/f g}
;fj{hlgs ;|ft] ;fwgsf] pRrtd ;b'kof]u x'gs ' f ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf d'ne"t p2]Zo k'/f x'g ;Dej x'G5 .
o; ;Gbe{df o; sfof{no af6 vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x? ;dfj]z ePsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf k|sfzg
x'g nfu]sf]df dnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . vl/b sfg"gsf ;}4flGts, Jojxfl/s kIfsf ljleGg ljifox? ;d]6/] o;
klqsfdf k|sfzg ePsf ljleGg n]v /rgfx?n] ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;+nUg x'g] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?Ù sd{rf/L, lgdf{0f
Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, k/fdz{bftf nufot ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf rf;f] /fVg] ;a}nfO{ o; klqsfsf] dfWodaf6
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] ljifodf s]xL dfqfdf eP klg 1fg k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u ug{5 ] eGg] ljZjf; d}n] lnPsf] 5' .
cGTodf, klqsf k|sfzgsf] nflu n]v /rgfx? pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u ug{' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ n]vsx? nufot
klqsf ;Dkfbg ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
==========================
df]xgs[i0f ;fksf]6f
;lrj
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– s
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– v
 ;DkfbsLo
hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/af6 aGg] /fHosf]ifsf] 7"nf] lx:;f -em08} b'O{ ltxfO{_ ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf vr{ x'g]
ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b Ps dxTjk"0f{ tyf ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf] . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf d'ne't
dfGotfx? k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, O{dfGbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ljZj;gLotf k|j4{g ug{ ;s]sf] v08df
dfq} ;fj{hlgs vl/b Jojl:yt x'g'sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] d"No ;fy{stf ;d]t sfod x'G5 .
o;sf nfuL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] ?kdf g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf lgodfjnL, @)^$
sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g . P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L cg'?k ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg]
lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] cfkmgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 .
o;} l;nl;nfdf ljleGg gd"gf af]nkq sfuhft, sfo{ljlw, lgb{]lzsf, 6]lSgsn gf]6x? hf/L ul/ nfu"
ul/Psf 5g . h;df ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ub{} klg nluPsf] 5 .
sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L cg'?k sfo{ ;Dkfbg ub{} b]zel/sf ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? nufot
lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, k/fdz{bftfx? ;Fu;Fu} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ o; sfof{non] ;]jf k|bfg
ub{} cfPsf] 5 . d'n's ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/];Fu} k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txx?df ;d]t y'k|} ;fj{hlgs
lgsfox? :yfkgf eP;Fu} o; sfof{nosf] sfo{If]q tyf lhDd]jf/L cem} Jofks ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf lglb{i6 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
cGtu{t …;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL n]v /rgf ;fdu|L tyf o:t} cGo s'/fx? ;fj{hlgs u/fpg a'n]l6g
k|sfzg ug{]’ klg /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ o; sfof{non] x/]s jif{ vl/b ;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx?
;dfj]z u/]/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf k|sflzt ug{] u/]sf] 5 . o; klqsfdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;Fu
;DalGwt ljleGg ;}4flGts, sfg"gL, vl/b cEof;df b]vfkg{] ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL ;fy} ;dfwfgsf
ljljw ljifox? ;d]l6Psf n]v /rgfx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g . o;af6 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;+nUg x'g]
;/f]sf/jfnfx? sd{rf/L, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, k/fdz{bftf nufot ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf rf;f]
/fVg] kf7sx?nfO{ ;xof]uL x'g] ljZjf; lnO{Psf] 5 .
cfˆgf n]v/rgf pknAw u/fO{ klqsf k|sfzg ug{ ;xof]u ug{' ePsf]df ;Dk'0f{ n]vsx? k|lt wGojfb
JoQm ub{5f} . o; klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v/rgfsf ;DaGwdf sfof{nosf] 7]ufgfdf cd"No k|ltlqmof
lbO{ cfufdL lbgdf klqsfnfO{ cem pTs[i6 agfpg ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ub{} klqsf k|sfzg ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;DalGwt ;a}k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5f} .
– ;Dkfbg ;ldlt

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– u

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– #
 ljifo;"rL
qm=;+= n]v÷/rgf zLif{s n]vs k]h g+=
1 s] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g ljsf;sf] afws g} xf] t < s]zj k|;fb k|;fO{+ !
2 ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL ;ldltx¿sf sfo{ / lhDd]jf/L hgs/fh uf}td ^
3 lgdf{0f sfo{sf] vl/bdf of]Uotf lgwf{/0f O{= k|eft s'df/ emf !%
4 v'nf s/f/ (Open Contracting) tyf g]kfnsf] cg'ej dlgif s'df/ e§/fO{ !(
5 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf cfr/0f / sfnf];"rL ;DaGwL Joj:yf /fh]z s'df/ Yffkf @^
6 ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;+:yfut k|aGw / ;'jf; rGb| lzjfsf]6L #!
o;df ;'wf/sf ;jfnx?
7 k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ;DaGwL Joj:yf, cj:yf / r'gf}tLx? O{= hgs/fh kGt $$
8 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf nfUg] u/]sf cf/f]kx? / jf:tljstfx? /]vf s+8]n %)
9 ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLdf 5}7f}+ b]lv bzf}+ ;+zf]wgM lbg]z nD;fn %#
vl/b sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf] k|of;
10 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf of]hgfM :jlgodgsf] kf6f] tf/f 1jfnL ^#
11 kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / ;fj{hlgs vl/b 9fn axfb'/ lh=;L= ^*
12 g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf vl/b ljlw / cd[t axfb'/ /fO{ &%
o;sf] 5gf}6
13 ;+3Lotfdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] ;]jf ;'lgtf zdf{ *@
k|jfxM Ps b[li6sf]0f
14 ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx? ;fljqf e§ *%
15 INCOTERMS Er. Satya Narayan 89
Shah
16 Health Equipment Management: A Look through Dhruba Nepal/ 101
Procurement Lens Jeeban Bhattarai
17 Maintaining the Efficiency of Public Procurement Dr. Suman Kumar 113
Regmi

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– ª

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 8
 s] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g ljsf;sf] afws g} xf] t <
vl/b P]gsf s]xL k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ s]xL Jojxfl/s sl7gfO{ x'g
;Sb5g . Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dn] ;dosf]
cfjZostf adf]lhd vl/b P]g lgod ;+zf]wg÷;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg] ljifo ePsf] /
;f/df x]bf{ P]g ljsf;sf] afws geO{ ;fws g} /x]sf] 5 .
s]zj k|;fb k|;fO{*+

ljifo k|j]z
xfdL ;a} cfˆgf] cfjZostfsf ljleGg k|sf/sf j:t', ;]jf, dfn;fdfg -hUuf, hdLg, 3/, kmlg{r/,
nQfsk8f, cf}ifwL, k':ts, kqklqsf_ vl/b ug]{ ul//x]sf x'G5f}+ . o;/L cfˆgf] cfjZosLo j:t' vl/b
ug{ xfdL k"0f{ ?kdf :jtGq 5f}+ . cfjZostfsf] dx;'; ePkl5 cfly{s ;fwg -?k}ofF, k};f_ sf] hf]xf]
u/L vl/b ug{ vf]h]sf] j:t'sf] k|s[lt, u'0f:t/, d"No, ljz]iftf, l6sfpkg, k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf, laqmL kl5
k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ;]jfx? eljiosf] k'gM laqmL d"No (Resale Value) h:tf kIfx?sf] cfwf/e"t 1fg jf
hfgsf/L lnP/ ;xh} l56f] 5l/tf] 9Ëdf cfk"mnfO{ pko'Qm nfu]sf] ljlw / >f]taf6 vl/b u/L Go"gtd
nfutdf clwstd ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug]{ k|of; xfdLaf6 ;b}j eO{/xg] k|of; xf] .
t/, ;fj{hlgs vl/b To:tf] ;lhnf] 9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] ljifo / sfo{If]q xf]O{g . o;df w]/} ljlw
/ l;4fGtsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/]/ dfq of] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] st{Jo /x]sf]
x'G5 . x/]s d'n'sn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt 9Ëdf ;+rfng ug{sf
nflu ljwflosf dfkm{t cfjZos kg]{ P]g sfg"g / lgb]{lzsfx? hf/L ug]{ ub{5g\ . g]kfndf klg
@)^# ;fndf ljZjsf ljsl;t d'n'sx? / cGt/fli6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx? (World Bank, ADB) h:tf
ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ lgsfox?n] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qdf ckgfPsf c;n cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft
u/]/ ljwflosfaf6 ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qdf ljz]if P]g agfO{ nfu" ePsf] !# jif{ eO{;s]sf] 5 . ;f]
eGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ n] Jojl:yt
u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)^# df ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / @)^$ df ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL hf/L
eP kZrft xfn ;Dd P]gsf] k|yd ;+zf]wg / lgodfjnLsf] bzf}+ ;+zf]wg eO{;s]sf] / P]gsf] bf]>f]
;+zf]wgsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL hf/L eO{ ;s]kl5 ;fj{hlgs
lgsfodf x'g] ;Dk"0f{ vl/bsf sfdx? o;} cGt{ut x'g'kb{5 . vl/bsf] clwsf/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{
o;} P]gn] dfq k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cGo P]gsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{ x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} k|rlnt
vl/b P]g, lgoddf ePsf Joj:yf ljkl/tsf] vl/b sfo{ cdfGo tyf ab/ x'g] s'/f ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf # df k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] sfg"g;Ddt g} vl/b sfo{
;DkGg ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

* pk ;lrj -n]vf_, sf/fuf/ Joj:yf ljefu .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 1
t/, g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] lj/f]w tyf c;xdltsf :j/x? k|foM kqklqsf, 6]lnlehg dfkm{t
a]nfavt ;'Ggdf / rrf{df cfpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . s] ;flRrs} rrf{ kl/rrf{ eP h:t} vl/b P]g lgod
ljsf;sf] afws xf] t < cyjf vl/b P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfn] dfq 7]Ssf k§f ;dodf gnfUg] / ;dod}
sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ sl7gfO{ ePs} xf] t <
oL / o:tf k|Zg, lh1f;f u'gf;f Pj+ lj/f]wsf ljifo slQsf] ;fGble{s 5g\ < eg]/ a'‰g lgDg
tYox?nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ s]nfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
!= ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?df hf]8
kf/blz{tf, v'nf klt:kwf{, :jR5tf, d"No ;fy{stf, ;dfg cj;/, OdfGbfl/tf, ljgf e]befj
;"rgfdf ;xh kx"Fr, ph"/L tyf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] Joj:yf, k]zfljbtf, k|efju|fxLtf, hjfkmb]lxtf
h:tf dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt Pj+ bz{gdf cfwfl/t eP/ ljZjd} ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL P]g lgod,
lgb]{lzsf, af]nkq ;DaGwL gd"gf sfuhftx? aGg] ub{5g . ljZjsf s}of}+ d'n'sdf o;} l;4fGtdf
ag]sf P]g lgodsf] ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gog eO{ ljsf; Pj+ cfly{s j[l4sf] ultn] tLj|tf lnO{/x]sf]
l:yltdf g]kfndf eg] P]g g} afws egL cfnf]rgf ul/g' / sfof{Gjogdf cToGt sdhf]/L b]lvg'
lj8Dagf xf] . o; cy{df, vl/b P]gdf ;d:of g}+ 5}g eGg] rfFxL xf]O{g . d'Vo ;d:of xfdLdf
5 . xfd|f] tof/L k"0f{ 5}g . vl/b ;DaGwL 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf, Ifdtf ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cefj
5 . P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xh jftfj/0f x'g'kb{5 . ;f] jftfj/0f tof/
gul/g' clg P]g afws eGg' Gofo ;+ut s'/f xf]O{g . vl/b sfg"gdf ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ul/g'
kb{5 / of] ;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg] ljifo klg xf] . ;dosf] cfjZostf ;Fu} cfjZos ljifodf kl/dfh{g
ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;j{klIfo ;'wf/df Wofg lbO{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg' clxn]sf] k|d'v
cfjZostf xf] . h:tf], k|fljlws k|:tfj vf]n]sf] !% lbgleqdf d"Nof+sg ul/;Sg' kg]{ lgodsf]
Joj:yf 5 . t/ af]nkqsf] r/0fdf g} Project Manager nufot dxTjk"0f{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf
x'g] clg csf]{ sd{rf/L ;dodf sfof{no xflh/ gx'g] jf s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;?jf g} gul/ l/Qm
/xFbf lgodsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}g . vl/b of]hgfnfO{ ah]6;Fu cfa4 u/L;s]kl5 klg
;+3Lo ;/sf/ jf k|b]z ;/sf/af6 vl/b P]gsf] l/t k'¥ofO{ vr{ ug{} g;lsg] u/L cf=j=sf] clGtd
;dodf ah]6 lgsf;f lbg] kl/kf6Ln] klg vl/b P]g kfngf x'g ;Sb}g . o;df tTsfn ;'wf/
ul/g' kb{5 . vl/b P]g ;a}n] kfngf ug]{ ljifo xf] . Pp6f vl/b ug]{ lgsfosf] dfq P]g kfngf
ug]{ st{Jo xf]O{g . /fHosf ;a} c+u, ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] o;df Wofg lbO{ plrt jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug{ ;s]df vl/b P]g ljsf;sf] afws x'Fb} xf]O{g .
@= OdfGbfl/k"0f{+ sfof{Gjogsf] vfFrf]
vl/b sfd sf/afxLdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] / ;+efljt cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, k/fdz{bftfsf]
OdfGbfl/tfn] klg 7"nf] cy{ /fVb5 . t/, g]kfnL ;dfh g} cg'zf;g, O{dfGbf/Ltf, lgi7fdf
sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] xf] ls eGg] k|Zg klg pl7/x]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] cg'zf;g Pj+ O{dfGbfl/tfsf]
ljifo t lgs} cfnf]lrt 5 . of] kIfsf] ;'wf/n] klg vl/b P]gsf] ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjogdf
6]jf k'Ub5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 2

#= vl/b ;Demf}tfdf ;'wf/
g]kfnsf clwsf+z ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?af6 ePsf] vl/b ;Demf}tf g} k"0f{?kdf ;DkGg ePsf]
b]lvb}g . sfo{;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ;dfojlw klg xr'jfsf] e/df lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . clg cgluGtL
Dofb yk lbg], ;dod} cfof]hgf k"/f gx'g], h:tf ;d:ofn] Project nyflnË cj:yfdf k'u]sf]
kfO{G5 . km]/L cg'ko'Qm zt{x? /fv]/ vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ul/G5 / sltko k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog
;d]t x'Fb}g . o;df ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . vl/b lgodfjnLsf kl5Nnf ;+zf]wgx?n] o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
k|of; u/]sf] 5 . lgod sfg"gsf] Joj:yfsf] ;fy} bIf hgzlQmsf] klg cfjZos kb{5 . g]kfnsf]
;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfdf bIf hgzlQmsf] pknAwtf Hofb} sdhf]/ b]lvbf vl/b P]gsf] k|fjwfg
sfof{Gjog ug{df sl7gfO{ dx;''; u/L P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ g} l7s 5}g elgg" ts{;+ut b]lv+b}g .
$= v:sFbf] u'0f:t/df lgoGq0f
vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog kZrft lgld{t ;+/rgf jf sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ klg Hofb} vl:sb} uPsf]
/ ;j{q cfnf]rgfsf] ljifo ePsf] xfdL ;a}n] dx;'; ub{} cfPsf] ljifo xf] . o;df lgdf{0fstf{ /
;'k/lehg ug]{ k|fljlwssf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . P]g lgoddf h:tf];'s} k|fjwfg /fv]tf klg
lgdf{0fstf{ / /]vb]v ug]{ k|fljlwssf] sfo{z}nL g;'w|g] xf] eg] u'0f:t/o'Qm lgdf{0f sfo{sf] k|fKtL
jf k/fdz{bftfsf] u'0ffTds ;]jf / cfk"lt{ ePsf pRr u'0f:t/sf] dfn;fdfg ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
kfpg ;Sb}gg . t;y{, ;j{kIfLo ;'wf/df o; kIfsf] klg ;'wf/ tkm{ Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . clg dfq
vl/b P]gsf] k|efjsf/Ltf /xG5 .
%= af]nkqbftfx?sf] Ifdtf j[l4
;fj{hlgs vl/b Ifdtfsf] ;jfn ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df dfq dxTjk"0f{ x'g] xf]O{g sL, af]nkqbftfx?sf]
Ifdtf ljsf; klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . vl/b P]gn] af]nkqbftfx?sf] klg lxt /Iff
ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] vl/b sfo{ cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, pTkfbs, k/fdz{bftfx?sf]
;lqmo e"ldsf / vl/b Ifdtfsf] :t/ cg's"n pknAwL lge{/ ub{5 . g]kfndf af]nkqbftfx?sf]
vl/b ;DaGwL 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf klg sdhf]/ g} 5 . af]nkq sfuhftk"0f{ cWoog u/L hfg]/ a'em]/
clg dfq af]nkqdf efu lng] jf glng] lg0f{o af]nkqbftfn] ug'{kg]{ xf] . t/, Ifdtfsf] cefjdf
w]/} q'6L ;lxt af]nkq k]z x'g] ub{5 . t;y{, af]nkqbftfx?df vl/b l;4fGt / ljlwsf] 1fg /
Bid Capacity klg a9fpg' h?/L 5 . o;f] x'g ;s]df ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{ x'g hfg]
jftfj/0f aGb5 .
^= g]kfnsf] df}lns ;+:s[lt / e"uf]n
g]kfnL ;dfh ;fF:s[lts b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt ;DkGg 5 . rf8kj{, hfqf, pT;j, cflbsf] sf/0f
Ps jif{df sfo{ lbgsf] ´08} @%Ü htL ;do ;fF:s[lts ;df/f]xdf vr{ x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g sfof{Gjogdf c;/ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfn] jif{sf] #÷$ dlxgf
htL ljleGg efudf sfd ug{ sl7g x'G5 . t;y{, 7fpF kl/j]z jftfj/0fLo cj:yf ;+:s[tL ;d]t
dWogh/ u/L oyfy{tfsf] glhs Project Completion Period tof/ ug]{ / sfo{ ug]{ jftfj/0fdf
;'wf/ Nofpg' h?/L 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 3
&= /fhgLlts k|lta4tf
/fhgLlts k|lta4tf ljgf vl/b P]g, lgoddf ePsf dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yfx? nfu" ug{ ;lsg] jftfj/0f
aGg ;Sb}g . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{
lsl;dn] O & M u/L ;+u7g k'g{;+/rgf / pko'Qm bIf hgzlQmsf] kb:yfkgf u/L ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{ ;Ifd agfpg'kg]{ / ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;/sf/sf]
;Nnfxsf/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no g} x'g] x'Fbf h] htL vl/b P]g lgod, lgb]{lzsf
aGg] ub{5g, tL ;a} ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] ;Nnfxdf dfq tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g'
kb{5 . / of] ;+:yfnfO{ yk lhDd]jf/ agfpg' h?/L b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g ;s]df tfnLd, uf]i7L, ;]dLgf/,
cg'lzIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df vl/b ;DalGw 1fg ;Lk x:tfgGt/0f ug{ ;xh x'g]
clg vl/b sfd sf/afxLsf] klg k|efjsf/L cg'udg ug{ ;xh x'G5 . ta, ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf vl/b
;DalGw P]g lgodsf] ;fy{stf b]lvG5 . clg dfq vl/b P]g ljsf;sf] afws xf]O{g eGg] af]w x'g
hfG5 .
*= b08 k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf
h;/L l56f] sfd ;Sg] lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf / l9nf] ug]{nfO{ b08fTds Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf vl/b k|lqmofdf ;+nUg /xg] sd{rf/L jf lg0f{ostf{nfO{
klg b08 ;hfo / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf;Fu cfa4 ug{ ;lsPdf vl/b P]g lgodn] Joj:yf u/]sf
sltko dxTjk"0f{ ljifox?sf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog x'g uO{ vl/b P]gsf] p2]Zo k|fKtL x'g hfg] ljZjf;
ug{ ;lsG5 .
(= ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] k|of]udf hf]8
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] lglZrt ;Ldf eGbf a9Lsf] vl/bdf ljB'lto vl/b k|0ffnLsf]
Single Portal k|of]u u/L @)&$ >fj0f b]lv ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] vl/bdf clgjfo{ Joj:yf
u/]sf] ePtf klg :yfgLo tx / b'u{d If]qdf o;sf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ cem} r'gf}tL /x]sf] x'Fbf pQm
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, ;'wf/ ug]{, ljB't O{G6/g]6 ;]jfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg], tflndaf6 hgzlQmsf] ljsf;
ub}{ l;naGbL tyf af]nkqaf6 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] vl/bdf qmdzM o;nfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ ;lsof] eg]
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
!)= ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] e"ldsf / Ifdtfdf ;'wf/
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ e/kbf]{, Jojl:yt, k|efjsf/L, p2]Zod"ns agfpg ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]gn] g} lgods lgsfosf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] :yfkgf u/]sf] xf] . o; sfo{df
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;lqmo /lx/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . sfof{non] cfˆgf]
tkm{af6 ;+:yfut ljsf;, gd'gf af]nkq sfuhft (SBD) nufotsf cTofjZosLo sfuhftx?,
lgb]{lzsf tyf sfo{ljlwx?sf] tof/L, kl/dfh{g, gofF lgdf{0f tyf ;dofg's'n P]g lgodsf] ;+zf]wg
h:tf ljifodf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/ olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg sfof{nosf] ;+/rgfut tyf ;+:yfut
Ifdtfdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{+'kg+]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cfjZos dfqfdf >f]t / ;fwg clg bIf
sd{rf/Lsf] j[l4 ug{+'kg+]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . / o;sf] sfo{If]qsf] t'ngfdf ;fgf] cfsf/sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgfn]
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 4
 g]kfnsf] sl/a $) xhf/ eGbf a9L ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] vl/b ;DaGwL sfd sf/afxLsf]
k|efjsf/L ?kdf cg'udg÷lgodg ug{ sl7gfO{ g} dx;'; eO{/x]sf] 5 . n]vf, ljleGg O{lGhlgol/ª
;]jf ;d"xsf lj1 / vl/b lj1sf] b/aGbL / hgzlQm a9fpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/,
cGt/lqmof, cg'lzIf0f dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] vl/b Ifdtfsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ k|efjsf/L cg'udg
af6 jflG5t lgodg ug'{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] e"ldsf xf] . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]gnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;fws agfpg o;df klg k|ultlzn ;'wf/ ul/g' h?/L 5 .
lgisif{
vl/b P]gsf s]xL k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ s]xL Jojxfl/s sl7gfO{ x'g ;Sb5g . Tof] xb;Dd / Jojxfl/s
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dn] ;dosf] cfjZostf adf]lhd vl/b P]g lgod ;+zf]wg÷;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg]
ljifo ePsf] / ;f/df x]bf{ P]g ljsf;sf] afws geO{ ;fws g} /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] vl/b P]gdf eGbf
klg xfd|f] sfo{z}nL, Jojxf/ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;du| jftfj/0fdf ;Fu;Fu} ;'wf/ x'g h?/L 5 . To;f]
x'g ;s]df dfq vl/b P]g ljsf;sf] afws geO{ ;fws g} /x]5 eGg] s'/fsf] a'emfO{ ;a}df x'g ;Sg]
ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rL M
!= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# .
@=;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ .
#= ljleGg k|lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx? .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 5

 ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL
;ldltx¿sf sfo{ / lhDd]jf/L

;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] kfngf ug]{, sfof{Gjog ug{ lgb]{zg

lbg], ;DalGwt ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] lqmofzLntf, ;+nUgtfsf ;fy}
;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ tfn's sfof{no ;d]taf6 klg pko'Qm lgsf;sf]
vfFrf] b]lvG5 .
hgs/fh uf}td*

!= kl/ro
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df …;ldltÚ eGgfn] sfg"gL k|fjwfg adf]lhd s'g} sfo{, nIo, tyf p2]Zo;FuF k|lta4
JolQmx?sf] ;f]xL k|fjwfg adf]lhd u7g x'g] JolQmx?sf] ;fgf] ;d"xnfO{ hgfpF5 . csf]{ zAbdf, Pp6f
JolQmdf ePsf] PSnf] ljrf/ eGbf Pp6} ;d"xdf cfa4 eP/ ljifoj:t'df Wofg s]lGb|t u/L Ps–cfk;df
5nkmn u/L l;kmfl/; ubf{ oyfy{ hfgsf/Lsf] vf]hL ug],{ ;'?df slxn]sfFxL ;/n z}nLdf k|:t't gx'g,]
;dGjosf] cfjZostf dx;'; ug]{ / ;Demf}tfdf cfpg] k|of; ;ldltdf x'g] u5{ . Joj:yfkgzf:q cg';f/,
dflg;sf] Ps cfk;sf] ljZjf;n] g} ;fy–;fy} sfd ug{] pT;fx lbg] ePsf]n] dflg;nfO{ ;+oQ' m ?kdf s'g} klg
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]] 5 . t;y{, ;ldltsf ;xefuLx?n] Ps csf{ ;b:ok|lt ;fdfGo lzi6frf/
eg] b]vfpg' k5{ . vf;u/L, ;ldlt k|aGwsLo sfo{ ug{, lg0f{o lng, lg0f{osf nflu l;kmfl/; ug],{ ;'emfj lbg]
/ ;"rgf ;Íng dfq ug]{ sfo{sf] nflu klg u7g ePsf] x'G5 . ;b:ox?n] ljrf/ ug]{ kIf xf], Promote
the work of the team, support organizational values and behavior. t/, s'g} s'g} ;ldltnfO{
clwsf/ lbPg eg] pQm ;ldlt;Fu ;+nUg ;b:ox? ;ldltsf] sfddf Wofg lbg ?rfpFbg} g . vf;u/L
Line committee lhDd]jf/ x'g] ePsf]n] k|aGwsLo sfo{ klg u5{ eg] Staff committee af6 eg] ;Nnfx
lbg] sfo{ u/L clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] ;+oGq dfkm{t lg0f{o u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ ub{5 . sfof{no k|dv ' n]
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df oL ;ldltnfO{ ls|ofzLn agfO{ tL ;ldltaf6 ;'emfj ;d]t lnO{ lgodfg';f/ lhDd]jf/
agfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . To;sf/0f, cfb]z lbg] k'/fgf] z}nL eGbf 5nkmn u/]/ lg0f{odf k'Ug] z}nL g}
pQd cEof; xf] . "Two heads are better than one" eGg] l;4fGtaf6 ;ldltsf] ;[hgf ePsf] xf] . o;
n]vdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df ;ldltsf] hfgsf/L, ;ldltsf] gfd, u7gsf] cfwf/, agfj6 / ;ldltaf6 x'g]
sfo{sf] hfgsf/L /fVg'kg]{ yk Joxf]/f cflb k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwdf d'n'sL ck/fw ;+lxtf P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf @%) df lgdf{0f ;DaGwL
sfd jf cGo sfd ug]{ lhDdf lnPsf] JolQmn] jf lghsf] tkm{af6 sfd ug{] s'g} JolQmn] a]OdfgLsf]

* k"j{ pk dxfn]vfk/LIfs
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 6
 lgotn] lgwf{l/t dfkb08 jf u'0f:t/sf] dfn k|of]u gu/L jf k|of]u x'g] dfnsf] kl/df0f 36L jf a9L
kf/L jf cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ eGbf km/s kf/L lgdf{0f sfo{ jf cGo sfd ug{ jf
u/fpg gx'g] / u/fOPdf s;"/ ug]{ Joj:yf pNn]v 5 . o;af6 klg ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;DalGwt
kIf cyf{t JolQm, sfof{no, sf/f]af/df ;+nUg Joj;foL, lg0f{ostf{, vl/b sfo{ ljZf]if lhDd]jf/L
tf]lsPsf] sd{rf/L, ;dGjostf{ nufot cem dxTjk"0f{ kIfsf] ?kdf /xL sfg"gL cfwf/df u7g x'g]
;ldlt eg] cem a9L ls|ofzLn / ;hu eP/ ;'emfj lbg] / lg0f{osf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{, lhDd]jf/L
adf]lhd lg0f{o lng h?/L b]lvG5 .
@= ;d"xut ;f]r / ls|ofsnfk
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL P]g lgoddf ljleGg kIf;Fu ;DalGwt km/s–km/s sfo{sf nflu ljleGg
;ldltx?sf] u7g, sfd, clwsf/, sfo{ljlw / cjlw cfjZostf cg';f/ ls6fg ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy},
s'g} ;ldltn] tfn's dGqfnosf] lgb]z
{ g tyf cGo k|df0fsf] cfwf/ lng'kg]{ Joxf]/f pNn]v 5 . ;ldltsf]
u7g k|lqmof, p2]Zo, ;b:o ;+Vof, clwsf/ / cGo sfof{no;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt ug]{ ;DaGwdf
lgodfjnLdf k|i6 pNn]v 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df xfdLn] ljrf/ ug]{ ;Gbe{ xf], “At this moment of the
transformation stage, we are also moving a little bit changing from hierarchical to team-
based approach”. To:t} ;ldltaf6 s'g} ljifodf lg0f{o ePkl5 ;f] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L lbg], ;"rL
k7fpg], cfb]z lbg] / lg0f{o sfof{Gjog u/fpg] lhDdf ;d]t tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . ;ldlt lkR5] km/s–km/s
sfo{ x'g] x'bF f ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L cfjZos sf/afxLsf] nfuL ;d]t l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5 . Ps csf{
;b:o;Fusf] cGt/lqmofaf6 ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fdf d2t k'¥ofpg / ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{ PSnf]n] dfq
ug]{ xf]Og, ;a} kIfsf] ;xeflutf h?/L 5 eGg] ;Gb]z lgDg t:jL/n] atfpF5 . To;}n,] xfdL x/]s;Fu
ePsf] JolQmut 1fgsf] s"n of]u eGbf xfd|f] ;d"x;Fu ePsf] 1fg w]/} w]/} x'G5 .

#= ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L aLrsf] ;DaGw

;ldltsf l;4fGtdf ;ldltsf] dfGotf, ;b:o ;+Vof, k|ltlglwTj, cGt/;DaGw, clwsf/, ;xof]u
/ sfo{sf] ljifonfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . ;f] dWo] ;b:o ;+Vof ;DaGwdf lgDg ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' h?/L
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 7
 5 . ;ldltsf] wf/0ff k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf] kl/kf6L xf], tfklg Autocracy Joj:yf ePsf] d'n'sdf
klg ;ldlt cToflws pkof]u ePsf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ljleGg sfg"g jf
cGo cflwsfl/s lg0f{oaf6 ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;ldltx? v8f ePsf x'G5g . h:t} ;~rfns ;ldlt,
sfo{sf/L ;ldlt, ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt / ljQ ;ldlt . To:t} sd{rf/L sNof0f ;ldlt, n]vfk/LIf0f
;ldlt, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ;DklQ d"Nofsg ;ldlt, kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ;ldlt, tna k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldlt cflb 5g . Joj:yfkgdf cfpg] ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;ldlt cfˆgf]
If]qflwsf/ leq /x]/ pko'Qm lg0f{o u/L sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;/n lgsf; lbG5 . s'g} klg ;ldltdf
a:g] ;b:ox?;Fu cg'ej, 1fg, ljj]s / of]Uotfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ;fy}, ;ldltdf w]/} ;b:o
eGbf yf]/} ;b:o ePsf] ;ldltaf6 g} w]/} sfo{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

Joj:yfkg zf:qn] ;d"xsf] ultzLntf ;DaGwdf k|:t't u/]sf] ;+If]kLs/0f— In a group, there is
a sharing of ideas, views, experiences, knowledge and subject matters with a purpose
of solving a problem.The sharing ideas on subject matters are discussed, analysed and
organised to come to a conclusive decisions through harmony and they are adhered to
the group norms.

$= ;ldlt u7gsf cfwf/ / sfo{

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf ljleGg k|fjwfgx?, h:t}M P]gsf]
bkmf / lgodfjnLsf] lgod adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|ls|of
tyf lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'nf, kf/bzL{ / ljZj;gLo agfpg ;ldltsf] dfWodaf6 ;xof]u k'uf];
eGg] p¢]Zon] lgDg ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] ;+Vof / sfo{ tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljifodf ;+If]kdf pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . x/]s ;b:on] ;+u7gsf] nIo k|fKtL;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'k5{ . Joj:yfkgdf
x]g/L kmf]8{sf] egfO{ cg';f/, ;Fu} cfpg' z'?jft xf], ;Fu} a:g' k|ult xf] eg] ;Fu} sfd ug'{ ;kmntf
xf] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfg"gL cfwf/ adf]lhd u7g x'g] ;a} ;ldlt cf}krfl/s (formal)
x'g . lsgsL, tL ;a} ;ldlt P]g lgodAff6 Jojl:yt u/L tL ;ldltsf a}7sx?af6 x'g] lg0f{osf

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 8

 ;fy} ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lsf st{Jo, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] Joj:yf ;d]t o; n]vdf rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 . ;fy}, ;/sf/L sfof{noaLr ljQLo cGt/;DaGw :yfkgf u/L ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf Ps csf{sf
kl/k"/s x'G5g .
sfg"gL cfwf/, kbflwsf/L / ;ldltsf] p¢]Zo
-!_ bkmf $! M ;f]em} vl/bdf ;ldltsf] u7g M
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] xsdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifbaf6 lg0f{o eP adf]lhd vl/b ug'{
kg]{5 . To:t} cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] xsdf eg]
;f] lgsfosf] ;jf]{Rr sfo{sf/L lgsfoaf6 lg0f{o
eP adf]lhd vl/b ug'{kg]{5 M–
-s_ d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ – ;+of]hs
-v_ ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno – ;b:o
-u_ ;lrj, ;DalGwt dGqfno – ;b:o
-3_ dxfn]vf lgoGqs – ;b:o
-@_ bkmf $* M ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldlt M Aff]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] lbPsf]
lgj]bg pk/ k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu cWoIf
/ cGo b'O{ hgf ;b:ox?n] tLg jifL{o
kbfjlwdf axfn x'g' cl3 tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
ljj/0f sfof{no dfkm{t g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf
k]z ug]{5g .
-#_ lgod !^M vl/b OsfO{sf] :yfkgf M ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{af]em / sfo{ k|s[ltsf]
cfwf/df cfjZostf cg';f/ 5'§} vl/b dxfzfvf,
zfvf jf OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ug{'kg]{5 . ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf] lgDg
clen]v h:t}M—
– gd"gf af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft -:6\of088{
ljl8ª 8s'd]G6_,
– gd"gf k"j{ of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft -:6\of088{
lk|Sjflnlkms]zg 8s'd]G6_,
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 9
;dGjofTds sfo{, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
;f]em} vl/b ug'{kbf{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfˆgf]
cfjZostf, u'0f:t/, kl/df0f, cfk"lt{sf] zt{ / ;do
;DaGwL lnlvt ljj/0f, lnlvt b//]6 jf k|:tfjsf]
ljj/0f Psdfq cfk"lt{stf{ jf lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf
k/fdz{bftf jf ;]jfk|bfos;Fu dfu u/L ;f] pk/
5nkmn / ljZn]if0f u/L cfjZostfg';f/ jftf{
u/L vl/b ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/, o;/L vl/b ubf{ o;
P]g adf]lhd s'g} clwsf/Laf6 :jLs[lt lng'kg]{
ePdf k"j{ :jLs[lt lnP/ / ;Demf}tf u/]/ dfq
vl/b ug'{kg]{5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;ldltaf6 tf]lsPsf] /sd
eGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b sf/afxL, ;doleq
lg0f{o glbPdf, lg0f{o pk/ lrQ ga'em]df / vl/b
;Demf}tfsf] ljifodf k/]sf] lgj]bgnfO{ cfwf/ lnP/
lgj]bg pk/ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{5 .
pQm clwsf/Lsf] cGo sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf
cltl/Qm b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{' kg]{5
M–
– vl/b u'?of]hgf / jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tof/
u/L cBfjlws /fVg],
– vl/b sf/afxL;Fu ;DalGwt sfddf ;dGjo
ug]{ tyf dfu ;Íng u/L ug]{,
– af]nkq jf k|:tfj vf]Ng] ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs eO{
sfo{ ug]{,
 sfg"gL cfwf/, kbflwsf/L / ;ldltsf] p¢]Zo ;dGjofTds sfo{, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
– gd"gf vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfuhft – vl/b sf/afxLsf] clen]v /fVg],
-:6\of088{ sG6«ofS6 8s'd]G6_, – Dofb yk, sfo{ ;Dkfbg hdfgt k|lttkqsf]
– gd"gf k|:tfj dfu ;DaGwL sfuhft :6\of088{ clen]v /fVg] .
/]Sj]:6 km/ k|kf]hndf ;fdfGotof ;f/e"t?kdf – vl/b ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug],{
km/s gkg]{ u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ vl/b – k"j{ of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj, af]nkq jf k/fdz{
dxfzfvf, zfvf jf OsfO{df ;+nUg kbflwsf/L ;]jfsf] k|:tfj k|fKt ug]{ .
jf 6f]nLn] k"j{ of]Uotf, af]nkq / vl/b – k"j{ of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj, af]nkq jf k/fdz{
;Demf}tfsf sfuhft;lxt l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;]jfsf] k|:tfjnfO{ d"NofÍg ;ldltdf k]z ug]{
;+nUg x'g ;Sg]5g . / Go"gQd d"NoflÍt ;f/e"t?kdf k|efju|fxL
af]nkq :jLs[ltsf] nflu o; ;ldltn]
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'vnfO{ k]]z ug]{5 .
-$_ lgod !#M cGo ;]jfsf] nfut cg'dfg nfut cg'dfg tof/ ubf{ lgDg kIf ljrf/ ug]{5M
M ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ ef8fdf lnOg] -s_ ef8fdf lng'kg]{ ;jf/L ;fwg, d]lzg/L
;jf/L ;fwg, d]zLg/L cf}hf/, pks/0f cf}hf/, pks/0f jf dfn;fdfgsf] ljj/0f,
jf dfn;fdfgsf] ef8f h:tf cGo ;]jfsf :k]l;lkms]zg, cj:yf / cfo',
nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug{ sfof{non] tLg
hgf bIf k|fljlwsx?sf]] Ps ;ldlt -v_ k|rlnt ahf/ b/,
u7g ug{'kg]{5 . k|fljlws hgzlQm geP -u_ ef8fdf lng] cjlw,
tfn''ssf] lgsfon] pQm ;ldlt u7g u/L -3_ OGwgsf] d"No / vkt,
lbg'kg]{5 . ;ldltn] ;jf/L ;fwg, d]zLg/L
cf}hf/, pks/0f jf ef8fsf] nfut cg'dfg -ª_ ;ldltn] pko'Qm 7x¥ofPsf] cGo ljifo .
tof/ ug]{5 .
-%_ lgod !(M b'u{d lhNnfdf d'No clej[l¢ s/M lhNnfdf pknAw cfk"lt{stf{sf] ;"rLaf6 bz nfv
k|d'v, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no ?k}ofF ;Ddsf] vl/b ug{ ;Sg]5 .
– cWoIf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 tof/ ePsf]
k|ltlglw, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no – ;b:o ;"rL ;DalGwt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{nodf
cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nosf] k7fpg' kg]{5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf b'u{d
k|fljlws – ;b:o lhNnfdf cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 s'g}
k|ltlglw, lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 – ;b:o klg kmd{ jf laqm]tfn] d"No clej[l4 s/ btf{
k|df0fkq glnPsf]df cfk"lt{stf{sf] ;"rLdf /x]sf
cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] clws[t:t/sf] sd{rf/L
cfk"lt{stf{af6 vl/b ug]{ ;DaGwL .
– ;b:o–;lrj
;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] sfd sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGqs sfof{non] ug]{5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 10

 sfg"gL cfwf/, kbflwsf/L / ;ldltsf] p¢]Zo ;dGjofTds sfo{, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
-^_ lgod %(M af]nkq vf]Ng] ;ldlt M ;fj{hlgs af]nkq vf]n]sf] d'r'Nsfdf pkl:yt af]nkqbftf
lgsfosf] k|d'vn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf btf{ jf lghsf] k|ltlglwsf] b:tvt u/fpg' kg]{5 M–
ePsf af]nkq jf k|:tfj vl/b clwsf/Lsf] -s_ af]nkqbftfsf] gfd / 7]ufgf,
;+of]hsTjdf af]nkq jf k|:tfj vf]Ng sDtLdf
b'O{ hgf ;b:o /xg] ;ldlt u7g u/L -v_ af]nkqsf] saf]n cÍ,
af]nkqbftf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df -u_ af]nkqdf s'g} 5'6 lbg k|:tfj ul/Psf] eP
k"j{lgwf{l/t ;dodf af]nkq jf k|:tfj vf]Ng ;f] sf] Joxf]/f,
nufpg' kg]{5 . -3_ k|fljlws :k]l;lkms]zgsf] ljsNk k|:tfj
t/, af]nkqbftf jf lghsf] k|ltlglw pkl:yt ul/Psf] eP ;f]sf] saf]n cÍ,
gePsf] sf/0fn] dfq af]nkq jf k|:tfj -ª_ af]nkq hdfgt eP jf gePsf],
vf]Ng afwf kg]{ 5}g .
-r_ cÍ / cIf/sf aLr leGgtf eP ;f] sf]
af]nkq vf]Ng' cl3 ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ljj/0f,
Dofb gf3L k|fKt x'g cfPsf] af]nkqsf]
vfd, af]nkq lkmtf{ jf ;+zf]wg ug{sf] nflu -5_ af]nkq kmf/fd -n]6/ ckm la8_ / d"No ;"rL
lbOPsf] lgj]bgsf] vfd / l/tk"j{s btf{ -k|fO; ;]8Ø'n_ df af]nkqbftf jf lghsf]
ePsf af]nkqsf] vfdnfO{ 5'6\ofO{ Dofb gf3L k|ltlglwsf] x:tfIf/ ePsf]
k|fKt x'g cfPsf af]nkqsf] gvf]nL ;'/lIft -h_ af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftdf ;RofOPsf] jf
/fVg'kg]{5 . s]/d]6 u/]sf] /sd / Joxf]/f,
-em_ ;RofOPsf] :yfgdf af]nkqbftf jf lghsf]
k|ltlglwsf] x:tfIf/ ePsf] .
-&_ lgod &^M k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg d"NofÍg ;ldltsf k|To]s ;b:on] d"NofÍg u/L
M d"NofÍg ;ldltn] k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] k|:tfjbftfn] k|fKt u/]sf] cÍ olsg ePkl5
d"NofÍg ug{sf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;b:on] k|bfg u/]sf] cÍ u0fgf u/L cf}ift cÍ
;DalGwt lj1x¿ ;lxtsf] tLg ;b:oLo lgsfNg' kg]{5 . pQL0f{ ;"rLdf /x]sf k|:tfjbftfsf]
pk;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . k|fljlws dfq cfly{s k|:tfj vf]lng]5 .
k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg sfo{df cg'ej, sfo{ – pQL0ff{Í k|fKt ug{] k|:tfjbftfx? dWo] pRrtd
;DKffbgsf] tl/sf, sfo{zt{, of]Uotf, tfnLd, cÍ k|fKt ug{] k|:tfj bftfb]lv s|d};Fu tof/
;xeflutf cflb ljrf/ u/]/ dfq cÍ lbg' ug'{kg]{5 .
kg]{5 . k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍgsf] sfo{
;dfKt ePkl5 k|fljlws k|:tfjdf pQL0ff{Í – ;"rLdf ;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf k|:tfjbftfsf]
k|fKt ug{] k|:tfjbftfx?sf] dfq cfly{s k|:tfj gvf]nL ;DalGwt k|:tfjbftfnfO{ lkmtf{
k|:tfj vf]Ng' kg]{5 . ug'{kg]{5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 11

 sfg"gL cfwf/, kbflwsf/L / ;ldltsf] p¢]Zo ;dGjofTds sfo{, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
-*_ lgod **M /f;g vl/bsf] nfut cg'dfg M nfut /f;g Joj:yf ug'{kg{] k|To]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
cg'dfg :jLs[t ePsf] hfgsf/L tfn's sfof{no k|d'vn] cfˆgf] lgsfosf] lglDt :jLs[t /f;g
/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf ;ft b/aGbL cg';f/ k|To]s jif{sf] efb| d;fGtleq
lbgleq k7fpg] 5 . nfut cg'dfg :jLs[ltsf] g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 k|sflzt pkef]Qmf d"No;"rL,
nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;ldltdf k]z ug'k{ g]5{ M– s[lif pkhsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug{] lgsfosf] d"No
-s_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L — cWoIf ;"rL, ;8s ;'ljwf, :yfgLo ahf/ b/ tyf ut
-v_ k|d'v, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no jif{sf] vl/b ;Demf}tf b//]6 tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b
jf clws[t k|ltlglw —;b:o cg'udg sfof{noaf6 s'g} lgb]{lzsf hf/L ePsf]
-u_ k|dv' , lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no – ;b:o eP To:tf] lgb]{lzsfsf] cfwf/df nfut cg'dfg
-3_ k|ltlglw, lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 tof/ ug'{kg]{5 .
– ;b:o;ldltn] o; lgod adf]lhd nfut cg'dfg :jLs[t
-ª_ /f;g Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ubf{ plNnlvt s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ lgodfjnLsf]
k|dv' — ;b:o–;lrj cg';"rL–^ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf :jLs[t ug'{kg]{5 .
-(_ lgod ($M 3/ hUufsf] ef8f /sd lgwf{/0fM 3/ ef8f lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] k]z ePsf k|:tfjsf]
k|To]s lhNnfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] 3/ ef8f d"NofÍgsf nflu b]xfosf cfwf/df u/L 3/
lgwf{/0f ;ldlt /xg]5 M– hUufsf] ef8f lgwf{/0f ug]{5M–
-s_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L – cWoIf -s_ 3/ hUuf /x]sf] :yfg / af6f]sf] ;'ljwf,
-v_ k|d'v, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs
sfof{no, – ;b:o -v_ 3/ hUufsf] agfj6 / If]qkmn,
-u_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] -u_ ef}lts ;'ljwf,
k|fljlws – ;b:o ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f
-3_ 3/ hUuf ef8fdf lng] ;fj{hlgs ug]{]5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf !% lbg] / pkTosf
lgsfosf] k|d'v – ;b:o aflx/ & lbg] ;"rgf lbg] .
-ª_ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] clws[t
– ;b:o–;lrj
-!)_ lgod (&M pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] Uf7g M pkef]Qmf Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f
;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfoaf6 lgdf{0f sfo{ sfo{ jf ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jfsf] k|s[lt, kl/df0f, nfUg]
jf ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jf ;DaGwL sfo{df ;f]xL /sd ;f]xL :yfgdf a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbf / ;]jf
:yfgdf a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbf / ;]jf pkef]u pkef]u ug]{ ;d'bfoaf6 ul7t :yfgLo pkef]Qmf
ug]{ ;d'bfodf ;d"xut ?kdf 5nkmn eO{ ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfon] Joxf]{g] jf Joxf]g'{
lghx?af6 5gf}6 ePsf dflg;x?sf] ;d"x kg]{ /sd / cGo cfjZos s'/fx¿ v'nfO{ ;"rgf
u7g x'g]5 . pQm sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfgdf k|sfzgaf6 k|:tfj dfu ug]{ jf ;ldlt cfkm}n]
d'No clej[l¢ s/, cf]e/x]8 slG6Gh]G;L k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
/sd, hg;xeflutfsf] c+z ;dfj]z x'g]5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 12
 sfg"gL cfwf/, kbflwsf/L / ;ldltsf] p¢]Zo
-!!_ lgod !!%M vl/b ;fdfgsf] lg/LIf0f jf k/LIf0f
M ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lg/LIf0f jf k/LIf0f
ug{sf nflu Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L lgsfo
jf clwsf/L tf]Sg jf ;DalGwt dfn;fdfg
a9Ldf tLg hgf lj1 /x]sf] Ps ;ldlt u7g
ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;ldltn] dfn;fdfgsf] gd"gf /
ljlzi6tfaf/] l;naGbL u/L /fv]sf] eP ;f]
dfn;fdfg :jLs[t ug'{kg]{ .
-!@_ bkmf %$ / lgod !!*M ljz]if1 ;d"xsf] u7g
M k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsPsf] t/ ;Demf}tf
sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePdf
dGqfnon] ljz]if1x?sf] ;d"x u7g u/L
cfjZos hfFra'emsf] cfwf/df dfq lg0f{o
lng ;Sg]5 . e]l/P;g cfb]zdf sfof{no
k|d'vn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
-!#_ lgod !$&M d"Nofª\sg ;ldltsf] u7g M
d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] u7g M—
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|d'v jf lghn] tf]s]sf]
jl/i7 clws[t —cWoIf
;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] cfly{s
k|zf;g zfvf k|d'v –;b:o
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt k|fljlws ljz]if1–;b:o
;fj{hlgs lgsfodf sfg"g clws[tsf] b/aGbL]
eP ;f]] sfg"g clws[t –;b:o
vl/b PsfO{ k|dv' n]] ;ldltsf] ;lrjsf] sfd ug]5
{ .
-!$_ lgod !$*M b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldlt M k|To]s
lhNnfdf k"/} lhNnf e/L jf lhNnfsf] sg}
efudf 5'6} nfu" xg] u/L lgdf{0f ;fdu|L /
9'jfgLsf] b//]6, d]lzg tyf pks/0fsf] ef8f
/ sfdbf/sf] Hofnf lglZrt ug{ b]xfosf
;b:ox? /x]sf] b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldlt /xg]5 M–
-s_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L – cWoIf
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 13
;dGjofTds sfo{, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
lgodfg';f/ lg/LIf0f jf k/LIf0f u/L ;s]kl5
:jLs[tL cufl8 a9fpg / c:jLs[t dfn;fdfgsf]
;d]t lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf dfn;fdfgsf] gfd,
k|ltzt, :k]l;lkms]zg, lg/LIf0f jf k/LIf0fsf]
kl/0ffd pNn]v u/L ;f] k|ltj]bgnfO{ vl/b
sf/afxLsf] clen]vsf] ?kdf /fVg'kg]{5 .
-s_ lgdf{0f sfo{sf] 8«O{ª, l8hfO{g tyf
:k]l;lkms]zg cflb abNg'kg]{ jf gkg]{ /
cfwf/e"t k|s[lt jf If]q kl/jt{g x'g] jf gx'g]
s'/f,
-v_ e]l/Pzg kl/df0fsf] k|fljlws k'i6\ofO{+ / sf/0f,
-u_ nfut cg'dfgdf k|efj kg]{ eP ;f] sf] k|ltzt,
-3_ :jLs[t ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddf k/] jf gk/]sf]
s'/f .
d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M—
– k"j{–of]Uotfsf] k|:tfj, af]nkq, k/fdz{ ;]jfsf]
cfzokq jf k|:tfj jf l;naGbL b/efp kqsf]
k/LIf0f / d"NofÍg ug]{
– d"NofÍg ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|d'vsf]
:jLs[lt lnO{ ;/sf/L jf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf
ljifo ljz]if1nfO{ cfˆgf]] a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{
;Sg]5 .
– ;ldltnfO{ k/fdz{bftfsf] ;xof]u cfjZos ePdf
:jLs[t sfo{sd| / ah]6sf] cwLgdf /xL sfo{ljlw
ckgfO{ k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .
b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] lgdf{0f ;fdu|L jf 9'jfgLsf]
b//]6 lgwf{/0f ubf{ k|rlnt ahf/ efpsf] c;f/
d;fGt leq b//]6 lgwf{/0f u/L ;Sg'kg{]5 . t/,
s'g} cfly{s jif{df lgdf{0f ;fdu|L jf 9'jfgLsf]
b//]6 ;fljs d"Nodf bz k|ltzt eGbf a9L a9g
uPdf ;ldltn] ;f]xL adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
 sfg"gL cfwf/, kbflwsf/L / ;ldltsf] p¢]Zo ;dGjofTds sfo{, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
-v_ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] lhNnf t/, pQm ;ldltaf6 b//]6 pknAw gePsf]df
;dGjo ;ldltsf] ;b:o Ps hgf lgdf{0f:yn glhs}sf] ;/sf/L sfof{no jf ;+:yfg,
– ;b:o k|flws/0f, lgud jf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+:yfn]
-v_ lhNnf ;dGjo clwsf/L – ;b:o tf]s]sf] b/efp jf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] lbPsf]
-u_ k|d'v, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs b/efp, ef8f jf Hofnfsf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f
sfof{no –;b:o ug'{kg]{5 . o; cltl/Qm b//]6 lgwf{/0f ubf{
-ª_ k|ltlglw, g]kfn lgdf{0f Joj;foL ;f] lhNnf;Fu ;Ldfgf hf]l8Psf lhNnfsf] b//]6
dxf;+3 – ;b:o lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b//]6 ;d]tnfO{
-r_ k|ltlglw, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 – ;b:o cfwf/ lng'kg]{5 .
-5_ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] tf]s]sf] k|fljlws
sd{rf/L – ;b:o–;lrj
lgisif{ :
cg'udg, Joj:yfksLo ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf ;ldltaf6 ePsf ljifo tyf lg0f{ox?
k]z u/]df, ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjog u/]df, ljQLo sf/f]jf/sf oy]i6 k|df0f tyf
clen]v /fv]df, cg'udg u/L ;f] sf] k|ltj]bg jf cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bg ;dodf g} k]z
u/L sfof{+Gjog ePdf clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f nufot cGo sfo{df ;xhtf k|fKt x'G5 . Joj:yfkg af6
klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / lgodfjnL cGtu{t u7g ePsf 6f]nL leqsf ;b:onfO{ ;xefuL x'g k'0f{
cj;/ ldNg] u/L 6f]nLnfO{ ultzLn (group dynamics) agfpg] k|of; x'g'k5{ . cfly{s sf/f]af/df
cfly{s k|zf;g zfvfn] klg /sdsf] vr{ / e'QmfgLdf lgod leq /x]/ gLlt ljlwsf] kfngf u/L
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sf/f]af/sf] e'QmfgLsf] ;DaGwdf lgodg ug]{, lg0f{o lng], ;'emfj lbg], clen]v
/fVg], k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ / ;f] sf] k/LIf0f u/fpg] sfo{df klg ;ldltsf lg0f{o ;DaGwL clen]vsf]
cfjZostf k5{ . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf] kfngf ug]{, sfof{Gjog ug{ lgb]{zg lbg], ;DalGwt
;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] lqmofzLntf, ;+nUgtfsf ;fy} ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ tfn's sfof{no ;d]taf6 klg
pko'Qm lgsf;sf] vfFrf] b]lvG5 . ;DalGwt ;a} kIfn] cf–cfˆgf] If]qaf6 ls|ofzLn ePdf ;fj{hlgs
vl/bdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] kfngf eO{ ;'zf;g sfod x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rL :
!= Management : A Global Perspective : Heinz and Harold.
@= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+;b
#= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$, g]kfn ;/sf/ .
$= Management Principle, Govinda Ram Agrawal.
%= Human Resource Management, Subba and SP Rao, New Delhi
^= k|lzIf0f ;fdu|L

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 14

 lgdf{0f sfo{sf] vl/bdf of]Uotf lgwf{/0f

;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !) / ;fj{hlgs vl/b

lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @^ adf]lhd, ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] b'O{
s/f]8 ¿k}ofF eGbf dflysf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DaGwL vl/b sf/afxLdf efu
lng] af]nkqbftfsf] jf k"j{ of]Uotfsf] k|:tfjbftfsf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/
lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
O{= k|eft s'df/ emf*
!= k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ( df æcGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
s'g} vl/b ug{' kbf{ ;Dej eP;Dd v'Nnf ?kdf af]nkq cfxjfg u/L ug{'kg]{5 / of]Uo af]nkqbftfnfO{
To:tf] vl/b k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g ljgf e]befj ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{' kg]{5Æ Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 . af]nkqåf/f vl/b ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] æaf]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftÆ tof/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
h;cg';f/ af]nkqbftfn] d"No jf k|:tfj jf b//]6 e/L jf tof/ u/L k]z ug{'k5{ .
af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftdf af]nkqbftfnfO{ lbOPsf] lgb]{zg, :k]lzlkms]zg, gS;f, l8hfOg,
sfo{If]qut zt{x? -Terms of Refrences_, sfo{tflnsf, of]Uotfsf tyf d"NofÍgsf cfwf/, kl/df0f
;"rL, ;Demf}tfsf zt{x? / o:t} cGo sfuhft ;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 .
@= jt{dfg Joj:yf
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !) / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod @^
adf]lhd, ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] b'O{ s/f]8 ¿k}ofF eGbf dflysf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DaGwL vl/b sf/afxLdf
efu lng] af]nkqbftfsf] jf k"j{ of]Uotfsf] k|:tfjbftfsf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . t/ b'O{
s/f]8 ¿k}ofF ;Ddsf] nfut cg'dfg ePsf] ljB't u[x, 6jf{Og, k'n, ;'?ªdfu{, /]ndfu{, /Hh'dfu{,
s]ansf/ dfu{, ax'tn] ejg jf ;8sdfu{ h:tf hl6n jf ljz]if k|s[ltsf ;+/rgf nufot ;DalGwt
;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 tf]lsPsf] cGo ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ug{'k5{ .
#= of]Uotf lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/x?
lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] u|fXootf -Eligibility_ ;Fu} lgDg cg';f/ % lsl;dsf of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
!= lg0f{o x'g afFsL /x]sf] bfaL d'2f -Pending Litigation_ @= cfly{s cj:yf -Financial Situation_
#= cg'ej -Experience_ $= d'Vo pks/0f -Equipment_

* l;=8L=O{=,;8s ljefu, geoprabhat@gmail.com

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 15
 %= d'Vo bIf hgzlQm -Personnel_
lg0f{o x'g afFsL /x]sf] bfaL d'2f -Pending Litigation_ sf] /sdaf6, Bidder bfaL d'2f xf/]sf] cj:yfdf
Bidder Bankruptcy x'g] hf]lvd /x]sf]÷g/x]sf] ljifosf] olsg ul/G5 . cyf{t, ;fdfGotof g]6 jy{sf]
%)Ü – !))Ü eGbf sd Pending Litigation ePsf] Bidder nfO{ of]Uo dflgG5 . of] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/n]
Bankruptcy risk ePsf Bidder sf] 5gf}6 x'gaf6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ ;'/lIft u/fp5 .
cfly{s cj:yf -Financial Situation_ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df ljutsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ -Historical
Financial Performance_, Go"gtd ;/b/ jflif{s sf/f]af/ -Average Annual Construction
Turnover_, / la8 Ifdtf -Required Bid Capacity_ ul/ tLg lsl;dn] af]nkqbftfsf] d"Nof+sg
ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] gjf} ;+zf]wg k"j{;Dd, cfly{s cj:yf -Financial
Situation_ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df “gub k|jfx -Financial Resources_” ;d]t ;dfj]z lyof] .
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] k|sl[ t cg';f/ ljutsf] cfly{s sf/f]af/ -Historical Financial Performance_ sf] d"Nof+sg,
ut cfly{s jif{sf] af]nkqbftfsf] Balance Sheet af6 Total Assets af6 Total Liabilities 36fO{ Net Worth
lgsfnL, Positive Net Worth ePsf af]nkqbftfsf] cGo Qualification Criteria d"Nof+sg cuf8L a9fOG5 .
ljut !) cfly{s jif{sf] clwstd sf/f]af/ ePsf] s'g} # cfly{s jif{sf] cf}ift sf/f]af/ /sdaf6 Go"gtd
;/b/ jflif{s sf/f]af/ -Average Annual Construction Turnover_ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/sf] d"Nof+sg
ul/G5 . Average Annual Construction Turnover n] Bidder sf] Overall Management Capacity
V
hgfpF5 . F x sf] kmd{n " f k|of]u ul/ Average Annual Construction Turnover Requirement
T
olsg ul/G5 . hxfF, F: ! – !=% /flvG5, V: Cost Estimate -VAT, Contingency afx]s_ / T -jif{df_:
7]Ssf ;DkGg x'g] cjlw, ! jif{ eGbf sd cjlwsf] xsdf ! jif{ g} /flvG5 . 7]Ssf ;DkGg x'g] cjlw -T_
df Average Annual Construction Turnover Requirement cfwfl/t x'g] ePsf]n,] 7]Ssf ;DkGg x'g]
cjlw sfod ubf{ j:t'ut cfwf/df dfq} ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . Critical Path Method -CPM_ k|of]u ul/ 7]Ssf
;DkGg x'g] cjlw olsg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ 7]Ssfsf] ;DkGg x'g] cjlw CPM
åf/f ug{ ;Dej gePsf] cj:yfdf Rational kmd{n " faf6 ;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !# df “s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k|of]udf /x]sf] af]nkqbftfsf]
k|fljlws Ifdtf To:tf] lgsfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xb;Dd To:tf] af]nkqbftfsf] k|fljlws Ifdtf yk
sfo{sf] nflu u0fgf gx'g]” k|fjwfg cg';f/sf] la8 Ifdtf -Bid Capacity) åf/f Effective Potential
Capacity of Management k'i6L ug]{ Ps of]Uotf cfwf/ xf] . h;sf] af/]df ;fj{hlgs vl/b -gjf}
;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)&^ df d"Nofs+g ;ldltn] P]gsf] bkmf @% adf]lhd af]nkq d"Nofs+g ubf{
af]nkq sfuhftdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k|of]udf /x]sf] af]nkqbftfsf] cfly{s
tyf k|fljlws Ifdtf To:tf] lgsfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xb;Dd To:tf] af]nkqbftfsf] cfly{s tyf
k|fljlws Ifdtf yk sfo{sf] nflu u0fgf x'g]5}g . af]nkqbftfn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] ljut bz cfly{s jif{sf]
cf}ift jflif{s sf/f]af/ /sdsf] a9Ldf ;ft -&_ u'0ffn] x'g cfpg] /sd ;Ddsf] dfq af]nkq lng;Sg]
s'/fnfO{ af]nkqbftfsf] of]Uotf / d"Nofs+gsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng'kg]{5 . jflif{s sf/f]af/ -6g{ cf]e/_
/sdsf] ;ft -&_ u'0ffn] x'g cfpg] /sd u0fgf ubf{ af]nkqbftfsf] rfn' 7]Ssfsf] nflu o:tf] /sd
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 16
5'6\ofP/ dfq PsLg ug{'kg]{5 .Æ o;/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/ nfu' ug]{ tl/sf :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .
cfly{s cj:yf -Financial Situation_ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ h:t} cg'ej -Experience_ of]Uotfsf]
cfwf/df ;fdfGo cg'ej -General Construction Experience_, d]n vfg] k|s[lt / cfsf/sf] cg'ej
-Contracts of Similar Size and Nature_ / d'Vo–d'Vo sfo{sf] cg'ej -Construction Experience
in Key Activities_ ul/ tLg -#_ lsl;dn] Bidder sf] d"Nof+sg ul/G5 .
af]nkq a'emfpg] clGtd ldlt eGbf cufj} af]nkqbftfsf] slDtdf # b]lv % jif{sf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;fdfGo
cg'ej -General Construction Experience_ x'gk' g]{ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ åf/f Business Continuity sf]
df]6fdf]6L hfFr ul/G5 . To:t}, d]n vfg] k|sl[ t / cfsf/sf] cg'ej -Contracts of Similar Size and Nature_
åf/f Single Work Management Capacity tyf d'Vo–d'Vo sfo{sf] cg'ej -Construction Experience
in Key Activities_ åf/f Specific Work Management Capacity Ifdtfsf] d'Nof+sg ul/G5 .
Contracts of Similar Size and Nature sf] kl/efiff Physical Size, Complexity, Methods,
Technology jf k|:tfljt sfo{;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] cGo ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df k|To]s cfof]hgfsf]
Uniqueness cg';f/ ug{'k5{ . h:t}M RCC ejgsf] k|:tfljt sfo{sf] nflu RCC Wall lgdf{0f u/]sf]
cg'ej, ;8s lgdf{0fsf] nflu Gabion Works nfuL River Training sf] Gabion Works u/]sf]
cg'ej, Pile Foundation ;lxtsf] RCC ejgsf] k|:tfljt sfo{sf] nflu Pile Foundation ;lxtsf]
k'n lgdf{0f u/]sf] cg'ej, cflb Contracts of Similar Size and Nature cGtu{tsf] cg'ejdf u0fgf
ug{ ;lsG5 . Contracts of Similar Size and Nature of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ to ubf{ ! jf @ To:tf
cg'ej ePsf] lgdf{0f 7]Ssfsf] ljj/0f/ sfuhft dfu ul/G5 / 7]Ssfsf] jt{dfgsf] s'n 7]Ssf /sdsf]
cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ul/G5 . o; of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df Physical Value dfu ug{ ldNb}g .
k|:tfljt lgdf{0f sfo{sf] d'Vo–d'Vo ultljlwnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL Construction Experience in Key
Activities sf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ to ug{k' 5{ / Monetary Value sf] ;f6f] Physical Value df dfu
ug{k' 5{ . d'Vo ultljlw ;DkGg ug{ k|ToIf Linkage ePsf] cfjZos cGo ultljlw ;dfj]z ug{' x'bg} .
h:t}M RCC Wall lgdf{0fsf] nflu Reinforcement Works, Formwork nfO{ Construction Experience
in Key Activities df ;dfj]z ug{x' b' g
} . Construction Experience in Key Activities of]Uotfsf] cfwf/
to ubf{ ;+Vof of Volume of jflif{s Production Rate dWo] pko'Qm s'g} ! cfwf/ lng'k5{ . pbfx/0fM
k'n lgdf{0fsf] nflu lglZrt nDafO{sf] ! k'nsf] cg'ej, RCC ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu lglZrt kl/df0fsf]
RCC Works sf] cg'ej jf jflif{s ?kdf lglZrt kl/df0fsf] RCC Works u/]sf] cg'ej -$))) 3=ld=sf]
RCC sfo{ @ jif{df ;DkGg ug{k' g]{ ePsf] eP, cfjZos Production Rate $))) 3=ld=÷@ jif{ = @)))
3=ld=÷jif{_ cflb . ;+Vof hgfpg] Physical Value of Volume sf] ?kdf /flvPsf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/sf]
d"Nof+sg ubf{ ! eGbf a9L 7]Ssf hf]8/] d"Nof+sg ug{ ldNb}g . t/, jflif{s Production Rate df /flvPsf]
of]Uotfsf] cfwf/sf] d"Nof+sg ubf{ Pp6} ;do :s]nsf] ljleGg 7]Ssfsf] ;Dkflbt sfo{ hf]8g'k5{ .
lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] Joj:yfksLo / k|fljlws Ifdtf d'Vo bIf hgzlQm -Personnel_ sf] pknAwtfdf
cfwfl/t x'g] u/]sf]n,] Personnel of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ sfod ubf{ Key Personnel dfq} ug{k' 5{ . pbfx/0f
M Contract/Project Manager / cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo Components lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L k/]sf]

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 17

Contract/Project Manager cGtu{tsf Superintendents -h:t} Dredging, Piling, Tunneling, or
Earthworks ===_= Site Engineer of Sub-Engineer h:tf Personnel of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df /fVg' x'bg
} .
lgdf{0f Joj;foLsf] d'Vo pks/0f -Equipment_ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ sfod ubf{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{
clt cfaZos Bulky jf Specialized Equipment dfq} ;dfj]z ug{'k5{ . Heavy lift cranes, piling
barges, dredgers, tunnel boring machines, asphalt mixing plants, cflb h:tf Equipment
nfO{ dfq} of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df /fVg'k5{ . Tipper, Concrete Mixture, Chips Spreader, Bitumen
Boiler h:tf Equipment/Item of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df /fVg' x'b}g .
;a–sG6«ofS6/af6 sfd u/fpg] k|fjwfg /fVbf, s'g s'g sfo{ ;a–sG6«ofS6/af6 u/fpg ;lsg] s'/f
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] tf]Sg'k5{ / ;f]xL adf]lhd ;DalGwt lgdf{0f sfo{sf] cg'ej, k|:tfljt sfo{sf] nfut
cg';f/sf] ljut !) cfly{s jif{sf] clwstd sf/f]af/ ePsf] s'g} # cfly{s jif{sf] cf}ift sf/f]af/ /sd
af6 Go"gtd ;/b/ jflif{s sf/f]af/ -Average Annual Construction Turnover_, tyf gub k|jfx
-Financial Resources_ ;lxtsf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ /fVg'k5{ .
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] gjf} ;+;f]wg kZrft, gub k|jfx -Financial Resources_ ;'lglZrt
ug{ Line of Credit ;Demf}tf avtdf Bidder n] pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . Financial Resources
Requirement sf] olsg Construction Cash Flow df cfwfl/t eO{ ug{k' 5{ . Contractor sf] s'g} @
Invoice sf] e'QmfgL aLrsf] s"n dlxgf / k|lt dlxgf cfjZos Cash Flow sf] u'0fg ul/ cfPsf] /sd
a/fa/ Financial Resources Requirement of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df tf]lsG5 . Contractor sf] s'g} @ Invoice
sf] aLrsf] e'QmfgL cjwL $ cfwf/df olsg ul/G5 . klxnf], s'g} e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] dlxgfaf6 csf]{
{ f] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g nfUg] ;do, bf]>f], e'QmfgL bfaL ug{ nfUg] ;do, t]>f], Bill r]s ul/
e'QmfgL bfaL ug{k' j" s
e'QmfgL l;kmfl/; ug{ nfUg] ;do / rf}yf], Unforseen Delay sf] nflu Contingency Period sf] cfwf/df
ug{k' 5{ . o;/L e'QmfgL cjlw olsg ul/bf, @% s/f]8 ;Ddsf] nfut cg'dfgsf] xsdf clwstd % dlxgf
/ @% s/f]8 eGbf a9Lsf] nfut cg'dfgsf] xsdf clwstd # dlxgf ga9\g] ul/ s'n dlxgf olsg ug{k' 5{ .
$= pk;+xf/
cfof]hgfsf] k|s[lt tyf cfsf/ cg';f/ k|To]s af]nkqdf af]nkqbftfsf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f
km/s–km/s x'g] u5{ . ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] clwstd k|lt:kwf{ tyf Contract Management
;xh x'g] ul/ k|To]s vl/bsf] cfsf/sf] to ug{'k5{ . s'g} klg af]nkqbftfsf] of]Uotf d"Nof+sg ubf{,
Bid Document sf] Instruction to Bidder ;]S;gdf /x]sf] Clarification of Bids, Deviations-
Reservations-Omissions / Determination of Responsiveness of Bid h:tf Clauses sf]
cfwf/df kof{Kt hfgsf/L / ljZn]if0f ul/ d"Nof+sg ug{k' 5{ .
%= ;Gbe{ ;dfu|LM
– ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
– ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
- Standard Bidding Document for “Procurement of Works”

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 18

 v'nf s/f/ (Open Contracting)
tyf g]kfnsf] cg'ej
;/sf/L lgsfox?n] cfk"mn] ug]{ sfd sf/afxL tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] j[l4 ;Fu;Fu} tL sfo{sf ljj/0fx?
tYof+ssf] cfwf/df ;'/lIft /xg] ePsfn] To:tf tYof+sx? kf/bzL{ jf
v'nf ug{sf] nflu yk ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
dlgif s'df/ e§/fO{*

!= ljifo k|j]z
cf]O;L8L (OCED) /fi6«x?df hL8LkLsf] !@ k|ltzt1 /sd ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf vr{ x'g] cg'dfg
/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L tL /fi6«x?df x'g] s"n e|i6frf/ dWo] %& k|ltzt2 ;fj{hlgs vl/bd} x'g] tYo
;d]t cf]O;L8Ln] k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/, ;a}h;f] /fi6«x?df ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf cToGt} 7"nf]
/sd vr{ x'g] / pQm vr{df clgoldttf ;d]t w]/} g} x'g] u/]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . g]kfndf ;d]t ljleGg
;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ug]{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf sfo{x?df cTolws dfqfdf clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/
x'g] u/]sf] u'gf;f] ;j{q ;'lgG5 . o:tf] clgoldttfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] k|lqmofdf ul/g]
ckf/bzL{ lqmofsnfkx? g} d'Vo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g .
zf;g k|0ffnLdf hjfkmb]lxtf, lhDd]jf/Lkgf tyf ;dfj]lztf k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/L tYof+sx? :j:km"t{
?kdf ;fj{hlgs ug{] cleofg cGtu{t ;g @)!! df Open Government Partnership3sf] z'?jft
eP;Fu} ljleGg /fi6«x?n] cfkmgf tYof+sx? ;fj{hlgs ug]{ k|rng a9]/ uPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;/sf/L sfd
sf/afxLx? v'nf / kf/bzL{ ?kdf k|sfzg ul/g] ePsf]n] ;'zf;gdf a9f]Q/L x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
;/sf/L tYof+sx?nfO{ v'nf ug]{ cleofgsf] Ps 36ssf] ?kdf v'nf s/f/nfO{ lnOG5 . ;/sf/L
lgsfox?n] cfk"mn] ug]{ sfd sf/afxL tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] j[l4 ;Fu;Fu} tL
sfo{sf ljj/0fx? tYof+ssf] cfwf/df ;'/lIft /xg] ePsfn] To:tf tYof+sx? kf/bzL{ jf v'nf ug{sf]
nflu yk ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
of] v'nfkgaf6 cfkm\gf] dtaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf] ;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf lgsfox?af6
;Dkflbt x'g] sfo{x?sf] af/]df kf/bzL{ ?kdf hfgsf/L kfpg] hgtfx?sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ ;d]tnfO{
;Ddfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;} u/L cfkm"n] lt/]sf] s/sf] pkof]u s;/L e}/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t hfgsf/L
hgtfx?n] kfpg ;S5g\ .

* ;"rgf k|ljlw lgb]{zs, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no

1 https://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/
2 https://www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/Corruption-Public-Procurement-Brochure.pdf
3 https://www.opengovpartnership.org/

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 19

@= v'nf s/f/ (Open Contracting)
;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ug]{ vl/bsf sfd sf/afxLsf tYof+sx? v'nf ?kdf ;a}sf] kx'r F k'Ug] u/L ;dod}
kf/bzL{ ug]{ k|lqmof g} v'nf s/f/ xf] . o;/L v'nf ul/Psf tYof+sx? ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx? h:t}M
lgodgsf/L lgsfox?, ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s, af]nkqbftfx?, ldl8of, gful/s ;dfh, z}lIfs ;+:yf cflbn]
x]g,{ k|of]u ug{ tyf k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g . pQm v'nf tYof+sx?sf] ;xof]u af6 ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n]
u/]sf vl/b sfo{sf] ;DalGwt lgsfox?n] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{, lgodg tyf cg';Gwfg ug{sf
;fy;fy} kx/]bf/L tyf va/bf/L ;d]t ug{ ;xh x'G5 . o; sfo{af6 lgsfox?n] ug]{ vl/bsf] sfo{x?df
x'g] clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/ 36g'sf ;fy} tL vl/bsf] u'0f:t/ ;d]t j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n]
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf k|lt:kwf{ j[l4 ub},{ d"No ;fy{stf cyf{t Value for Money nfO{ a9fjf lbO{ ;/sf/L
;]jf k|jfxsf] clwstd kl/0ffd (Outcome) k|fKt ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
clxn]sf] cfw'lgs, k|efjsf/L tyf v'nf ;/sf/x?n] ug]{ vl/bsf s/f/x? :jR5, k|lt:kwL{, kf/bzL{
tyf hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL 5g\ egL ;'lglZrt ug]{ Ps k|efjsf/L pks/0fsf] ?kdf v'nf s/f/nfO{
lnOG5 . of] Ps ljZjJofkL cleofgs} ?kdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
;+;f/el/sf ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf tYof+sx? v'nf ug]{ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg
;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy Open Contracting Partnership (OCP)4 gfds ;+:yfn] sfo{ ul//x]sf]
5 . o;af6 ;fj{hlgs s/f/x? a9L :jR5 tyf k|lt:kwL{ eO{ ljsf;sf kl/0ffdx? cem a9L
;'lglZrt x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . pQm ;+:yfn] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ljleGg r/0fx?sf tYof+sx?
v'nf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ;a}n] lgMz'Ns k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L Ps ljZjJofkL dfgs tof/ u/]sf]
5 . pQm dfgsnfO{ Open Contracting Data Standard (OCDS)5 elgG5 . ljZjsf ljleGg
/fi6«x?sf v'nf s/f/sf tYof+sx?aLr t'ngf ug{ tyf Ps cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt agfpgsf] nflu
OCDS cToGt dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . v'nf s/f/ c+ufNg] ;/sf/x?n] OCDS df cfwfl/t tYofs+ g}
k|sfzg ug]{ ub{5g, h;af6 pQm v'nf tYof+sx?sf] k|of]u a9L ;xh tyf ;j{JofkL x'G5 . v'nf
s/f/ k|of]u ug]{ jf ug{ rfxg] lgsfox?n] OCP af6 cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
v'nf s/f/sf] 9fFrfnfO{ o; k|sf/ b]vfpg ;lsG5M

4 https://www.open-contracting.org/
5 https://standard.open-contracting.org/latest/en/#

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 20

 v'nf s/f/ cGtu{t k|sfzg ul/g] tYof+sx? d"ntM ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ j]a;fO6 dfkm{t
k|sfzg ug]{ ul/G5 . pQm j]a;fO6df ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL ljleGg r/0fsf tYof+sx? ljleGg
lsl;dsf u|fkm, lrq tyf Psd'i6 ?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] u/L k|sfzg ul/G5 .
#= v'nf s/f/ / ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL
;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ug]{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] sfo{nfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ug{sf] nflu ljB'tLo vl/b
k|0ffnL lgdf{0f u/L k|of]udf NofOPsf] x'G5 . h;df cfwfl/t eP/ v'nf s/f/sf tYof+sx? k|sfzg
ug]{ ul/G5 . v'nf s/f/sf] k|d'v tYof+s cfwf/ eg]sf] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL g} ePsf] sf/0fn] v'nf
s/f/ / ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf aLrdf cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL dfkm{t vl/b sfo{ ubf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] ;a} r/0fsf
tYof+sx? k|0ffnLdf ;'/lIft x'G5g\ . ;f]xL tYof+sx?nfO{ Open Contracting Data Standard
cg'?ksf] agfO{ v'nf s/f/ kf]6{ndf k|sfzg ul/G5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g]
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLn] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf hlt a9L r/0f / k|lqmofx? ;d]65, v'nf s/f/ Tolt
g} a9L lj:t[t x'g hfG5 .
$= v'nf s/f/sf tYof+sx?
v'nf s/f/df Open Contracting Data Standard cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;a} r/0fsf
clwstd tYof+sx? ;fj{hlgs ug'{kb{5 . o;df ;DalGwt JolQm tyf lgsfox?sf] JolQmut ljj/0f
eg] k|sfzg ul/b}g . /fli6«o kl/k|]Io tyf :yfgLo kl/j]z cg';f/ sltko tYof+sx? k|sfzg gug{
;d]t ;lsG5 . o; cGtu{t k|sfzg ul/g] tYof+sx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5gM
of]hgf (Planning) M o; cGtu{tsf cfof]hgf, ah]6, vl/b of]hgf, ahf/ cWoog h:tf tYof+sx?
kb{5g .
af]nkq (Tender)M o;df af]nkq ;"rgf, :k]lzlkms]zg, nfOg cfO6d, d"No nufotsf tYof+sx?
kb{5g .
5gf}6 (Award)M 5gf}6sf] ljj/0f, af]nkqbftfsf] ljj/0f, af]nkq d"Nof+sg, d"No;Fu ;DalGwt
tYof+sx? kb{5g .
;Demf}tf (Contract)M o; cGtu{tsf clGtd ljj/0f, ;Demf}tf, ;+zf]wg, d"No;Fu ;DalGwt
tYof+sx? kb{5g .
;Demf}tf nfu" (Implementation)M o; cGtu{tsf e'QmfgL, sfo{ k|ult, :yfg, Dofb yk, ;Demf}tf
;+zf]wg, sfo{ ;DkGg;+u ;DalGwt tYof+sx? kb{5g .
%= v'nf s/f/sf r/0fx?M
v'nf s/f/ nfu" ug{sf] nflu ;fdfGotof lgDgfg';f/sf r/0fx? nfu" u/]/ ul/G5M

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 21

 vfsf tof/LM klxnf] r/0fdf v'nf s/f/sf] nflu cfkm\gf nIo tyf k|fyldstfx? to ug]{, of] sfo{sf]
nflu gLltut tyf k|fljlws 6f]nL u7g ug]{, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg], tyf pknAwLx?
dfkgsf] tl/sf lgwf{/0f ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x? ul/G5 .
cj:yf lrq0fM bf];|f] r/0fdf cfkm";Fu ePsf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL tYof+sx?nfO{ Open
Contracting Data Standard ;Fu bfFHg] (Data mapping) sfo{ u/]/ OCDS n] to u/]sf dWo]
pknAw ePsf tyf pknAw gePsf tYof+sx?sf] ;"rL tof/ kfl/G5 . ;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
cfjZostf, sfg"gL Joj:yf nufotsf ljifox? ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbb} tYof+s v'nf ug]{ of]hgf
(Publication plan) ;d]t tof/ kfl/G5 .
lgdf{0fM o; r/0fdf nflu ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL tyf cGo s'g} >f]taf6 tYof+s tyf sfuhftx?
;+sng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos k|0ffnL tyf cGt/cfa4tf ;d]t lgdf{0f u/L cfkm"n] k|sfzg ug{
nfu]sf tYof+sx? OCDS dfgs;Fu k|df0fLs/0f u/L k|sfzgsf] nflu tof/ kfl/G5 .
k|sfzgM Publication plan tyf OCDS cg'?k lgdf{0f ul/Psf] tYof+snfO{ k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{
o; r/0fdf ul/G5 . o:tf] k|sfzgsf] sfo{ ;fdfGotof v'nf s/f/ kf]6{n (Open Contracting
Portal) af6 ug]{ ul/G5 .
k|of]uM o; r/0fdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] k|sflzt tYof+ssf] k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
;+nUgtf tyf ;xsfo{nfO{ o; r/0fdf a9L dxTj lbOG5 . ltgLx?sf] ;xh kx'Fr tyf cfjZostf
k"/f ug{ tyf k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/df nflu o; v'nf s/f/ kf]6{ndf ;'wf/ nufotsf yk
sfo{x? ;d]t ug]{ ul/G5 .
l;sfOM xfn;Dd ul/Psf sfo{x?af6 ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] v'nf s/f/ tyf To;sf] k|of]usf] af/]df
gofF cg'ej k|fKt ub{5g\ . o;af6 cfkm\gf sfo{x?df cem a9L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy;fy} nfu"
ul/Psf] v'nf s/f/ k|lqmofdf ;d]t cfjZos kl/dfh{g ul/G5 .
k|:t'ltM v'nf s/f/af6 k|fKt pknAwLx?sf] af/]df ;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{ o; r/0fdf
ul/G5 . cfˆgf pknAwLx? lnlkj4 ug]{, p2]Zox? k"/f eP gePsf] hfFr ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? ;d]t
ul/G5 .
^= g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u
^=! g]kfndf v'nf s/f/
g]kfndf v'nf s/f/ nfu" ug{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ;g @)!^ df
cd]l/sf l:yt Open Contracting Partnership ;Fusf] ;xsfo{df Public Procurement
Transparency Initiative (PPTIN) gfds cfof]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . pQm cfof]hgfsf]
d"n p2]Zox? lgDgfg';f/ lyP .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ePsf ultljlwx?nfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg]] .
• ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ r/0fsf tYof+sx?nfO{
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 22
 Open Contracting Data Standard cg'?k k|of]ustf{ d}qL tyf cfsif{s :j?kdf Ps
5'6\6} kf]6{n dfkm{t k|sfzg ug]{ .
• k|sflzt tYof+sx? ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] x]g{ tyf k|of]u ug{sf] nflu lghx?sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4, ;r]tgf sfo{qmd cflb ;~rfng ug]{ .
• of] cfof]hgfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/df Showcasing ug]{ .
^=@ g]kfndf v'nf s/f/sf] nflu sfg"gL cfwf/
pk/f]Qmfg';f/ v'nf s/f/ nfu" ug{sf] nflu sfg"gL cfwf/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5gM
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL * n] cfof]hgf:yndf cfof]hgf ;DaGwL ljljw
ljj/0fx? k|sflzt ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
• ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)&$ sf] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] k|0ffnL Joj:yfksn] o; k|0ffnLaf6 ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL
lj:t[t ;"rgf Pj+ ljj/0f cfjZostf cg';f/ ;a}sf] kx'Frsf nflu 5'6\6} kf]6{n, ln+s jf
cGt/;DaGwsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]5 egL Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf]
5.
^=# g]kfndf ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL / v'nf s/f/
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] bkmf ^( df ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sfo{sf]
s'g} jf ;a} k|lqmofdf ljB'tLo sfo{ljlw k|0ffnL dfq ckgfpg ;Sg] / To:tf] ljB'tLo vl/b
k|0ffnLsf] sfo{ljlw, k|0ffnL / o;sf cGt/lglxt l;4fGt ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$^
df ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu Pp6f dfq kf]6{n
/xg] u/L ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
pQm ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLdf cfj4 eO{ vl/b sf/f]af/ ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm Joj:yf adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ug]{ vl/b sfo{nfO{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 ;~rfng
ug{sf] nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL (Electronic
Government Procurement (e-GP) System)6 lgdf{0f u/L ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 . of]
k|0ffnLn] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] z'?b]lv cGTo;Ddsf ;a} r/0fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
pQm k|0ffnL dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b sfo{ ubf{ tYof+s cfwf/df ;'/lIft ePsf
tYof+sx?nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfg]/ v'nf s/f/ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
^=$ xfn;Ddsf pknAwLx?
o; cfof]hgf cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noaf6 ePsf xfn;Ddsf pknAwLx?
o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M
6 https://bolpatra.gov.np/egp/

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 23

 • ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ r/0fsf tYof+sx?nfO{
Open Contracting Data Standard cg'?k Data mapping u/]/ k|sfzg ug{ pko'Qm
tYof+sx?sf] klxrfg u/L Publication Plan tof/ ul/Psf] .
• Publication Plan sf] cfwf/df Open Contracting Portal7 sf] k/LIf0f k|sfzg (Test
launch) ul/Psf] .
• OCP sf] tkm{af6 ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] nflu s]xL ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf ;fy;fy} cGo lgsfox?af6 ;d]t v'nf s/f/sf
If]qdf s]xL k|of;x? e}/x]sf 5g, tL o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5gM
• wgu9L pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 cfkm\gf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx?sf] s/f/ ;DaGwL
ljj/0fx? OCDS dfkb08 cg';f/ v'nf ul//x]sf] .
• Transparency International Nepal sf] tkm{af6 ;d]t g]kfnsf] :jf:Yo If]qdf v'nf
s/f/sf nflu kxn (OC4H) gfds cfof]hgfaf6 :jf:Yo If]qdf v'nf s/f/nfO{ a9fjf
lbg] sfo{ e}/x]sf] .
^=%= ;d:ofx?
• Open Contracting Portal sf] Formal launch gePsfn] ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] k|of]u ug{
g;s]sf] .
• ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ;a} r/0fsf tYof+sx? k|lji6L gul/bf of]
kf]6{ndf ;d]t ;a} r/0fsf tYof+s gb]lvg] .
^=^= v'nf s/f/sf kmfObfx?
v'nf s/f/ nfu" ubf{ k|fKt x'g] kmfObfx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5gM
• ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] kf/blz{tfdf j[l4 .
• ;do / /sdsf] art .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] sf/f]af/x?sf] ;+/rgfTds tYof+sx?sf] lgdf{0f .
• Joj;flos a'l4dQf (Business Intelligence) sf] pknAwtf .
• cGo ljB'tLo ;/sf/ (e-Government) k|0ffnLx?;Fusf] cGt/cfa4tf .
v'nf s/f/af6 dfly pNn]lvt kmfObfx?sf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/x?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf nIox? k|fKt
ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ub5M
• ;/sf/x?sf] nflu cem a9L d"No ;fy{stf (Value for Money) sf] k|flKt .
• Joj;foLx?sf] aLrdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ .
7 http://www.ppip.gov.np/

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 24

 • hgtfx?sf] nflu pRr u'0f:t/sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pknAwtf .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf x'g ;Sg] hfn;fhL tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf sf/afxLsf] u'0f:t/Lo ljZn]if0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;d:ofx?sf] cem /fd|f]
;dfwfg .
&= casf] af6f]
• Open Contracting Portal (www.ppip.gov.np) sf] Formal launch u/L ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{noaf6 Open Contracting Portal sf] ;'rf? ;~rfngsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ .
• ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kmf]/dx?df kf]6{nsf] showcasing ug]{ .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
https://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/
https://www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/Corruption-Public-Procurement-Brochure.pdf
https://www.opengovpartnership.org/
https://www.open-contracting.org/
https://standard.open-contracting.org/latest/en/#
https://bolpatra.gov.np/egp/
http://www.ppip.gov.np/

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 25

 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf cfr/0f /
sfnf];"rL ;DaGwL Joj:yf
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf sfnf];"rL eGgfn] af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf,
b/efpkqbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jf k|bfos, kmd{ jf ltgsf
;~rfns ;d]tnfO{ Ps lglZrt cjlwe/ gofF vl/b k|lqmofdf
;xefuL x'g /f]s nufpg] jf jl~rlts/0fsf] l:ylt xf] .
/fh]z s'df/ Yffkf*

!= kl/ro M
vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf / pknlAwd"ns agfpg vl/b ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk c;n
cfr/0fo'Qm x'g cgfjZos 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 /sd vr{ u/L vl/b
x'g] ePsfn] pQm vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ ldtJooL, kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{, :jR5 / ljj]sk"0f{ agfpg
;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf cfr/0f, cg'udg, b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{ clt
cfjZos 5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL,
@)^$ df af]nkqbftf, cfk"lt{stf{ jf k|:tfjbftf tyf vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lx?sf]
cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L ;f] sf] pNn3+g u/]df sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxLsf] Joj:yf ;d]t
u/]sf] 5 .
@= cfr/0f M
vl/b k|lqmofdf cfr/0f vl/b ;DaGwL lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf cfr/0f
eg]sf] k]Zffut OdfGbfl/tf, g}ltstf, :jR5tf / lgi7f h:tf lqmofsnfkx? x'g . ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf
b'ik|efj kfg]{, :jR5 k|ltikwf{ lj?4sf sfd sf/afxLx? Ufg]{, ldn]dtf] ug]{, e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf
lbg], k|nf]eg, hfn;fhL / :jfy{ aflemg] (Conflict of Interest) h:tf lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ v/fa
cfr/0fsf ?kdf lrq0f u/L lgoGq0fsf] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
^! Nf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] vl/b of]hgf th'{df ug]{, vl/b sf/afxL ;~rfng ug]{, vl/b ;Demf}tf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ jf vl/b ;DaGwL tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo sfd ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg kbflwsf/Ln]
kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf] ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf tf]lsPsf] cfr/0f kfngf gug]{
/fi6«;]js jf sd{rf/L dfyL ljefuLo sf/afxLsf] ;fy} cGo sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] Joj:yf
;d]t u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^@ n] af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] kfngf ug'{kg]{
cfr/0fsf] Joj:yf u/L tf]lsPsf] cfr/0f kfngf gu/] sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] nufotsf] sf/afxL x'g]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf cfr/0f kfngf ug]{, u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt

* lgb]{zs, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 26
 lgsfo / kbflwsf/Laf6 lgoldt lgodg / cg'udg x'g cfjZos 5 .
#= sfnf];"rL ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf sfnf];"rL eGgfn] af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, b/efpkqbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jf
k|bfos, kmd{ jf ltgsf ;~rfns ;d]tnfO{ Ps lglZrt cjlwe/ gofF vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL
x'g /f]s nufpg] jf jl~rlts/0fsf] l:ylt xf] . vl/b ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gn] s'g} JolQm, kmd{,
;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ sfnf]];"rLdf /fVg] jf km's'jf ug]{ ;du| clwsf/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ctM ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no afx]s cGo sfof{non] sfnf];"rLdf
/fVg] jf g/fVg] lg0f{o ug'{ x'b}g .
#=! sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVg] cj:yf M
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f
Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ lghsf] sfdsf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/df
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] b]xfosf] cj:yfdf Ps jif{b]lv tLg jif{;Dd sfnf];"rLdf
/fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^@ adf]lhdsf] cfr/0f ljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] k|dfl0ft
ePdf,
-v_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @& jf #* adf]lhd :jLs[ltsf] nflu 5gf}6 ePsf]
af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftf vl/b ;Demf}tf ug{ gcfPdf,
-u_ vl/b ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;f/e"t q'6L u/]sf] jf ;Demf}tf cg'?ksf] bfloTj ;f/e"t
?kdf kfngf gu/]sf] jf vl/b ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;f] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf]
u'0f:t/sf] gePsf] s'/f kl5 k|dfl0ft ePdf,
-3_ vl/b ;Demf}tfdf efu lng cof]Uo 7xl/g] s'g} kmf}hbf/L s;'/df cbfntaf6 bf]ifL
7xl/Pdf,
-ª_ of]Uotf 9fF6L jf em'Sofgdf kf/L vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf, jf
-r_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo s'g} cj:yfdf .
#=@ sfnf];"rLdf /fVgsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg] M
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f
Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf /fVg k/]df To; ;DaGwL
lj:t[t ljj/0f / sf/0f v'nfO{ ;Da4 sfuhft ;lxt ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf
n]vL k7fpg' kb{5 .
#=# /f]s nufpg ;Sg] M
;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 o;/L n]vL cfPkl5 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] To; ;DaGwL
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 27
 ljj/0f, cfwf/, sf/0f / ;Da4 sfuhftnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;DalGwt af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf,
k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{
tTsfn ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf efu lng /f]s nufpg' kg]{ b]lvPdf k|lqmof k"/f u/L sfnf];"rL
;DaGwL lg0f{o geP;Dd /f]s nufpg ;Sg]5 .
#=$ /f]s nufPsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{M
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] /f]s nufpg] lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] lg0f{o ePsf] ;ft lbg
leq ;f] sf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{,
lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ lbO{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg
ug'{kg]{5 .
#=% :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg' kg]{M
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ;DalGwt af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf,
;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf
/fVgsf] nflu k|fKt ljj/0f, sf/0f / sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg u/L sfnf];"rLdf /fVg gkg]{
cfwf/x? eP To:tf cfwf/ / :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ tL; lbgsf] cjlwsf] lnlvt ;"rgf lghsf]
sfof{no jf 3/df k7fpg' kg]{5 .
#=^ :ki6Ls/0fsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{M
:ki6Ls/0f k]z ug{ lnlvt ;"rgf lghsf] sfof{no jf 3/df k7fpbf lgh km]nf gk/]df ;f]
;DaGwdf /fli6«o:t/sf] ;dfrf/ kqdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 / To;/L ;"rgf
k|sfzg ePsf]df To:tf] ;"rgf l/tk"j{s lbPsf] dflgg]5 .
#=& :ki6Ls/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{M
:ki6Ls/0f k]z ug]{ ;"rgf k|fKt u/] kl5 ;DalGwt af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf,
;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLn] cfkm"nfO{
sfnf];"rLdf /fVg'sf] nflu k|fKt ljj/0f, sf/0f / sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg u/L sfnf];"rLdf
/fVg gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ eP ;f] v'nfO{ ;Da4 sfuhft / k|df0f ;lxt cfˆgf] :ki6Ls/0f
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . :ki6Ls/0f k]z ubf{ ;DalGwt JolQm,
kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLn] lgh / ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ ;Fu} /fvL ;+o'Qm ;'g'jfO{ u/L
lbg ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no ;dIf cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
#=* ;"rgf k7fO{ ;'g'jfO{ u/fpg ;Sg] M
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] ;+o'Qm ;'g'jfO{sf] dfu plrt 7fg]df ;DalGwt af]nkqbftf,
k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf
jf sDkgLnfO{ To:tf] ;'g'jfO{ x'g] ;do / :yfg af/] lnlvt ;"rgf k7fpg' kg{]5 . ;DalGwt
;fj{hlgs lgsfo / af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f
Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLn] ;'g'jfO{ x'g] ;"rgf k|fKt u/] kl5 tf]lsPsf]
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 28
 ;dodf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g'kb{5 / b'a} kIfnfO{ cf–cfˆgf
lnlvt jf df}lvs :ki6Ls/0f / egfO{ /fVg] df}sf lbg'kb{5 . t/ s'g} kIf pkl:yt gePsf]
sf/0faf6 dfq ;'g'jfO{ /f]Sg' xF'b}g .
#=( sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] lg0f{o ug]{M
;'g'jfO{ ePsf]df ;f] ;'g'jfO{ pk/ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L / ;'g'jfO{ gePsf]df ;fj{hlgs lgsfo /
;DalGwt af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf
cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLn] k]z u/]sf sfuhfts} cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{non] sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] jf g/fVg] lg0f{o ug{'kb{5 .
#=!) lg0f{osf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{M
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] lg0f{o u/]df, ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{,
lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf lbO{ /fli6«o:t/sf]
;dfrf/kqdf k|sfzg ug'{kb{5 t/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] sfnf];"rLdf g/fVg]
u/L lg0f{o u/]df / ;f] cl3 vl/b sf/afxLdf /f]s nufOPsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] /f]s :jtM x6g]5
/ ;f] sf] Joxf]/f ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug'{kb{5 .
#=!! sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] ;do u0fgf ug]{ tl/sfM
/f]s nufOPsf] af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL
jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] lg0f{o ePdf sfnf];"rLdf /fVg]
;do u0fgf ubf{ To;/L /f]s nufOPsf] ;dob]lv u0fgf ug'{kb{5 / o;/L /f]s gnufO{
sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] lg0f{o ePdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] ldltb]lv ;do u0fgf ug'{kb{5 .
#=!@ sfnf];"rLsf] lg0f{o ug]{ cjlw M
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] sfnf];"rLsf] lg0f{o ;f] ;DaGwL cg'/f]w k|fKt ePsf]
ldltn] 5 dlxgfleq u/L ;Sg'kb{5 .
#=!# sfnf];"rLaf6 km's'jf ug]{ M
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] sfnf];"rLdf /x]sf af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf,
;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ sfnf]];"rLaf6
km's'jf ug]{ ;DaGwdf dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfnf]];"rLaf6 km's'jf ug'{kg]{ ePdf ;f]xL dfkb08
cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
#=!$ clen]v /fVg' kg]{M
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] s'g} af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos,
cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ vl/b sf/afxLdf efu
lng /f]s nufPsf], To:tf] /f]s :jtM x6]sf], sfnf]];"rLdf /fv]sf] / sfnf]];"rLaf6 km's'jf u/]sf]
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 29
 s'/fsf] cBfjlws clen]v cfˆgf] sfof{no / j]e;fO6df /fVg' kg]{5 .
$= ;'emfj M
k|:t't ljifosf ;Gbe{df ;'wf/sf nfuL b]xfosf ;'emfj ;fGble{s x'g ;Sb5g M
-s_ vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df sf/afxL ug]{ / lgwf{l/t z'?
;dofjlw leq} u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf vl/bsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]df sfo{ kl/0ffd / pTs[i6 glthfsf]
cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg lbg] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
-v_ lgdf{0f sfo{sf] vl/bsf] xsdf vl/b sfo{df ;xefuL lgdf{0f Joj;foLnfO{ lgwf{l/t z'?
;dofjlw leq} u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf vl/bsf] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]df cfly{s k|f]T;fxg / k|z+;f–kq lbg]
Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
-u_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] sfnf];"rLdf /x]sf af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf,
;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ sfnf]];"rL
af6 km's'jf ug]{ ;DaGwdf dfkb08 :jLs[t u/L tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df sfnf]];"rLaf6 km's'jf ug]{
Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
-3_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf ^# cg';f/ Ps jif{b]lv tLg jif{;Dd sfnf];"rLdf /fVg
;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df s;'/sf] uflDeo{tfsf] cfwf/df Psb]lv tLg / tLg b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd
sfnf];"rLdf /fVg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .
%= lgZsif{ M
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf :jR5tf sfod x'g g;Sg', lgdf{0f Joj;foL / cfk"lt{stf{df
Joj;flostfsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg', cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] kfngf ck]lIft ?kdf k|efjsf/L x'g
g;Sg' / vl/b ;DaGwL ljlzi6 1fg / Ifdtfsf] cefjh:tf ;d:ofx?sf aLr sfnf];"rLdf /fVg
l;kmfl/; ug]{ / /fVg] qmd o; cl3sf jif{x?df eGbf a9bf] qmddf 5 . o; ;Gbe{df, ;fj{hlgs
vl/b Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;fj{hlgs vr{af6 clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ ;fj{hlgs
vl/bsf :yflkt d"No dfGotf / cfr/0fsf] ;xL k|of]u / kfngf x'g cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df08f} .
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df08f} .
 jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&^, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no, tfxfrn, sf7df08f} .
 g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg -l;4fGt / Jojxf/_, /d]z s'df/ ltlD;gf, @)&# .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 30

 ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;+:yfut
k|aGw / o;df ;'wf/sf ;jfnx?
xfd|f] ;+:yfut k|aGwdf s]xL Jojxfl/s sdL sdhf]/L /x]sf
5g\ . k|lqmofut / lhDd]jf/L Pjd hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ?kdf oxfF
/xg] kbflwsf/Lx? aLr cfpg] åGbn] vl/b Joj:yfkg lkmSsf
agfO/x]sf] 5 .
;'jf; rGb| lzjfsf]6L*

;fj{hlgs lgsfox? ;a} g} vl/bsf k|fjwfgx?af6 k|efljt x'G5g . vl/bsf nfuL sfg"g sl7g eof],
k|lqmof em0eml6nf] eof], ;do w]/} nfUof], lg0f{ostf{nfO{ lg0f{o ug{ lbPg, cflb h:tf ;jfnx?df
s]lG›t eO{ g]kfndf vl/b sfg"gsf] cfnf]rgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . cfnf]rgfsf] oyfy{tf s] s;f] xf] egL
jf:tljstfdf hfg'k5{ . ;txL ?kdf cfnf]rgf ePsf] ePdf ;';"lrt u/fpg] / Ifdtf a9fpg] lt/
nfUg'k5{ eg] sfdnfO{ g} k|efj kf/]sf] xf] eg] ;'wf/ ug]{ lt/ nfUg'k5{ . g]kfndf vl/b ;DaGwL sfg"gn]
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?nfO{ kl/eflift u/L tt tt lgsfo g} vl/b sfo{sf nflu ;jf]{kl/ ?kdf lhDd]jf/
dfg]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf k|fjwfgx? klg o;} cg';f/ lgwf{l/t ePsf 5g\ . vl/bsf] sfo{df tLg kIfx?
;+nUg x'g] / logLx? aLrdf x'g] s/f/åf/f vl/b sfo{ ;~rfng x'g] ub{5 . o;}n] vl/b sfg"gn] oL
tLg} kIfx?sf] bfloTj, ;+/If0f / cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ vf]h]sf] x'G5 . vl/b sfo{sf nflu
;+:yfut k|aGwnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ vl/b sfg"gsf o:tf rl/q / ljz]iftfx?nfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf sfo{x?df ;':ttf b]lvg'df ;+:yfut k|aGwsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf sxLF g sxLF sdhf]/L
b]lvG5 g} . To;}n] oxfF vl/bsf nflu ePsf ;+:yfut k|aGw, o;sf sdhf]/Lx? / ;'wf/sf pkfox?sf]
af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
gLltut / sfg"gL k|aGwx?nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;+:yf / ;f] sf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos ;fwg >f]tsf]
Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfg"g g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
xf] . of] P]gdf cfwfl/t eP/ ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ ag]sf] 5 . of] P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/sf]
k|of]u u/L k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txx? / cGo ;+ul7t ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/bsf nflu lgodfjnL
jf ljlgodfjnL tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;S5g . oL / o:tf P]g tyf lgodn] Joj:yf u/]sf
/ kl/sNkgf u/]sf ;+:yfut k|aGwx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfox? -sfof{no k|d'vsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsf_
• vl/b OsfO{
• af]nkq d"Nofs+g ;ldlt

*lgb]{zs, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 31

• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt
• n]vfk/LIf0f -cfGtl/s / afXo jf clGtd b'j}_
vl/b ;DjGwL sfg"gn] vl/bsf sfo{x?sf] lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;jfndf ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf ;DalGwt
;fj{hlgs lgsfo cyf{t vl/b ug]{ sfof{no jf lgsfonfO{ g} lrGb5 . P]gsf] bkmf # Pjd & /
lgodfjnLsf] lgod $ n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] d'Vo e"ldsfnfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . bkmf # n] ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] vl/b ubf{ o; P]g adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L vl/b ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L d'Vo lhDd]jf/L
lgsfosf] ?kdf ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ g} klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf bkmf & df vl/b P]g
adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k"/f u/L vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf]
k|d'vsf] x'g] egL :ki6 ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfwf/nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnsf] vl/b sfg"gn] ;+:yfut ?kdf lrGg]
k|d'v lgsfo ;DalGwt sfof{no g} xf] . vl/b Joj:yf k|efjsf/L u/fpgsf nflu ;a}eGbf a9L hf]8
lbO{ ;+:yfut k|aGw ;DalGwt sfof{no / ;f] sf] k|d'vnfO{ ;xof]uL x'g] u/L ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . sfof{no /
sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ ;xof]u x'g] vfnsf] k|aGwsf nflu vf; of]Uotf ePsf] / vl/b sfo{ ;DaGwL 1fg
ePsf] jf tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmsf] Joj:yf, vl/b ;DaGwL ;Nnfx lbgsf nflu ljZn]if0ffTds ;"rgf
k|bfg x'g] jf lng] ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf, / c:ki6tf jf gofF ljifo cfOk/]df l56f] dfWodaf6 j}slNks
pkfo lbg;Sg] dfWod :yflkt x'g'kb{5 .
vl/b Joj:yfkgdf d"ntM lgDg kfFr r/0fsf] sfd x'G5 . ;f] sf] cfwf/df xfd|f] ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf]
kIfx?nfO{ x]g{' cfjZos 5 .
!= cfjZostfsf] klxrfg / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|aGw,
@= vl/b sfo{sf nflu tof/L,
#= af]nkqsf] k|lqmof -;"rgf k|sfzg b]lv ;Demf}tf;Dd_,
$= vl/b sfo{sf] k|zf;g jf sfof{Gjog, /
%= vl/b kZrftsf] Joj:yfkg .
klxnf] r/0fdf x'g] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|aGwsf nflu sfd ug]{, u/fpg] lhDd]jf/
lgsfo -;DalGwt sfof{no, ljefu / dGqfno_ n] cfˆgf] p2]Zo / sfo{If]qdf /xL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd
to ub{5g . o; cg';f/ ul/g] egL to ul/Psf] sfo{sf nflu ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdsf] :jLs[lt dfkm{t
>f]t ;fwgsf] k|aGw ul/G5 . o;df cy{ dGqfno nufot cGo gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfox?sf] k|ToIf
/ k|efjL e"ldsf /xg] ub{5 . o;y{, vl/b sfo{df glthf lbnfpg o:tf lgsfox?df plrt ;+:yfut
k|aGw ldnfpg'k5{, h;n] kl5sf vl/b sfo{sf] ;xhtfsf nflu kof{Kt cfsng u/L gLlt to ug]{,
ah]6 agfpg] / >f]t kl/rfngsf] ;dotflnsf agfpg] sfo{ ug{ ;s"g\ . o;sf nflu lj:t[t tj/af6
vl/b of]hgf agfP/ dfq ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f sfo{sf] yfngL x'g] u/L ;+:yfut k|aGw ug{'k5 .
of] sfo{sf nflu k|To]s sfof{nosf] vl/b OsfO{n] sfo{qmd k|:tfj ubf{ g} vl/b of]hgf ;lxt k|:tfj
ug]{, ljefu / dGqfnodf x'g] of]hgf lgdf{0f;Fu ;Da4 ;+oGqn] vl/b of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;f] sf]

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 32

cfwf/df ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd k|:tfj ug]{, cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 th{'df k|0ffnLdf g} ;'wf/ u/L vl/b
of]hgf;Fu tfbfTDotf x'g] u/L ah]6sf] :jLs[t ug]{ kl/kf6L :yflkt ug{'k5{ .
bf]>f], t]>f] / rf}yf] r/0fdf x'g] vl/b sfo{sf] tof/L nufot sfo{sf nflu vl/b OsfO{ lqmoflzn
x'g'k5{ . xfnsf] vl/b OsfO{sf] cEof; s]jn x'nfsL / :6]k a9fpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf dfq b]vf k/]sf] 5
Jojxf/df . o;df Jofks ;'wf/ u/L jf:tjd} tof/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L vl/b OsfO{nfO{ u/fpg'k5{ .
o;df vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ af]em / sfo{ k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df :yfoL k|sf/sf] vl/b dxfzfvf jf zfvf
jf OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ug{'k5{ . o;n] vl/b of]hgf tof/ u/L ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd 5nkmndf n}hfg],
gd"gf af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft -:6\of088{ ljl8Ë 8s'd]G6_ sf cfwf/df ah]6 :jLs[t x'gf;fy af]nkq
sfuhft tof/ u/L :jLs[t u/fpg], vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfuhft tof/ ug]{, vl/b sfo{sf nflu
;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{, af]nkqbftfn] dfu u/]sf af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft pknAw
u/fpg], k|fKt af]nkq k|:tfjx?sf] lhDdf lng], o;sf] d"NofÍg u/fO{ d"NoflÍt af]nkq :jLs[lt
u/fpg], af]nkq k|:tfj :jLs[t ePkl5 ;f] sf] ;"rgf lbg], ;Demf}tf u/fpg], vl/b u/]sf] dfn;fdfg,
lgdf{0f sfo{ jf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg], / vl/b ;DaGwL sfuhftx? ;'/lIft ?kdf /fvL
cfjZostf cg';f/ k|ltj]bg ug]{ u/L sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg'k5{ . oL ;a} vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt sfd
ug]{ u/fpg] st{Jo ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] x'g] ePsf]n] k|d'vn] o;sf nflu lgoldt ?kdf
;'k/Lj]If0f, cg'udg tyf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f u/L jf u/fO{ lgwf{l/t ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg x'g] ;'lglZrttf
u/fO/xg'k5{ . sfof{Gjogsf nflu vl/b OsfO{sf cnfjf sfd;Fu ;DjlGwt k|fljlws OsfO{x?sf]
e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . sfof{no k|d'vn] vl/bsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfksLo sfo{df vl/b OsfO{nfO{
;lqmo u/fO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt OsfO{x?nfO{ kl/rfng ug{'k5{ . xfd|f] ;+:yfut k|aGwdf ePsf]
csf]{ Jojxfl/s sdL sdhf]/L oxLFg]/ /x]sf] 5 . k|lqmofut / lhDd]jf/L Pjd hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ?kdf oxfF
/xg] kbflwsf/Lx? aLr cfpg] åGbn] vl/b Joj:yfkg lkmSsf agfO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu cfGtl/s
lgoGq0fsf] plrt k|aGwsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .
kfFrf} r/0fdf x'g] vl/b kZrftsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] cGTo ug]{ / pkof]u Pj+ bfloTj
Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{sf] dxTj plQs} x'G5 . vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] pkfb]otf b]lvg] r/0f oxL xf] . xfd|f]
Jojxf/ oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf Hofb} g} sdhf]/ b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'df d"ntM glthf k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf]
sdL xf] . o;sf nflu d"Nofs+g k|0ffnL / ;f] sf] cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg / b08sf] k|aGw ug{' cfjZos 5 .
vl/b sfg"gdf o; ;DaGwL yk Joj:yf ;lxt o;sf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lsf] ls6fgL ug{'kg]{
x'G5 .
oL ;du| ljifo ;jfnx? x]bf{ vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ug{'kg]{ sfo{x? / o;sf nflu /x]sf ;+oGqx? o;
k|sf/ b]lvG5M
vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ug{'kg]{ sfo{x?
• vl/b cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{
• ;|f]t -ah]6_ sf] k|fKtL jf ;'lglZrttf u/L vl/b cfjZostf / ah]6 k|aGw aLr tfnd]n u/fpg]

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 33

• dfn;fdfg, ;]jf jf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ljj/0f tof/L -:k]lzlkms]zg, gS;f, l8hfOg, u'0f:t/ cfbL_
sfdx? ug]{
• nfut cg'dfg tof/;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx?
• vl/b of]hgf jf vl/b u'?of]hgf tof/L / ;f];Fu ;DjlGwt Joj:yfksLo sfo{x?
• df}h'bf ;"rLsf] sfod ug]{
• vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ -cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] af]nkq, /fli6«o:t/sf] af]nkq, l;naGbL b/efpkq,
;f]em} vl/b, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfoaf6, cdfgtaf6, Sof6nu ;lkË jf cGo o:t}
ljlwx?af6_
• vl/b sfo{ ug]{ -o;df af]nkq cfJxfg, k|:tfj d"NofÍg, ;Demf}tf, vl/b cfb]z, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
k|fKtL, e'QmfgL_ nufotsf vl/b rqmsf sfo{x? k5{g .
• vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg tyf n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] .
o;sf nflu /x]sf ;+oGqx?M
1_ sfof{no k|d'v
2_ vl/b OsfO{ -o;sf] k|d'v / ;b:ox?_
3_ cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf
4_ d"NofÍg ;ldlt -af]nkq d"Nofs+gsf] k|of]hgsf nflu_
5_ sfof{Gjogsf nflu /xg] OsfO{ / o;df /xL sfo{ ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx?
6_ ljefu / dGqfno -ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f Pj+ :jLs[lt / dflyNnf] txsf] gLltut lg0f{osf
nflu_
7_ cy{ dGqfno -ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu_
8_ cg'udg Pj+ ;'kl/j]If0f tyf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0fsf nflu sfo{ ug]{ kbflwsf/L jf lgsfo
9_ n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu cfGtl/s / afXo n]vfk/LIfs
o;/L ;/;tL{ x]bf{ vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] ;fdGo k|lqmofdf pNn]lvt ( k|sf/sf ;+oGqx? /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
olQ w]/} ;+oGqx? x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/bn] glthf lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . sf/0fsf] vf]hLsf
ljifox? w]/} x'g ;S5g\ . tL dWo]sf] Ps xf] . log} ;+:yfut k|aGwn] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s sfd gug{' / Ps
cfk;df ;fd~h:otfsf ;fy sfd gug{' . ;'wf/n] vf]Hbf log}sf] ;antf / sdhf]/Ldf cfwfl/t x'g
cfjZos 5 . h;sf] rrf{ oxfF ul/Psf] 5M

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 34

 ;+oGq ;an kIf
sfof{no • d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ?kdf klxrfg
k|d'v u/L k'/f clwsf/ lbPsf] .
• lg0f{osf] clGtd laGb'sf] ?kdf c+lusf/
u/]sf] .
• sfg"gL ?kdf g} clVtof/L k|bfg u/L
lhDd]jf/ u/fPsf] .
• sfof{no leqsf vl/b Joj:yfkgsf]
lhDd]jf/L lbO{ ;xof]uL ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f
ul/lbPsf] .
• ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu Joj:yfksLo
lg0f{o ubf{ sfg"gn] ;+/If0f ug]{ k|aGw
ul/lbPsf] .
• vf; of]Uotf / cg'ej ePsf] JolQm g}
sfof{no k|d'v x'g] k|aGw ePsf] .
vl/b OsfO{ • vl/b P]g / lgodfjnLn] e"ldsf lglZrt
ul/lbPsf] .
• sfof{no k|d'vn] cfˆgf] cfjZostf
cg';f/ vl/b;Fu bvn /fVg] / sfdsf]
k|s[lt cg';f/sf kbflwsf/Lx? ;d]6L
OsfO{ u7g ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf o;nfO{
ultlzn agfpgsf nflu nlrnf]kg .
• vl/bsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf] tof/L / ;dGjo
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf] .
• d"Nofs+g ;ldltdf OsfO{ k|d'v ;lrj
/xg] Joj:yfsf sf/0f d"Nofs+g
k|lqmofdf ;d]t OsfO{sf] k|efjL e"ldsf
/x]sf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 35
sdhf]/L
• sltko cj:yfdf vl/b sfg"gsf] af/]df
sd hfgsf/L ePsf] b]lvg] .
• clwsf+z sfo{x?df ;xof]uL jf k|ltj]bssf
s'/fx?df dfq cfwfl/t e} lg0f{o lnPsf]
b]lvg] . sltko s'/fx?df cfˆgf] ljZn]if0f
Ifdtf k|:t't gePsf] b]lvg] .
• vl/bsf ;Gbe{df afXo bafaaf6 cfkm"nfO{
v/f] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ g;s]sf] .
• vl/b cEof;sf Jojxfl/s ;Lkx?df sdL
x'g] u/]sf] .
• hjfkmb]lxtf cg';f/ vl/bsf nflu ag]sf
;+oGqx? kl/rfngdf sdL b]lvPsf] .
• k|d'vsf] lg0f{odf u7g x'g] ePsf]n] cl:y/
aGg] u/]sf] .
• OsfO{df vl/b ;DaGwL bIftfsf] sdL
b]lvOg] .
• ;a} vl/bsf sfo{x? OsfO{sf] g]t[Tj jf
lhDd]jf/Ldf gx'g] u/]sf] Jojxfl/s ;d:of
/x]sf] .
• sltko lgsfodf OsfO{ g} u7g gePsf] .
• yf]/} hgzlQm ePsf] lgsfodf OsfO{df /xg]
/ cGo lg0ff{os lgsfodf /xg]sf] bf]xf]/f]
lhDd]jf/L b]lvOg] .
• OsfO{df /xg] kbflwsf/Lsf] of]Uotfsf]
ls6fgL gePsf] .
• OsfO{sf] cGo sfo{qmd OsfO{x? tyf
cfly{s k|zf;g;Fu a]nf a]nfdf ;dGjosf]
sdL /xg] .
• sfof{nosf ;a} vl/bsf ljj/0fx?sf]
Plss[t clen]v OsfO{df k|fo gx'g] .
 ;+oGq ;an kIf
sfof{nodf • cfly{s sfg"gn] :ki6;Fu sfg"gL
/xg] cfly{s clwsf/ ;lxt zfvfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] .
k|zf;g • ah]6 vr{ / k|lqmofsf] lgwf{/0fdf
zfvf zfvfsf] /fo Pj+ lhDd]jf/L Plsg
ePsf] .
• d"Nofs+g sfo{df Ps ;b:osf] ?kdf
/xg] .
• vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ e'QmfgL
nufotsf sfo{x?df d'Vo lhDd]jf/
kbflwsf/Lsf] ?kdf /xg] .
• vl/b sfo{sf] cfly{s kIf;Fu ;DalGwt
clen]vsf] s]G› .
• vl/b sfo{sf] n]vf /fVg], n]vfk/LIf0f
u/fpg], tyf a]?h' lgoldt ug]{ u/fpg]
sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] ?kdf
/xg] .
d"NofÍg • vl/b sfg"gn] ;ldltsf] sfd / e"ldsf
;ldlt ;lxt u7gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf].
• sfof{non] cfˆgf] sfdsf] k|s[ltsf
cfwf/df ;Dej eP;Dd k|fljlws
sd{rf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf ;ldlt u7g ug]{
Joj:yf /x]sf] .
• cfly{s k|zf;g / sfg"gsf] k|ltlglwTj
;'lglZrt ePsf] .
• vl/bsf sfg"gx?n] d"Nofs+g ug]{
cfwf/x? lglZrt ul/lbPsf] .
• ;jfn s]lG›t e} cWoogsf nflu
;ldltn] pk;ldlt u7g ug{;Sg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 36
sdhf]/L
• ;DalGwt vl/bsf] ljifoj:t'sf] k|fljlws
1fg gx'g] .
• cfly{s lgoGq0fsf] s'/fdf a9L dfqfdf
s]lG›t x'g] .
• cGo sfo{qmd OsfO{ / vl/b OsfO{;Fu a]nf
a]nfdf ;dGjosf] sdL /xg] .
• sltko cj:yfdf ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ug]{
JolQmdf vl/b ;DaGwL 1fg ;Lk kof{Kt
gx'g] .
• kb]g ;b:ox? vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifoj:t'df k|fljlws ?kdf vf; 1fg gx'g]
x'Fbf k|lqmofut kIfdf dfq a9L Wofg k'lu
d"Nofs+g x'g] u/]sf] .
• d"Nofs+g k|lqmof glthfd"vL eGbf klg a9L
k|lqmofd'vL x'g] u/]sf] .
• d"Nofs+g ubf{sf cfwf/x? :ki6 gx'Fbf
;ldltn] ljifout d"Nosf cfwf/df lg0f{o
lng'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg]. h;n] ubf{ d"Nofs+g
sfo{ ljjflbt x'g] u/]sf] .
• d"Nofs+g sfo{ljlw tyf dfu{bz{gx?
gePsf] jf gag]sf] .
• c:ki6 ;jfnx?sf] JofVofTds l6Kk0fL
tyf gf]6x?sf] Joj:yf gePsf]n] d"Nofs+g
sfo{ ;/n x'g g;s]sf] .
 ;+oGq ;an kIf
• ;ldltn] cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{
sfof{Gjogsf nflu /xg] OsfO{ / o;df
;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] .
• vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt ljifosf] k|fljlws
/xL sfo{ ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx?
1fg ;Lk ePsf] .
• th{'df / sfof{Gjogsf] s]G›laGb' tyf
;f]sf nflu lhDd]jf/ JolQm .
• vl/b OsfO{df k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sg] .
• d"Nofs+g ;ldltdf cWoIf //jf ljz]if1
;b:osf] ?kdf /xg] .
• sfof{nosf] glthf xfl;n ug{ u/fpg
lhDd]jf/ JolQm .
;DalGwt • clVtof/L lbg] lgsfo .
ljefu / • ;'kl/j]IfsLo e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] .
dGqfno • dflyNnf] k|fljlws 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf
/x]sf] .
• Ps tx dflysf] kl/efiffdf ;d]l6Og] .
• ljefuLo gD;{ tyf :6\of088{ tof/ u/L
:jLs[t u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L ePsf] .
• vl/bsf] glthfsf nflu lhDd]jf/ .
• ;|f]t ;fwg tyf ah]6sf] k|aGw ug]{ /
lgoGq0f ug]{ e"ldsfdf /x]sf] .
cy{ • vl/b sfo{sf nflu ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd
dGqfno :jLs[t ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] vf;
clwsf/ ;DkGg lgsfo .
• vl/b of]hgfsf cfwf/df th{'df ul/Psf]
ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd cg';f/ glthfdf
cfa4 ePsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L :jLs[tL
lbg] lhDd]jf/L .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 37
sdhf]/L
• ;xof]uL e"ldsf dfq .
• k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk ePsfnfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf
;f] 1fg ;Lk gePsfx?af6 vl/b sfo{sf
nflu kl/rflnt x'g'kg]{ afWotf .
• vl/b OsfO{ / cfly{s k|zf;g;Fu
a]nfa]nfdf ;dGjosf] sdL /xg] .
• vl/b k|lqmofdf lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;jfndf
o:tf OsfO{x? cfkm} sfg"gL ?kdf c:ki6
jf cGof}ndf /xg] .
• vl/b sfo{sf] glthfsf nflu ;'k/Lj]IfsLo
e"ldsf sdhf]/ /x]sf] .
• ljefuLo gD;{ / :6\of088{sf] tof/L /
kfngf /fd|/L u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:yf.
• ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd th{'dfsf qmddf vl/b
of]hgf cg';f/ tof/L u/fpg] / ;f] d'tfljs
sfof{Gjog u/fpg] cj:yf tof/ ug{
g;s]sf] .
• vl/b of]hgfsf] Plss[t ljj/0f ljefu jf
dGqfnon] g/fVg' .
• o:tf] lgsfosf] of]hgf k|lqmofdf ;+nUg
kbflwsf/Ldf vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] af/]df
plrt hfgsf/L jf ;Lksf] sdL /xg' .
• ah]6 ljlgof]hg / vl/b of]hgfdf tfnd]n
gx'g' .
• ah]6 5nkmn / :jLs[ltdf ;+nUg
kbflwsf/Lx?df vl/b;Fu ;Dj4 ljifosf]
k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdLsf ;fy} vl/b
Joj:yfkgsf] af/]df plrt hfgsf/L jf
;Lksf] sdL /xg' .
 ;+oGq ;an kIf sdhf]/L
cg'udg • vl/b ;Demf}tfsf avt g} ;f] sfo{sf • vl/b k|zf;gdf ;'kl/j]IfsLo e"ldsf tyf
tyf nflu lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L tf]Sg'kg]{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] kfng vf;} gePsf].
;'kl/j]If0f Joj:yf /x]sf] . • dfu{bz{g, dfkb08 -gD;{ / :6\of088{_ sf]
ug]{ • cfjZostf cg';f/ u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / Joj:yf vf;} gePsf]. ePsf]df klg kof{Kt
kbflwsf/L sfdsf] ;xlhs/0fsf nflu ;'kl/j]Ifs dfqfdf gePsf] .
jf lgsfo tyf ;Nnfxsf/sf] Joj:yf x'g ;Sg] . • u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / sfdsf] ;xlhs/0fsf
• glthf k|flKtsf nflu tfn's lgsfo nflu /flvPsf k/fdz{bftf ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf
lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL x'g] Joj:yf . ;Nnfxsf/x?sf] Jofj;flos bfloTj Pj+
• cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf nflu hjfkmb]lxtf -professional liability
dfu{bz{g jf dfkb08 -gD;{ / :6\of088{_ and accountability_ ;DjGwL sfg"gL
sf] Joj:yf . Joj:yf g} :ki6 gePsf] .
• cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ kbflwsf/L
jf lgsfo cfkm}df hjfkmb]xLljlxg h:tf]
?kdf Jojxf/df :yflkt e}/x]sf .
n]vfk/LIf0f • vl/b Joj:yfkgsf ;j} kIf tyf • vl/bsf ljifo ;jfnx?sf] Jofkstf
-cfGtl/s / k|lqmofx? n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{If]q / cfjZostfsf] t'ngfdf o; ;DaGwL
afXo_ /x]sf] . k/LIf0f Pj+ hfFrsf] bfo/f l;ldt g} /x]sf] .
• cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0fsf ;'emfjx?df • n]vfk/LIfsdf vl/bsf ;jfnx?sf] hfFr
;Daf]wg u/L vl/bsf sfo{x?df cfjZos ug]{ 1fg;Lksf] sdL /x]sf] .
;'wf/ u/L clGtd n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf • n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf vl/b ;DjGwL
k|:t't ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] . ljifoj:t'x? ;d]l6Psf] sfo{ljlw tyf
• n]vfk/LIf0fsf sfo{ljlw / hfFr ;"rL hfFr ;"rL -check list_ sf] k|of]usf] sdL
-check list_ x?df vl/b ;DjGwL /x]sf] .
ljifoj:t'x? ;d]l6Psf] . • o:tf] sfo{ljlw tyf hfFr ;"rLsf] kof{Kttf
• n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b gePsf] .
;DaGwL n]vfhf]vf u/L pNn]v x'g] • vl/b sfo{sf] glthf;Fu t'ngf u/L
u/]sf] . n]vfhf]vf vf;} gePsf] .
• n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{n] vl/b k|lqmof tyf
Joj:yfkg / o;sf] glthfsf] af/]df vf;}
;Gt'i6 x'g] u/L k|ltj]bg ug{ g;s]sf] .
lgoldt sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf cltl/Qm u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf] nflu klg vl/b sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
vl/b sf/afxL jf lg0f{osf] k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b
sf/afxL jf lg0f{o ubf{ s'g} q'l6 u/]sf] jf kfngf ug{'kg]{ st{Jo kfngf gu/]sf]n] cfkm"nfO{ Iflt k'Ug]
jf k'Ug ;Sg] sf/0f v'nfO{ s'g} af]nkqbftf jf k|:tfjbftfn] To:tf] q'l6 jf lg0f{osf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 38

nflu ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf k|d'v ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;S5 . o:tf] lgj]bgdf sfof{no k|d'vn]
plrt lg0f{o ug{'k5{ . sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{o lrQ ga'em]df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdf
lgj]bg ug{ ;lsG5 . of] Ps k|sf/sf] cw{Goflos ;ldlt xf] . ;ldltn] lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] tLg lbg
leq ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ To:tf] lgj]bg / lgj]bg ;fy s'g} sfuhft ;+nUg eP ;f] sfuhft
;d]tsf] k|ltlnlk k7fO{ To; ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L tyf k|ltlqmof lbg ;"rgf
u5{ . b'j} kIfsf] s'/f a'emL lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] tL; lbg leq k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] pko'Qm lg0f{o u/L
;Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yfn] vl/b k|lqmofdf af]nkqbftfsf] lk/ dfsf{sf ;DaGwdf u'gf;f]
/fVg] 7fFp lbg'sf ;fy} #) lbgsf] lg0f{o ul/;Sg'kg]{ ;do;Ldf ls6fg u/L vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ cgfjZos
nfdf] gu/fpgdf Wofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu cfk;L ;xdltdf 6'+Uofpg'kg]{
/ To;/L 6'+uf]df gk'u]df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd dWo:ytfsf] dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{'kg]{ s'/f pNn]v
ePsf]n] dWo:ytf ;ldltsf] klg plQs} dxTj /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do vl/bsf ljjfbx? dWo:ytf
dfkm{t eGbf klg cbfntL k|lqmofdf Hofbf hfg] u/]sf] Jojxf/df b]lvG5 .
o;sf cnfjf ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ljQ Joj:yfkgsf] Ps k|dv ' kf6f]sf] ?kdf c+lusf/ u/L
;f] If]qnfO{ Ps c;n cEof;sf] If]qsf] ?kdf :yflkt ub}{ n}hfg vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg ;DjGwL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{sf]
cg'udg ug],{ lgodg ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfdsf nflu ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o;n] vl/b ;DaGwL gLlt jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;'wf/
ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug],{ vl/b ljlwsf ljifodf cfjZos kg]{ lgb]l{ zsf, sfo{ljlw / k|fljlws
dfu{bz{g hf/L ug],{ af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft -:6\ofG88{ lal8ª 8s'dG] 6_ sf] gd"gf tof/ ug],{ ;fj{hlgs
lgsfoaf6 x'g] jf ePsf] vl/b sf/afxLsf] tYofÍ ;Íng u/L To:tf] sf/afxL of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t
ag]sf] lgod jf lgb]l{ zsf cg'?k eP jf gePsf] cg'udg / k/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], vl/b kZrftsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ u/fpg], lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, k/fdz{bftf tyf ;]jfk|bfossf] vl/b ;DaGwL
of]Uotf / cg'ejsf] clen]v tof/ ug],{ ljB'tLo vl/b lgb]l{ zsf hf/L ug],{ vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] /fo k/fdz{ dfu u/]df /fo k/fdz{ lbg], vl/b ;DaGwL j]e;fO6 :yfkgf u/L To;sf]
;~rfng ug],{ vl/b sfo{df ;dGjo ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfo{ljlw tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug],{ af]nkqbftf jf vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf] jf x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] nflu Ifdtf
ljsf;sf sfo{x? ug],{ vl/b k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf ;dLIff ug]{ / o;;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfu|fxL;Fu
jf cfjZostfg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf tyf cGo ljb]zL lgsfo;Fu lgoldt ?kdf ;'emfj lng], vl/b
k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ / ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ :jb]zL jf j}bl] zs ;xfotfsf] of]hgf tof/ ug]{ tyf
To:tf] ;xfotf ;dGjo ug]{ s]G›Lo lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ug],{ vl/b lj1 k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ u/fpg] sfdx?
o;n] ug{k' 5{ . of] sfof{non] ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ePsf] vl/b sf/afxL of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf]
lgod, sfo{ljlw jf lgb]l{ zsf ljk/Lt ePsf] kfOPdf To:tf] vl/b sf/afxLdf ePsf] q'l6 ;Rofpg / vl/b
sf/afxLdf ;+nUg kbflwsf/L pk/ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxLsf nflu Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg ;S5 .
;fy}, ;f] cg';f/ n]vL cfPsf]df To:tf] q'l6 ;RofO{ ;DalGwt kbflwsf/LnfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL
;d]t x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{, of] lgsfo vl/bsf ;jfndf Ps lj1 s]G› -Think Tank_ sf] ?kdf /x]sf] / vl/b
Joj:yfkgnfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L u/fpg Ps ;lqmo lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 39
oL s'/fx?nfO{ x]bf{ ;+:yfut k|aGwnfO{ ljZn]if0fdf lgDg tLg lgsfonfO{ klg plQs} dxTjsf ;fy
x]g{'kg]{ x'G5M
1_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no 2_ ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt, /
3_ dWo:y ;ldlt .
oL tLg ;+:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ lgDg s'/fx? b]vfk5{g\M
;+oGq ;an kIf
• vl/b sfg"gn] :ki6 clwsf/ ;lxt vl/b
;jfnsf] Ps dfq JofVofbftf lgsfosf]
?kdf :yflkt u/]sf]
• vl/b;Fu ;Da4 sfuhftx?sf] gd"gf tof/
ug]{ lgsfosf] e"ldsfdf /x]sf]
• vl/bsf ;jfnx?nfO{ :ki6 u/L /fo lbg]
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
e"ldsfdf /x]sf]
• vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL /
k|efjsf/L agfpg jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{
bfloTj ePsf]
• ljleGg gd"gf sfuhft tyf lgb]{lzsfx?
hf/L u/]sf]
• vl/bsf ;jfndf Knowledge Center
Pj+ Think Tank sf] ?kdf vl/b sfg"gn]
kl/sNkgf u/]sf]
• ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL ;~rfng ug]{ d'Vo
k|zf;ssf] ?kdf /x]sf]
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / af]nkqbftf b'j}sf]
vl/b sfo{sf nflu Ifdtf ljsf; u/fpg]
e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf]
• k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu clwsf/ ;DkGg u/L
;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg
vl/b sfg"gn] g} ;ldlt lgdf{0f u/]sf]
• o;sf] ;+/rgfdf g} vl/bsf] lj1tfsf]
ck]Iff ul/Psf]
;ldlt
• o;n] Goflos k|lqmofsf] cjnDjg u/L
k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]
• k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu sfo{If]q, k|lqmof /
clwsf/ :ki6 /x]sf]
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 40
sdhf]/L
• sfo{If]qsf] Jofkstf cg';f/ ;+/rgf
ljs]G›Lt x'g g;s]sf]
• kof{Kt dfqfdf gd"gf sfuhft, k|fljlws
gf]6 tyf JofVofx? / sfo{ljlwx? hf/L
ug{ g;s]sf]
• ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf nfu"
u/fpg g;s]sf]
• cg'udg ;zQm u/fpg g;s]sf]
• vl/bsf] lj1tfsf] ?kdf /xg'kg]{ lgsfodf
kof{Kt dfqfdf lj1x? gePsf]
• vl/bsf ;jfndf Knowledge Center
Pj+ Think Tank sf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{
:yflkt u/fpg g;s]sf]
• vl/bsf If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{
u/fpg g;s]sf]
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / af]nkqbftf b'j}sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfdx? kof{Kt dfqfdf
u/fpg g;s]sf]
• o; ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno r':t /
k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]
• o;sf lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf]
cg'udg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]
 ;+oGq ;an kIf sdhf]/L
dWo:y • cfk;L ;xdltaf6 ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg • vl/b Joj:yfkgdf dWo:ytf ;DaGwL
;ldlt x'g g;s]df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k|fjwfg vl/b sfg"gdf :ki6 / kof{Kt
dWo:ytfsf] dfWodaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg gePsf]
ug]{s'/f vl/b ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ug{'kg]{ • cGt/fli6«o cEof; cg's'n dWo:ytf
Joj:yf vl/b sfg"gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf]
• dWo:ytf ;DaGwdf dWo:ytf P]g / • vl/bsf ljjfbx? cbfntL k|lqmofdf
lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] k|j]z ubf{ vl/b sfo{x? k|efjsf/L
e} g/x]sf]
• dWo:ytf ;ldlt k|lqmofut c:ki6tfsf
sf/0f ck]lIft ?kdf k|efjsf/L
geO{/x]sf] .
oL k[i7e"lddf ePsf ljZn]if0fx? dfly uf}0f ubf{ vl/b Joj:yfkgdf /x]sf o:tf ;+:yfx? vl/b
k|lqmofnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds u/fpg, :jR5 / plrt vl/b k|aGw ug{, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] /vjfnf ug]{
lhDd]jf/Ldf /xg]n] cfˆgf] bfloTj OdfGbfl/tfsf ;fy lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrttf lbg lqmoflzn
/xG5g / /x]sf 5g eGg] cy{ lbg' xf] . vl/b ;DaGwL s/f/ k|zf;g Pj+ o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
oL ;+:yfx?df plrt tj/af6 sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5 / ;f] sf] lgoGq0f k|aGw klg ;f]xL cg';f/
/x]sf] 5 egL ljZj:t ;d]t u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . ;]jf cyf{t vl/b k|flKt / o;n] k'of{pg] nfesf]
af/]df gful/sn] cg'e"t u/]gg eg] ;+/rgf / k|lqmofsf] dfq Joj:yf cfkm}df cf}lrTolxg x'g hfG5 .
o;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmof e/kbf]{ / k|lt:kwf{Tds u/fO{ o;df :jR5tf / OdfGbfl/tf sfod ug]{
u/L ;'Jojl:yt ug{ dfly ljZn]if0f ul/Psf ;+/rgfx?sf] k|aGwdf lgDg ;'wf/x? x'g cfjZos 5M
 vl/b Joj:yfkg ubf{ ul/g] ;Demf}tf / ;f] cg';f/ sfd u/fpg] s'/fdf z'? b]lv g} Wofg lbO{
;+/rgfut ?kdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf sdLsdhf]/L x'g glbg] u/L sfof{Gjog txnfO{ cGo txx?n]
;xof]u / ;dGjo ug{'kg]{ u/L e"ldsfx? lglZrt ug{'kg]{ . o;f] ubf{ vl/bdf cgfjZos ljnDa /
cfn6fn] Jojxf/ dfly c+s'z nfUb5 .
 vl/b sfo{sf] vf; lhDd]jf/ sfof{no k|dv ' x'g] ePsf]n] sfof{no k|dv ' vl/b sfg"gsf] af/]df sd
hfgsf/ Pj+ ljZn]if0f Ifdtfo'Qm u/fpg] u/L of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{k' 5{ . o;f] x'g ;s]df pm cfkm}df bIf
eO{ vl/bsf ;Gbe{df b]lvg] u/]sf afXo bafaaf6 cfkm"nfO{ v/f] ?kdf k|:t't ug{;Sg] x'G5 . sfof{no
cGtu{t /xg] ;a} ;+oGqx? sfof{no k|dv ' k|lt hjfkmb]xL u/fpg] u/L sfg"gL cfwf/ to ul/lbg'k5{ .
 vl/b OsfO{nfO{ cd"t{ / c:yL/ agfpg' x'bg} . ;+u7g ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ g} sfo{af]emsf] cfwf/df
vl/b OsfO{sf] Joj:yf u/L vf; bIftf / ;Lko'Qm dfgj;|ft] sf] k|aGw ;f] OsfO{df ug{k' 5{ . o;
OsfO{nfO{ sfof{nosf ;a} vl/bsf ljj/0fx?sf] Plss[t clen]v s]G›sf] ?kdf lhDd]jf/ u/fpg'k5{ .
 d"Nofs+g ;ldltnfO{ bIftfsf cfwf/df sfd ug]{ / d"Nofs+g k|lqmof glthfd"vL u/fpg] u/L
sfo{ljj/0f lglZrt ul/lbg'k5{ . o;sf nflu d"Nofs+g ubf{ lng'kg]{ cfwf/x? / ;fj{hlgs lxtsf
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 41
 nflu ljZn]if0fo'Qm ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/;sf ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/lbg'k5{ . d"Nofs+g sfo{ljlw
tyf dfu{bz{gx?sf cfwf/ / dfgb08 ;DaGwL d"ne"t s'/fx? sfg"gn] g} lgb]{lzt ul/lbg'k5{ .
o;f] eof] eg] c:ki6 x'g cfpg] ;jfnx?nfO{ ;ldltn] JofVofTds l6Kk0fL tyf gf]6x?sf cfwf/df
;fj{hlgs lxt x'g] u/L ;/n tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;S5 . :ki6 k|fjwfgx?n] d"Nofs+g ;ldltnfO{
lhDd]jf/ agfpb} n}hfg ;xof]u k'U5 .
 vl/b Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf] 7"nf] sdhf]/L ;'k/Lj]IfsLo e"ldsfdf /xg] lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf sdhf]/
x'g' klg Ps xf] . To;}n] o:tf lgsfox? ljefuLo gD;{ / :6\of088{sf] tof/L / kfngf u/fpg
lhDd]jf/ x'g] s'/fsf] sfg"gdf g} tf]lslbg'k5{ . o;f] x'Fbf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd th{'dfsf] qmdb]lv g}
vl/b sfo{sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfwf/ aG5 .
 ljifout dGqfno / cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 ljlgof]hg tyf :jLs[lt ubf{ vl/b of]hgf;Fu clgjfo{?kdf
tfnd]n ldnfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{ . o;f] x'g ;s]df tt\ lgsfox? th{'dfsf sfo{x?df lhDd]jf/
x'G5g\ / sfof{Gjog ;xh x'G5 .
 u'0f:t/Lo vl/b oL ;j} sfdsf] vf; glthf xf] . To;}n] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / sfdsf] ;xlhs/0fsf
nflu /flvg] k/fdz{bftf ;'kl/j]Ifs tyf ;Nnfxsf/x?sf] Jofj;flos bfloTj Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtf
-professional liability and accountability_ ;DaGwdf sfg"gdf g} :ki6 Joj:yf u/L o:tf
;+oGqnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfO{ kl/rfng ug{'k5{ .
 vl/b sfo{sf] glthf;Fu t'ngf u/L n]vfhf]vf ug{'kg]{ / ;f] cg';f/ cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ u/L
hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwL k|fjwfg /fVg'kg]{ . o;f] ubf{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/ sfof{no, ;'kl/j]IfsLo e"ldsf
ePsf] dflyNnf] lgsfo / n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfo ;a}sf] ;+:yfut k|aGw alnof] x'G5 . o;f] x'g'
eg]sf] vl/b sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g' g} xf] .
 vl/bsf ljifo tyf o;;Fu ;Da4 ;jfnx?sf] af/]df 1fg ;Lksf] sdL x'gn ' ] ubf{ ePsf ;+/rgfx?n]
/fd|/L sfd ug{ g;s]sf] x'bF f k|To]s txx?df Ifdtf ljsf; / ;";l' rt u/fpg] sfd ug{k' 5{ . o;dsf
nflu vl/b ;DjGwL ljifoj:t'x? ;d]l6Psf] sfo{ljlw, hfFr ;"rL -check list_, Guidance Notes,
xft] k'l:tsfx? tyf cGo k|lqmofut hfgsf/L ;fdu|Lx? tof/ u/L a9L eGbf a9L ljt/0f ug{k' 5{ .
 ;+:yfut k|aGw sdhf]/ x'g'sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{sf] sdL klg xf] . o;sf]
;'wf/sf nflu ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / vl/b sfo{sf nflu k"0f{ ?kdf
ljB'tLo vl/b tyf clen]v k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug{' u/fpg' k5{ .
 oL ;a} sfdx?sf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ d'Vo lgsfo ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no xf] . sfo{If]q
/ clwsf/sf] lx;fan] of] ;+:yf k|lt vf;} vf]6 nufpg' kb}{g . t/ sfo{If]qsf] Jofkstf cg';f/
;+/rgf eg] ;fgf] / c;fWo} s]G›Ls[t /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ k|To]s k|b]zdf sfof{no /xg] u/L ljs]G›Lt
ug{ cfjZos 5 . of] sfof{nosf] Ifdtfn] g} ;a} vl/bnfO{ 8f]of{pg] ePsf]n] vl/b sfo{sf] JofVof
ug]{ tyf lgb]{zgx? hf/L ug{ ;Sg] x}l;ot ;lxt o;sf lj1x? ePsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{' clt
cfjZos 5 . ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ æljB'tLo vl/b tyf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLÆ gfd lbO{ o;nfO{
k"0f{?kdf -Full-Phased_ sfof{Gjogdf nfu" ug]{ egL sfg"gdf g} k|fjwfg /fVg'k5{ . h;sf] g]t[Tj
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 42
 o; sfof{non] ug{' u/fpg'k5{ . ;fy}, of] lgsfonfO{ vl/bsf ;jfndf Knowledge Center Pj+
Think Tank sf] ?kdf /xg] u/L sfg"gL If]q k|bfg eP cg';f/ sfd ug{ cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwg /
dfgj ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug{'k5{ .
 ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt vl/b sfo{sf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Ps k|efjL ;+/rgf ePsf]n] o;sf]
sfddf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno r':t / k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu 5'§}
ah]6 k|aGw ;lxtsf] sfof{no ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{' cfjZos 5 .
 vl/b Joj:yfkgdf cfpg] ljjfbx? ;/n tj/af6 xn ug]{ /fd|f] pkfo xf], dWo:ytf . dWo:ytf
;ldltnfO{ vl/b sfg"gn] s]xL ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . t/ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf oL k|fjwfgx? :ki6 /
kof{Kt 5}gg\ . o;sf nflu vl/b sfg"gdf g} cGt/fli6«o cEof; cg's'n x'g] u/L dWo:ytf ;DaGwL
k|fjwfgx? /fVg'k5{ . xfnsf] cEof;df clwsf+ztM vl/bsf ljjfbx? cbfntL k|lqmofdf k|j]z u/]sf
b]lvG5g\ . o;n] vl/b Joj:yfkg ;xh u/fpb}g . t;y{, o;sf] plrt ;+:yfut k|aGw -;+/rgf /
sfo{ljlw b'j}_ u/L ljjfbx?nfO{ ;xh tj/af6 cjt/0f u/fpg] / sd eGbf sd ljjfbx? cbfntL
k|lsofdf hfg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{' cfjZos 5 .
ljsf; lgdf{0f Pj+ ;]jfsf] ›'ttfsf nflu ljgf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf ;/f]sf/jfnfn]
;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/L ;a} vl/bx? ;dodf ;DkGg eO{ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
ug{ u/fpg ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf ;+nUg ;+:yfx?sf] lqmoflzntfn] g} xf], lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng] . k|:t't
ljZn]if0fn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] xfdLn] ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf nflu s]jn sfof{no / o;sf] ;xlhs/0f ug]{
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ dfq s]lG›t ul/ ;f]Rof}+ . o;/L ;f]Rg' cGoyf t xf]Og, t/
vl/bnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ cGo ;+:yfx?nfO{ pk]Iff ubf{ ;du|tfdf pknAwL xfl;n ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ .
-gf]6M o;df vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] dfq ;+:yfut k|aGwsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/Psf] 5.
vl/bsf] csf]{ kIf af]nkqbftf jf Jofj;flos kIfsf] ;+:yfut k|aGwsf] rrf{ oxfF ul/Psf] 5}g._
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
1= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -gjf} ;+zf]wg ;d]t_
2= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# -klxnf] ;+zf]wg ;d]t_
3= ;+:yfut /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)&^÷&& – @)*)÷*!_,clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
4= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] 5kGgf}+ aflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&%
5= ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)&$
6= g]kfndf e|i6frf/ / ;'zf;g ;DjGwL cWoog, @)&%, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
7= g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;~rfng ePsf cfof]hgfx?df lgdf{0f sfo{sf] 7]Ssf Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf cWoog tyf
ljZn]if0f, @)&%, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
8= cfly{s sfo{ljlw tyf ljlQo pQ/bfloTj P]g, @)&^
9= Public Procurement Review and Remedies System in the European Union -2007_, Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development
10= ADB's Procurement Guidelines, (April, 2015)

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 43

 k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ;DaGwL Joj:yf,
cj:yf / r"gf}tLx?

sd{rf/Lsf] ;Lk, bIftf a9g] lsl;dsf tflnd ;~rfng,

cWoog, gofF k|ljlw k|of]u ;DaGwdf cjnf]sg h:tf
sfo{x? ;~rfng u/L ;se/ cfkm}F sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L Ifdtf
a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
O{=hgs/fh kGt*

k[i7e'dL
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf cfwf/e't l;4fGtx? k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, O{dfGbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]xLtf / ljZj;gLotf
k|j4{g u/L ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9Ëjf6 >f]t ;fwgsf] kl/rfng dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd
k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpFbf, dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jf
vl/b ubf{ To:tf] vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L pTkfbs, laqm]tf, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL
jf ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ljgf e]befj ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|so[ fdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt u/L
;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL,
@)^$ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ kl/eflift u/L To:tf lgsfon]
ug]{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bn] ;d]6g\ ] sfof{Tds If]qx? ;d]t klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . h; cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f
sfo{, dfn;fdfg vl/b / 9'jfgL, k/fdz{ ;]jf k|fKt ug],{ ef8f jf k§fdf lng] ;]jf, /f;g ;fdu|Lsf] vl/b
dd{t;Def/ / cGo ;]jfx? k|fKt ug]{ h:tf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf 5g . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b;Fu
;DalGwt sfo{ ubf{ h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg vl/b P]g cg';f/sf] sfo{ljlw k'/f ug{k' g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b Pgn] ;d]6\g] sfof{Tds If]qx? dWo] dxTjk"0f{ If]q k/fdz{ ;]jf xf] . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
P]g, @)^# n] æs'g} cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;e]{If0f, l8hfOg, 8«O{ª, ;'kl/j]If0f, tflnd, kl/If0f ug]{ sfd,
;ˆ6jo/sf] ljsf; jf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo af}l4s jf k]zfut ;]jfnfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf egL kl/eflift
u/]sf] 5 . ahf/df pknAw hgzlQm, sfo{z}nL / sfo{tl/sf ;Ë7g leq} pknAw hgzlQm, sfo{z}nL /
sfo{tl/sf eGbf pTs[i6 x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotfdf k/fdz{ ;]jf lng] ul/G5 . ;fy} k|lt:kwf{, gljg k|ljlw,
sfo{s'zntfn] k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf, ;Lk / cg'ej lg/Gt/?kdf kl/dfh{g
x'g] x'gfn] pgLx?n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf ljlzli6s[t x'G5 eGg] dfGotf ;d]t /flvG5 . k/fdz{ ;]jfsf]
k|s[lt af}l4s tyf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] ;Nnfxsf/L ;]jf x'g] x'gfn] o;sf] vl/b k|s[of, d'NofÍg tyf
5gf}6 ljlw cGo vl/b k|s[of eGbf km/s / ljz]if x'G5 . pbf/ cy{Joj:yfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;;Fu}
ljsl;t d'n's b]lv g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns;Ddn] k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] pkof]u Jofks ?kdf u/]sf]
* O{l~hlgo/, :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljefu

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 44

b]lvG5 . ljutb]lv jt{dfg ;Dd g]kfnn] k|fljlws, cfly{s, ;fdflhs nufotsf ljljw If]qdf k/fdz{
;]jf lnPsf] b]lvG5 . d'n's ;+3Lotfdf k|j]z u/];Fu} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{n] ult lnPsf] 5 / ljsf;
;xfotfdf klg a9f]Q/L ePsf] 5 . ljsf; ;xfotfdf ;+rflnt cfof]hgf xf]; ls /fli6«o >f]t ;fwgaf6
;+rflnt cfof]hgf xf]; ;a}df k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] e"ldsf / cfjZostfnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3,
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txn] ;+rfng ug]{ ljsf;sf x/]s r/0fdf k/fdz{ ;]jf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . pNn]lvt
k[i7e"ldn] ;Ë7gleq /x]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ xf]; jf u'0f:t/Lotf ;'lglZrt ug{, gofF k|ljlw
leœofpg tyf k|fljlws 1fg k|j{4g ug{ xf]; jf ;Lk / k|ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0f ug{ k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf
;fj{hlgs lgsfodf cTofjZos /x]sf] 5 eGg] bzf{pF5 .
k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|sf/x? / vl/b
k|rlnt vl/b sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ k/fdz{bftfsf] k|sf/df JolQmut k/fdz{bftf -Individual
Consultant_ / k/fdz{bftfsf] kmd{ jf sDkgL -Firm or Company of Consultant_ /x]sf 5g .
k/fdz{bftfn] ;+oQ ' m pkqmd -Joint Venture of Consultants_ agfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf
k|bfg ug{;Sg] tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? -Non-Governmental Organizations_ /
cGt/fli6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx? -International Organizations_ dfkm{t ;d]t k/fdz{ ;]jf lng ;Sg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug{k' bf{ lgsfout cfjZostf cg';f/ ljljw
ljlw ckgfO{ To:tf] ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;S5g\ . h'g;'s} vl/b ljlw cg';/0f u/] klg ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf
;j{dfGo l;4fGtx?sf] k|lts'n gx'g] u/L ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] vl/b ;DaGwL P]gdf ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs
lgsfodf pknAw hgzlQmaf6 s'g} sfd x'g g;Sg] ePdf jf bft[kIf;Fusf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd j}bl] zs
;xfotf ;|ft] af6 Joxf]l/g] u/L k/fdz{bftfaf6 ;]jf k|fKt ug{k' g]{ ePdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] s'g} JolQm,
kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLaf6 k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs
vl/b P]g, @)^# n] k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/L jf ;f]em} jftf{sf] ljlwaf6 k|/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;lsg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . h'g;'s} ljlwaf6 k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b u/] tfklg k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] sfo{If]qut zt{ -ToR_,
nfut cg'dfg -Cost Estimate_ tof/, vl/b of]hgf -Procurement Plan_ b]lv vl/b s/f/ -Contract
Agreement_ ug]{ ;Ddsf k|so [ fx? clgjfo{ ?kdf cjnDag ug{k' g]{ x'G5 . k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] vl/b rqm
;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f jf j:t' vl/bsf] rqm eGbf s]xL leGg x'g] ub{5 . o;df af]nkq jf k"jo{ f]Uotfsf] nflu
cfJXjfg gu/L ;+lIfKt ;"rLsf nflu cfzo kq cfXjfg ug],{ ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/ u/L ;f]xL ;"rL leq k/]sf
k|:tfjbftfx? aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg], cÍef/ k4lt k|of]u u/L k|:tfj d"NofÍg ug]{ / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws
k|:tfjsf] 5'§f5'§} / ;+oQ
' m d"NofÍg ug]{ h:tf k|so[ fx? ;dfj]z /x]sf 5g .
k|rlnt sfg'g cg';f/ k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ubf{ pTkGg x'g] låljwfx?M
g]kfnsf] k|rlnt ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"g4f/f lgb]{lzt k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf vl/b ug]{ ljleGg ljlwx?
tyf pQm ljlw cg';f/ k/fdz{sf] ;]jf vl/b ubf{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf dx;'; ul/Psf sfg"gL l4ljwf b]xfo
cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
-s_ ;f]em} vl/b ;DjGwL Joj:yfM ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] bkmf $! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df ;f]em} vl/b
;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 / o;/L ;fj{lhgs lgsfon] ;f]em} vl/b ubf{ P]gsf] bkmf $! sf] pkbkmf

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 45

 -#_ adf]lhd cfˆgf] cfjZostf / u'0f:t/, kl/df0f, cfk"lt{sf] zt{ / ;do ;DjGwL ljz]if s'/fsf]
tf]lsP adf]lhd lnlvt ljj/0f tof/ u/L lnlvt b//]6 jf k|:tfj Ps dfq k/fdz{bftf jf ;]jf
k|bfos;+u dfu u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ jftf{ u/L vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs
vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod *% cg';f/ kfFr nfv ;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf
;f]em} vl/bsf] dfWdaf6 vl/b ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/, ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL,
@)^$ sf] lgod *% sf] pklgod -$_ cg';f/ ;f]em} vl/b ubf{ df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf sDtLdf
tLgj6f k/fdz{bftf jf ;]jf k|bfosaf6 lnlvt ?kdf b/efpkq jf k|:tfj dfu u/L vl/b ug{
;lsg] Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf]n] sltj6f k/fdz{bftf;Fu k|:tfj dfu ug{'kg]{ xf], ;f] ljifodf s]lx
cGof}ntf b]lvG5 . o2kL xfn tLgj6f k/fdz{bftf;+u k|:tfj dfu ug]{ cEof; k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ ;f]em} jftf{jf6 vl/b ug{ ;Sg]M ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod *@ cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs
lgsfonfO{ pkof]uL / cfjZos kg]{ tflnd, uf]i7L / ;]ldgf/ h:tf ljifodf dfq ;]jf lng' k/]df
kfFr nfv;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf ;f]em} jftf{jf6 vl/b ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; ljlwaf6
k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ubf{ Ps dfq k/fdz{bftf jf ;]jfk|bfos;Fu dfq jftf{ u/L ;]jf vl/b ug{
;lsg] jf g;lsg] eGg] ljifodf s]lx l4ljwf x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} P]=P]= lgodfjnLdf aL; nfv
?k}of;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[tL lnO{ sDtLdf tLg j6f k|:tfj k|fKt
u/L ;a}eGbf pkof]uL / sd d"No k|:tfj ug]{;Fu u'0f:t/ / d"NonfO{ ;d]t PsLg ug{ ;f]em} jftf{
u/L vl/b ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf pNn]v /x]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yf cg';f/ vl/b ubf{ df}h'bf ;"rLdf
/x]sf k/fdz{bftfaf6} k|:tfj dfu ug{'kg]{ xf] of xf]O{g eGg] ljifodf :ki6tf /x]sf] b]lvb}g . ;fy}
o; ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;a}eGbf pkof]uL Go"g d"No k|:tfj ug]{ k|:tfjbftf 5gf}6 ug{' kg]{ s'/fsf]
:ki6 JofVof gePsf]n] ljifodf ;d]t cGof}ntf /x]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlw, u'0f:t/ ljlw,
Go'g nfut ljlw, ;f/e't ?kdf k|efju|fxL Go"g nfut dWo] s'g ljlw ckgfpg pko'Qm x'G5, ;f]
ljifodf k|i6tf kfg{ pko'Qm x'G5 .
-u_ df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf k/fdz{bftfaf6 k|:tfj dfu u/L k/fdz{ ;]jf lng ;lsg]M ;fj{hlgs vl/b
lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod &@ cg';f/ aL; nfv ?k}ofF eGbf sd /sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf df}h'bf
;"rLdf /x]sf sDtLdf # b]lv ^ j6f k/fdz{bftfaf6 lnlvt ?kdf k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfj dfu
u/Lug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg / 5gf}6 u'0f:t/ / nfut ljlw cg';f/
ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod &! df ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/
eP kZrft @) nfv ?k}of;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] vl/bsf] nflu sDtLdf kG„ lbgsf] ;do
lbO{ k|:tfj -cfly{s / k|fljlws_ dfu ug{'kg]{k|fjwfg pNn]v /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf #! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/ ePk5L ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;f] ;+lIfKt
;"rLdf k/]sf cfzokqbftfx?nfO{ sDtLdf tL; lbgsf] ;do lbO{ k|:tfj dfu ug{' Joj:yf pNn]v
u/]sf]n] s]lx l4ljwf pTkGg x'g] b]lvG5 . ;fy}, df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf k/fdz{bftfaf6 k|:tfj dfu
ubf{ ;+lIfKt ;"rL tof/ ug{ cfjZostf g/x]sf] x'bfF ;f] zAbfjnLn] o; ljlwaf6 ;]jf vl/b ubf{
s]xL cGof}ntf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf k|:tfjbftfaf6 l;w} k|:tfj dfu
ug{ ldNg] Joj:yf afx]s cGo k|s[of v'nf ?kdf cfzokq dfu ug]{ ljlw cg'?k g} ug{'kg]{ x'bfF yf]/}

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 46

 /sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ubf{ ;d]t w}/} r/0fsf k|s[of k'/f ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-3_ /fli6«o:t/sf] cfzokqbftf aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf lng ;lsg]M ;fj{hlgs vl/b
lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod &) cg';f/ aL; nfv ?k}ofeGbf a9L bz s/f]8 ?k}of;Dd nfut
cg'dfg ePsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug{' k/]df /fli6«o :t/sf] cfzokqbftf aLr dfq k|lt:k|wf{ u/fO{
v'Nnf ?kdf cfzo kq dfu ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf #)
cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfzo kq ;+sng ug{ slDtdf kG„ lbgsf] cjlw lbO{ /fli6«o :t/sf]
;dfrf/kqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fwf/0ftof # b]lv ^ j6f cfzokqbftfsf] 5gf}6 u/L ;+lIfKt
;"rL tof/ ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;"rLdf k/]sf cfzokqbftfx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf #! sf] pkbkmf -!_ tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod &! adf]lhd
sDtLdf #) lbgsf] ;do lbO{ k|:tfj -cfly{s / k|fljlws_ dfu ug{' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
-ª_ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] cfzokq dfu u/L k/fdz{ ;]jf lng ;lsg]M ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
!% sf] cj:yfdf tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod &) cg';f/ ;fdfGotof !)
s/f]8 ?k}ofeGbf a9Lsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug{' k/]df cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] cfzokq dfu ug{' kg]{
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfosx?n] lgs} nfdf] ;do b]lv :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf
cfkm'nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / cAan ;fljt ul//x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf :jb]zL k/dfz{bftfsf] g} ;Lk, Ifdtf lgvfb}{
7"nf / hl6n k|s[ltsf sfo{df k/fdz{ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg o; lgoddf k'g/fjnf]sg
ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
-r_ cGo vl/b ljlwM ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod *# cg';f/ s'g} k/fdz{bftfnfO{
ljz]if1tf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df lgo'Qm ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; ljlwaf6 vr{ ug{
;lsg] /sdsf] l;df :ki6 gePsf]n] vr{ ubf{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}, o; ljlwsf]
dfWodaf6 ;f]em} Ps k/fdz{bftf;Fu jftf{ u/L ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;lsg] xf] of xf]O{g eGg] ljifodf
;d]t cGof}ntf x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
k/fdz{ ;]jfdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?
/fHo jf ;/sf/ ;a} If]qx?df sfo{ ug{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g / lghL If]qn] ;/sf/;Fu xft]dfnf] ub}{
sfo{ ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] ljleGg cËnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg, ;'wf/ ug{
tyf gofF ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] l;h{gf ug{ jt{dfg ;Gbe{df k/fdz{ ;]jf g]kfndf cTofjZos /x]sf] 5 .
xfn g]kfndf k/fdz{ ;]jfdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx? tyf ;Defljt ;dfwfgsf pkfox? o; k|sf/ 5g .
s_ 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx¿df g]kfnsf sG;lN6ª / lgdf{0f sDkgLx¿sf] e"ldsf ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf
kmd{ of sDkgLsf] :yfgLo ;fem]bf/ x'g] d} ;Lldt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] g]kfnnfO{ cfufdL #
jif{ leq} ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] k+lQmdf, lj=;+= @)*& ;fn leq dWod cfP ePsf] d'n'sdf / lj=;+=
@!)) ;fn ;Dddf ;d'Ggt /fi6«sf] :t/df k'of{pg] u/L cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf of]hgf /
sfo{qmdx? cl3 a9fpg] hgfPsf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t :jb]zL k/fdz{bftfnfO{ g} ;Ifd / ;an agfpg]
lbzf tkm{ s]lG›t x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfd|f] ljsf;sf] df]8fln6L, k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f :jb]zL k|fljlwsx?sf]
;+nUgtfd} ul/g' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 47
v_ k|ljlw / 1fg x:tfGt/0fsf nflu ljb]zL lgdf{0f sDkgLx? tyf k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx?nfO{
clgjfo{?kdf /fli6«o sDkgLx?;Fu HjfOG6 e]~r/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug{' h?/L 5 . cGoyf, ljsf;
ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ljb]z knfog x'g] tyf :jb]zL k/fdz{bftfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; sd x'g]
lglZrt 5 . ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf sDkgLn] clgjfo{ ?kdf 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw g]kfnL k/fdz{bftfnfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug]{ u/L gLlt lgoddf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
u_ clxn] g]kfnsf k|ltli7t sG;lN6ª kmd{;Fu lgoldt /xg] k|fljlwsx?sf] ;+Vof ;d]t Go"g /x]sf] 5 .
lghL If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf sDkgLx? tyf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] kl/rfng ug{
/ ltgsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{sf nflu dh{/ gLlt NofP/ plrt ;+Vofdf dfq k/fdz{ sDkgLx?
agfpg h?/L 5 . ;+VofTds eGbf u'0ffTds ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k/fdz{bftf sDkgL /xg] u/L gLlt
lgod agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
3 k/fdz{ If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf hgzlQmx?sf] j[lQ ljsf; gx'Fbf hgzlQm ljb]z knfog x'g],
sfd ug]{ ;+:yf w}/} kl/jt{g ug]{ tyf ul/Psf l8hfOgx? lbuf] gx'g] ;d:of b]lvPsf 5g\ .
k/fdz{bftf sDkgLn] cfˆgf] ;+:yfdf sfo{/t hgzlQmnfO{ plrt ;'ljwf, /f]huf/L ;'lglZrttf x'g]
u/L Joj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
ª_ clwsf+z k/fdz{ sfo{sf] sfo{ljj/0f -TOR_ df % jif{eGbf a9L cg'ej ePsf] JolQm dfq dfluG5 .
h;sf] sf/0f gofF tyf s]xL ;s/fTds phf{ ePsf hgzlQm cGoq} knfog x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
k/fdz{ pBf]u;Fu gofF Ol~hlgo/x?nfO{ hf]8g lgod sfg"gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g u/L :jb]zleq
/xg] jftfj/0f ldnfpg tyf Ifdtf ljsf; / cg'ej a9fpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
r_ ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hfgdf dxËf] kfl/>lds ltg]{ u/L ljb]zL k/fdz{bftfx?
/fVg'kg]{ zt{ ;lxt cfof]hgf ;Demf}tf ePsf] x'G5 . lgZro g} ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf /fVbf pgLx?n]
hfg]sf] 1fg, ;Lk :jb]z;Dd cfpg] af6f] v'Nnf /xG5 . t/ xfn To:tf k/fdz{bftfx?af6 1fg,
;Lk x:tfGt/0f ug{ grfxg], g]kfnL e"uf]n cg's'ng x'g] u/L sfo{ u/fpg To:tf k/fdz{bftfx?
;Ifd klg gx'g] tyf h]=le kf6{g/df /xg] g]kfnL kmd{n] g} d"Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ kl/kfl6n] ljb]zL
k/fdz{bftfx?nfO{ lt/]sf] dxFËf] /sdsf] d"No ;fy{stfdf sd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf; ;xfotf
gLlt, @)&! n] ;d]t ljsf; ;fem]bf/af6 k|fKt ;xfotfsf] ;xL d"No k|fKt ug{ b]zleq hgzlQm
pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq} cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{ ;]jf lng'kg]{ / To:tf] vr{ ;s];Dd Go"g
x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, ;se/ :jb]zL k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf lng] u/L cfof]hgf ;Demf}tf
ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] k|0ffnL leqaf6 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws
Ifdtf pknAw gx'Fbfsf cj:yfdf dfq ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿af6 k|fljlws ;xfotf lng] gLltnfO{
cem k|efjsf/L agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ljb]zL k/fdz{bftfn] clgjfo{ :jb]zL hgzlQmnfO{ k|ljlw
x:tfGt/0f ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf cfof]hgf ;Demf}tf ubf{ g} /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
5_ ;]jfu|fxLaf6 sfo{If]qut ljj/0f tof/ ubf{ d'Vo hgzlQmsf] of]Uotf / cg'ej pRr /flvg] ul/Psf]
5 . To:tf] Ifdtf ePsf JolQmx? l;ldt dfqfdf /x]sf]n] ljleGg k|:tfjbftfx?n] k|:tfj k]z ubf{
k|fo Pp6} JolQmsf] gfd cfˆgf] k|:tfjdf ;dfj]z ug]{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . s'g} Ps k|:tfjbftf;Ë

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 48

 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf eP kZrft ljleGg axfgfdf k/fdz{bftf JolQm, kmd{ jf ;+:yfaf6 pknAw u/fpg'
kg]{ d'Vo hgzlQm g} pknAw u/fpg g;Sg], sfo{ k|f/De gx'Fb} To:tf JolQmsf] ljsNkdf cGo
hgzlQm km]g{ k|:tfj u/]df, o:tf] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ hgzlQmsf] km]/abn ubf{ s]xL k|ltzt
/sd s§f ug]{ k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
h_ k|:tfjbftfn] k|:tfj k]z ubf{ k|fljlws k|:tfjdf pNn]v u/]sf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{ tl/sf / sfo{If]qut
zt{ k|ltsf] k|efju|fxLtfsf] ;DaGwdf k|:tfljt hgzlQm dWo] d'Vo hgzlQm -Team Leader_ af6
k|:t'lts/0f x'g] Joj:yf ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ k|:tfljt k/fdz{bftfsf] l6d sfo{
u/fpg tof/ tyf ;Ifd /x]sf] s'/f Plsg ug{ ;xh ;d]t x'g] b]lvG5 .
em_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] kfl/>lds / k/fdz{;j] f k|bfossf] kfl/>lds b/df w]/s } f]
leGgtf x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljBdfg P]g, sfg'g cg';f/ k/fdz{;j] f k|bfosaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf] ;]jf
tyf sfo{sf] r]s hfFr, d"NofÍg / ;Dk"0f{ ljifoj:t'sf] lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln]
lng'kg]{ x'G5 . o;}sf/0f klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf sfo{/t JolQmsf] k/fdz{bftf k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf Tolt
;s/fTds g/x]sf] w]/} k/fdz{bftfx?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
`_ Ps} k|sl[ tsf] sfo{df k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf vl/b u/L sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf] v08df k'gM p:t} k|s[ltsf]
sfo{df k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf vl/b ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . k|fo ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]
sfo{ ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] b/aGbL cToGt Go"g x'g], ePsf sd{rf/Ln]
sfof{nosf] lgoldt sfdd} ;do lbg'kg]{ x'gfn] klg k/fdz{bftf dfkm{t sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;y{, O{l~hlgol/Ë k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{nosf] a}1flgs ;+u7g
;+/rgf lgdf{0f / hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
6_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 g} ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsg] k|s[ltsf sfo{x? ;d]t k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6
u/fpg] rng a9b} hfgfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] j[lt ljsf;df
x|f; x'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;Lk, bIftf a9g] lsl;dsf tflnd ;~rfng, cWoog, gofF
k|ljlw k|of]u ;DaGwdf cjnf]sg h:tf sfo{x? ;~rfng u/L ;se/ cfkm}F sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Ifdtf a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
lgisif{
cGTodf, af}l4s tyf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf k"jf{wf/ nufot ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf cfjZos /xG5 .
;fj{hlgs kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf ;d]t a9fpFb} k/fdz{bftfaf6 k|fKt x'g]
;]jf?nfO{ cem a9L ljlzli6s[t / Jojl:yt ug{' kg]{ cfjZstf b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs kbdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx?n] af}l4s tyf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k/fdz{bftfx? k|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;'wf/
tyf k/fdz{bftfx?n] klg cfkm'n] af}l4s tyf ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] ;]jf k|bfg ub}{5' eGg] s'/fsf] x]Ssf
/flv sfo{;Dkfbg ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . hf] hxfF a;]/ h;/L ;]jf k|bfg u/] klg xfdL ;a}sf] p2]Zo eg]sf]
;an, ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 /fi6« lgdf{0f ug{' g} /x]sf]n] ;]jf vl/b ug]{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;a}n] lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s
cf–cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkbfg ug]{ kl/kfl6df 7f]; ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 49

 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf nfUg] u/]sf
cf/f]kx? / jf:tljstfx?
x/]s vl/bn] k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ljZj;lgotf k|jb{w\ g
ug],{ ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd
k|ltkmn xfl;n ug],{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg
cj;/ k|bfg u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;xof]u k'of{Psf] x'gk' 5{ .
/]vf s+8]n*
ljifo k|j]z
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ug]{ vl/bdf dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf / lgdf{0f sfo{ kb{5g . o:tf]
vl/bdf ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] vr{ x'g] / To:tf] sf]ifdf /sd cfdhgtfaf6 p7fPsf] s/, cfGtl/s C0f,
afXo C0f / cg'bfgaf6 ul/g] vr{ hDdf x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] vl/b ubf{ ljZjJofkL ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf
l;4fGtx? kf/blz{tf, OdfGbfl/tf, lgi7f, ldtJolotf, v'nfkg, :jR5tf, k|lt:kwf{, hjfkmb]lxtf / d"No
;fy{stf cjnDag ul/G5 . oL l;4fGtx? ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b ljQ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL -Public Financial Management System_sf] dxTjk"0f{ c+z
xf] . o;nfO{ ;du|tfdf a'‰g' kb{5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf bIftf, r':t b'?:t lg0f{o k|lqmof,
;a}n] lhDd]jf/ lng] k4lt, hjfkmb]lxtf, OdfGbfl/tf, ;bfrfl/tf / g}ltstf h:tf ljifosf] dfu ub{5 .
kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] d'2f k]lrnf] aGb} uPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/af6
;+rfng ul/g] ;–;fgf cfof]hgf b]lv s]G›af6 ;+rfng x'g] 7"nf cfof]hgf;Dd tf]lsPsf] ;do, nfut
/ u'0f:t/df ;DkGg x'g g;Sg'sf] cf/f]k ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL,
@)^$ sf] hl6ntfnfO{ ;d]t nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf nfUg] u/]sf] cf/f]k
;fj{hlgs vl/b hl6n sfo{ xf] . s'n ah]6sf] sl/a ^) b]lv &) k|ltzt vl/bdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf]
5 . e|i6frf/hGo b[li6n] hf]lvdo'Qm, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / lgodsf nfdf / emGeml6nf k|lqmof, a'‰g
sl7g sfg"gL k|fjwfg h:tf cf/f]kx? ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / lgodfjnLnfO{ nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b Pp6f ljwfsf] ?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ k|lqmof / txx?
vl/bsf] k|s[lt / /sdsf] ;Ldf cg';f/ s]xL 36a9 x'g;Snf t/ lglZrt k|lqmof eg] ;a}h;f] vl/bdf
kfngf ug{'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs vl/b ubf{ JolQmut vl/b h:tf] hlxn] dg nfUof] Tolxn] hxfFaf6 kfof]
ToxLaf6 vl/b ug{ ldNb}g . x/]s vl/bn] k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf,hjfkmb]lxtf / ljZj;lgotf k|j4{g ug]{,
ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{
vl/b k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug{'kb{5 .
* lgb]{zs, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 50

;fj{hlgs lgsfo / af]nkqbftfx?af6 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf cjnDag ul/g'kg]{ l;4fGt / k|lqmofsf] cIf/zM kfngf
gx'bF f, agfpg'kg]{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf gd"gf sfuhft, sfo{ljlw / lgb]l{ zsf gagfpFbf / ePsf gd"gf sfuhftsf]
oyf]lrt k|of]u gul/bf ljsf;sf] afwssf] cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . cf/f]k nfUg'sf k|dv
' sf/0fx? x'gM
• k"j{ tof/L ljgf cfof]hgf ah]6df kfg]{ / sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg',
• /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf g} w]/} x'Fbf ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf gx'g],
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b sfo{nfO{ ;dod} z'? gug]{,
• vl/b sfg"gsf ;a} k|lqmof k'/f ubf{ ;do nfUg],
• af]nkqdf ldn]dtf] x'g] u/]sf],
• lglZrt a|f08;Fu ldNg] u/L :k]lzlkms]zg tof/ ug]{ k|j[lt,
• cfr/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] kfngf k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog gx'g',
• lgdf{0f Jofj;foLdf Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' / Ifdtf eGbf a9L 7]Ssf cf]u6\g] k|j[lt,
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf lj1 / bIf hgzlQm gx'Fbf ;+:yfut Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'g',
• gd"gf sfuhftx?sf] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb gx'Fbf sfuhftsf] k|of]u ubf{ a'emfO{df ;d:of,
• vl/b rqmsf] kfngfdf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] sd Wofg lbg', cflb .
xfd|f vl/b k|lqmof tof/Lsf] r/0fdf ul/g] of]hgfj4 ljifox?M cfjZostf klxrfg, ahf/ ljZn]if0f, ah]6,
vl/b of]hgf / u'?of]hgf tof/L / :jLs[lt, k"j{ 6]08/sf] r/0fdf k|fljlws :k]lzlkms]zg, nfut cg'dfg
tof/L / :jLs[lt, ;Demf}tfsf zt{x?, d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/ / tl/sf lgwf{/0f / af]nkq cfXjfgsf] r/0fdf Pre-
bid Meeting, Site visit, Bid Submission, Modification, af]nkq d"Nof+sgsf] r/0f / 7]Ssf Joj:yfkgsf]
r/0fdf ul/g] k|lqmofx? l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sl6a4 eP/ cg'z/0f ul/of] eg] ;fj{hlgs
vl/bnfO{ ljsf;sf] afws xf]Og ;fws dflgG5 . ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] d"No ;fy{stf jf:tljs ?kdf sfod x'G5 .
cf/f]k;Fu ;DalGwt jf:tljstf
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] lgDg lnlvt cj:yfn] vl/bsf] jf:tljs cj:yf cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 .
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Pp6f cWoogn] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] cj:yf b]xfog';f/ /x]sf] kfO{G5M
• k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;Fu ;DjlGwt ;ftj6f dGqfno cGtu{tsf ljefu, k|flws/0f, sDkgL u/L cf7j6f
lgsfox?n] pknAw u/fPsf] sfuhft ljj/0f cg';f/ cWoog u/L x]bf{ ? !!* ca{sf !*$* 7]Ssf
;Demf}tfx? ;'? ;Demf}tf cjlw leq ;DkGg gePsf .
• oL 7]Ssf dWo] !)#@ j6f -%%=*$∞_ 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfx?df Dofb yk ePsf] b]lvPg .
• 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf kZrft 7]s]bf/n] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf /sdsf] @) k|ltzt ;Dd k]ZsL lng] x'Fbf pNn]lvt
7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf ? @$ ca{ hlt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /sd 7]s]bf/sf] gfddf uPsf] .
• Ps jif{sf] cGt/fn -@)&% k'if b]lv @)&^ k'if ;Dd_ df !*$* dWo] ^!* j6f 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfx?
cGtu{tsf sfo{x?sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 51

• cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf 7]Ssf Joj:yfkgdf cWoog, ljZn]if0f tyf cg';Gwfg ;'? u/]kl5
?U0f 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjogdf /fd|f] k|ult b]vfPsf] 5 .
To:t} dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] 5kGgf} jflif{s k|ltj]bg cg';f/M
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod (& adf]lhd pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfon]
k|fKt u/]sf] sfd lgdf{0f Jofj;foLaf6 u/fPsf] kfO{Psf] .
• pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 ;+rfng x'g] lgdf{0f sfo{df nf]8/, PS;fe]6/, u|]8/, la6'ldg, AjfOn/ h:tf ef/L
pks/0f k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] vl/b lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf ljkl/t ef/L pks/0f k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{Psf] .
• vl/b ubf{ k|lt:kwf{ ;Lldt x'g] u/L 6'qmf6'qmf kf/L vl/b sfo{ ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf ljkl/t ljleGg
dGqfno cGtu{tsf !!^ sfof{non] k|lt:kwf{ a]u/ ;f]em} vl/b u/]sf .
• k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] xsdf df}h'bf hgzlQmaf6 x'g] sfo{ ;d]t k/fdz{bftfaf6 u/fPsf .
o;sf cltl/QmM
• vl/b dxfzfvf zfvf OsfO{sf] u7g u/L k|To]s lgsfon] ug]{ ;a} vl/b ToxLaf6 gul/g' .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf gd"gf af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft h'g k|s[ltsf]
vl/bsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g'kg]{ xf], ;f] k|of]u ug]{ kl/kf6L g/x]sf] .
• vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx? dWo] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf Joj:yfkgsf] ljifodf
hfgsf/L ;d]t gx'g' .
dflysf cWoog k|ltj]bg, jflif{s k|ltj]bg / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] u/]sf] cg'udg
;d]tsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"g eGbf vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] sfo{
;Dkfbgdf yk ;'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;df ;'wf/ ug{ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] ;du| Ifdtfsf]
ljsf;, sfg"gsf] cIf/zM kfngfdf hf]8, lhDd]jf/L lng] / hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug]{ k|j[lQsf] ljsf;
/ ;bfrfl/tf / e|i6frf/df z'Go ;xgzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{df ;a}sf] k|lta4tf cfjZos 5 .
lgZsif{
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;fj{hlgs lxts} nflu x'g'k5{ . o;sf] nflu k|To]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfˆgf] p2]Zo
xfl;n ug{ of]hgfa4 / /0fgLltdf cfwfl/t k2lt cFufNg'kb{5 . sfg"gn] tf]lsPsf k|lqmof / ljlwx?sf]
cg';/0f u/L c;n lgotn] vl/b ul/of] eg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b cfly{s ;d[4 / ;'zf;gsf] cfwf/ aG5 .
;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] plrt / k|efjsf/L pkof]u eO d"No ;fy{stf sfod x'G5 / ljsf;sf] ;fws aG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL,@)^$
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&^
• g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;+rfng ePsf cfof]hgfx?df lgdf{0f sfo{sf] 7]Ssf Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf, cWoog tyf
ljZn]if0f, @)&% df3
• k|sflzt ?U0f 7]Ssfsf] Joj:yfkg tyf cWoog ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bg, -bf]>f] efu_ @)&^ df3 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 52

 ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLdf 5}7f}+ b]lv bzf}+
;+zf]wgM vl/b sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf] k|of;
k6s–k6s sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wgn] cl:y/tf nfO{ a9fjf lbg ;Sg]
xF'bf Tolt /fd|f] dflgb}g t/ kl5Nnf] rf/ ;+zf]wgn] :yfoL ?kdf
g} ljutsf ljs[lt x6fpg w]/} xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] o;nfO{
;sf/fTds ?kdf g} lng'kb{5 .
lbg]z nD;fn*

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z M
s'n ;fj{hlgs vr{ dWo] ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df sl/j &) k|ltzt vr{ x'g] tYo ;fj{hlgs vl/b
cg'udg sfo{nojf6 k|sflzt ePsf ljleGg k|ltj]bgx?n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf 5g . o; lx;fan] ;fj{hlgs
vl/b k|lqmof Joj:yLt / j}1flgs agfpg cfjZos 5, . o;sf nfuL alnof] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ?kdf
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g / lgodfjnL nfu" u/LPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} P]g lgodx?nfO{ yk kl/is[t / ;d[4
agfpgsf nflu k6s–k6s ;+zf]wg dfkm{t ;Daf]wg ul/b} cfOPsf] 5 . ljutdf P]g Psk6s / lgodfjnL
kfFr k6s ;+zf]wg eO;s]sf] ePtf klg ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{sf] vl/b Joj:yLt x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . o;}
k[i7e'lddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] kl5Nnf] k6s ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qdf /x]sf ljs[lt x6fpg] u/L 5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg
;+u} qmdzM Ps jif{eGbf sd ;do -sl/a cf7 dlxgf_ df rf/j6f ;+zf]wg ug'k{ /]sf] 5 . oBkL, k6s–k6s
sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wgn] cl:y/tf nfO{ a9fjf lbg ;Sg] xFb' f Tolt /fd|f] dflgb}g t/ kl5Nnf] rf/ ;+zf]wgn]
:yfoL ?kdf g} ljutsf ljs[lt x6fpg w]/} xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf g}
lng'kb{5 . vf;u/L gofF vl/b sfo{sf] d"Nof+sg ubf{ af]nkqbftfsf] Ifdtf ;d]t d"Nof+sg ug]{ ljifo /
Psk6s ;Demf}tf eO;s]kl5 lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] cf/fdn] sfd ub}{ hfg] / cgGtsfn ;Dd klg ;Demf}tf
;DkGg ug{ rf;f] gx'g] kl/kf6Lsf] ;d]t cGt ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ u/L oL ;+zf]wgn] of]ubfg ug]{
ljZjf; lbnfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cGo w]/} ufF7fx? km'sfpFb} ljutsf Joj:yfx?nfO{ yk :ki6 kfb}{ yk ;d[4
agfPsf] 5 . o; lx;fan] ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnLdf ePsf kl5Nnf ;+zf]wgn] ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf]
If]qdf dfOn:6f]g ag]sf] cg'et' ug{ ;lsG5 .
e'ldsfM
;fj{hlgs v/Lbsf] If]qdf ljut tLg dlxgfdf pNn]Vo k/Ljt{g ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf]
;+zf]wgsf] ljifodf pNn]vgLo 36gf 36]sf] 5 . @)&^ ;fn j}zfv #) df nfdf] u[xsfo{ tyf k"j{
tof/L kl5 ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] 5}7f} ;+zf]wg /fhkqdf cfof] . To;sf] Jofks c;/
gofF x'b} u/]sf 7]Ssf / Dofb ;lsPsf t/ Dofb yk geO{ sfo{;DkGg afFsL /x]sf 7]Ssfx?df k|ToIf kg{
k'Uof] . h;sf sf/0f vf; u/]/ lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx?df w]/} cGof}ntf l;h{gf eof] o;n] lgdf{0f
* n]vf clws[t, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 53

Joj;foLdf x+ufdf g} dlRrg k'Uof] . h;sf] kmn:j?k c3f]lift ?kdf pQm ;+zf]wg lkmtf{ lng'kof]{,
h;sf] kl/0ffd t]O; lbgd} ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg dfkm{t ;Rofpg] k|of; ul/of] .
o; aLrdf w]/} 5nkmn / jftf{ hf/L g} /flvPsf] lyof,] h;nfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;Fu a;L ldnfpb} unfpb}
kmsfpb} ;xdtLdf k'Ug] sfo{ x'b} /Xof] . ttkZrftsf cg]sf} 5nkmn Pjd jftf{n] ;/sf/ km]/L csf]{ lgisif{df
k'Uof] . h'g cf7f} ;+zf]wgsf ?kdf @)&^ ;fn ;fpg !^ ut] k'gM /fhkqdf k|sfzg eO{ !( ut] ;fj{hlgs
u/Lof], h;nfO{ lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] z'?d} :jfut u/] t/ sfg"gsf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf JofVof ubf{ sd{rf/L
/ lgdf{0f Joj:ffoL lar ulDe/ dte]b ePkl5 k'gM of] ;+zf]wg ;d]t lgZk|efjL x'g yfNof] . ;fy}, csf]{
sf/0fsf ?kdf /x]sf] nfOg ckm qm]l86nfO{ a}s + x?sf] xfpu'hLsf sf/0f cln s8f ?kdf x]g{ yflnPsfn] lgdf{0f
Joj;foLx?df csf]{ lk/nf] ykLg yfNof] . lgdf{0f Joj:foLx?n] nfOg ckm qm]l86sf] k|df0fkq lb+bf C0f eGbf
hl6n / a9L ;]jf z'Ns nufpg yfn]kl5 eg] Joj;foL cflQg z'? eP / cfkm}n] :jfut u/]sf] sfg"gn] lk/nf]
kf/]kl5 eg] 7'nf] em6sf k/]sf] 7fgL km]l/ k/fdz{ u/L cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmd g} 3f]if0ff u/L ;Rofpg dfu u/]
/ cGttM csf]{ ;+zf]wg ug'k{ of]{ . h'g @)&^ ;fn k'if !$ ut]sf] /fhkqdf gjf}+ ;+zff]wgsf ?kdf k|sflzt
eof] . o;/L sl/a cf7 dlxgfdf ;/sf/n] vl/b sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug{ vf]hs ] f] ljifo h'g clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ;d]t rf;f] /x]sf] ljifodf ;kmntf xft nfu]sf] 5 . oLg} rf/j6f ;+zf]wgsf ljifodf
o; n]v dfkm{t phfu/ u/L o;sf ;sf/fTds k|efj / c;/sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5' .
;+zf]wgsf d'Vo ljifox? M
!= Kofs]lh· tyf ;d"x ljefhg M
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sfo{sf] Kofs]lhË ubf{ vl/b u'?of]hgfdf plNnlvt Kofs]h ;ª\Vofsf]
k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ug'{kg]{ Pjd vl/bnfO{ a9L ;'ljwfhgs ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{ jf Kofs]hdf
;dfj]z ug]{ u/L tof/L ubf{ cnu cnu ?kdf ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu
clwstd k|lt:kwf{ x'g] xb;Dd 5'§f5'§} ?kdf af]nkq cfJxfg ug'{kg]{ ;fy} Ps cfk;df cGt/
;DalGwt eO{ Pp6} Kofs]hdf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ ePdf afx]s k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;ª\s'lrt / ;Lldt ug]{
u/L 7"nf 7"nf Kofs]h agfO{ af]nkq cfJxfg ug{ gx'g] Joj:yf yk u/]sf] 5 .
@= ah]6 tyf lgdf{0f:ynsf] Joj:yf M
o; ;DaGwL ;fljssf] Joj:yfdf yk ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lgdf{0f:ynsf] Joj:yf geO{, lgdf{0f
:ynaf6 x6fpg'kg]{ ?v lj?jf nufotsf ;+/rgf x6fpg] ;'lglZrttf geO{, d'cfAhf jf Ifltk"lt{
ljt/0f ug'{kg]{df ;f]sf] nflu ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf gu/L tyf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ug{'kg]{
jftfj/0fLo cWoogsf] k|ltj]bg :jLs[t gu/fO{ af]nkq cfJxfg ug{' xF'b}g . t/, 5}7f} ;+zf]wgsf
avt :jLs[t eO;s]sf] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{kbf{ tyf s'g} ljz]if kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] jftfj/0fLo cWoog k|ltj]bg
:jLs[t x'g afFsL /x]sf] cj:yfdf af]nkq cfx\jfg ug{ afwf gx'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy},
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ax'jifL{o ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ul/g] vl/bsf] xsdf cGo jif{sf] nflu vl/b
sf/afxL ubf{ cfjZos kg]{ ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]/ dfq vl/bsf] sf/afxL z'? ug'{kg]{ ljifo
5}7f}+ ;+zf]wgdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 54
#= :jb]zL af]nkqbftfnfO{ k|fyldstf M
lgodfjnLsf] 5}7f} ;+zf]wgdf :jb]zL af]nkqbftfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] u/L Joj:yf yk u/]sf]
5 . h;cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] af]nkqdf Psn ?kdf jf :jb]zL kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgL ;Fu
;+o'St pks|d u/L ;xefuL x'g] :jb]zL kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ k|fyldstf -8f]d]li6s lk|km/]G;_
lbg'kg]{] Pjd To;/L k|fyldstf lbFbf ;a} eGbf sd sa'n ug]{ ljb]zL kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLn]
saf]n u/]sf] af]n cÍ /sdsf] kfFr k|ltzt;Dd a9L af]n cÍ ePsf] :jb]zL kmd{, ;+:yf jf
sDkgLsf] k|:tfjnfO{ :jLs[t ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf yk u/]sf] 5 .
$= af]nkq hdfgtM
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/bsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ;a} af]nkqbftfnfO{ ;dfg?kn] nfu" x'g] u/L :jLs[t
nfut cg'dfg /sdsf] b'O{ b]lv tLg k|ltzt /sdsf] ;Ldfleq /xL lglZrt /sd tf]sL af]nkq
cfJxfgsf] ;"rgfdf af]nkqbftfn] af]nkq;fy k]z ug]{ af]nkq hdfgt /sd pNn]v ug{'kg]{
;fljssf] Joj:yf sfod /fvL o:tf] /sd gub} jf æjfl0fHo a}+ssf cnfjf ljlQo ;+:yf ;d]tn]
hf/L u/]sf] ;f] /sd a/fa/sf] af]nkq hdfgt x'g' kg]{ u/L ljQLo ;+:yfsf nfuL ;d]t g]kfn
/fi6 a}ssf] :jLs[lt k|fKt u/L hdfgt hf/L ug{ ;Sg]Æ u/L 5}7f} ;+zf]wgjf6 v'nf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}
To:tf] af]nkqsf] dfGo x'g] cjlw a9fpg' kg]{ ePdf ;f] sf] sf/0fsf] ljZn]if0f u/L k'i6\ofO{+ x'g]
kof{Kt cfwf/ ePdf dfq af]nkqsf] dfGo x'g] cjlw a9fpg kq k7fpg' kg]{5 . af]nkqsf] dfGo
x'g] cjlw a9fpg' kg]{ To:tf] cfwf/ / sf/0f lagf ;dodf g} af]nkq d"NofÍg gu/]sf] jf k]z
ePsf] d"NofÍgsf] ;DaGwdf ;dodf g} lg0f{o gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 af]nkqsf] dfGo x'g] cjlw a9fpFbf
To;af6 xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g uPdf ;f]sf] lhDd]jf/L To:tf] sfddf ;+nUg sd{rf/L / d"NofÍg
;ldltsf kbflwsf/L ;d]tsf] x'g] u/L 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] d'Nof+sg ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg
vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sf cnfjf af]nkqsf] dfGo x'g] cjlw a9fpg' kg]{ cj:yfdf af]nkqbftfn]
af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhftdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L s'g} klg yk zt{ pNn]v ug{
g;Sg] k|fjwfg ;d]t yk u/]sf] 5 .
%= lgdf{0f sfo{sf] af]nkqsf] ljz]if d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofdf ;+zf]wg M
lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^% df /x]sf] ljz]if Joj:yf cGtu{t ;+zf]wg ub}{ saf]n cÍ vl/b ;Demf}tfsf]
k|f/lDes r/0fdf ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] cfO6dsf] nflu af]nkqbftfn] c:jfefljs pRr b/ pNn]v
u/]sf]n], jf af]nkqbftfn] lan ckm SjflG66Lsf] s'g} cfO6ddf Go"g cg'dfg ePsf] egL ljZjf;
u/]sf] cfO6dsf] nflu lghn] c:jfefljs pRr b/ pNn]v u/]sf]n] b]xfosf] sf/0fn] c;Gt'lnt eP
jf gePsf] cj:yfdf d"NofÍg ;ldltn] To:tf] af]nkqbftf;Fu b/ ljZn]if0f ;lxtsf] :ki6Ls/0f
dfu ug'{ kg{] egL yk :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;fy} af]nkq d"NofÍg ubf{ af]nkq sfuhftdf pNn]v
eP adf]lhd s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf k|of]udf /x]sf] af]nkqbftfsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws Ifdtf
To:tf] lgsfonfO{ cfjZos kg{] xb;Dd To:tf] af]nkqbftfsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws Ifdtf yk
sfo{sf] nflu u0fgf gx'g], af]nkqbftfn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] ljut kfFr cfly{s aif{sf] cf}ift jflif{s
sf/f]af/ /sdsf] a9Ldf rf/ u'0ffn] x'g cfpg] /sd ;Ddsf] dfq af]nkq lng ;Sg] s'/fnfO{

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 55

 af]nkqbftfsf] of]Uotf / d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng' kg]{, pk/f]Qm cf}ift aflif{s sf/f]af/ -6g{
cf]e/_ /sdsf] rf/ u'0ffn] x'g cfpg] /sd u0fgf ubf{ af]nkqbftfsf] rfn' 7]Ssfsf] nflu o:tf]
/sd 5'6\ofP/ dfq PsLg ug'{ kg]{5 / af]nkqbftfsf] kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] jf;nftdf lghsf]
gub k|jfx ;sf/fTds /x]sf], v'b bfloTj eGbf ;DklQ -g]6jy{_ a9L ePsf] / ;fj{hlgs vl/b
cg'udg sfof{non] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 9fFrfdf lgzt{ qm]l86 nfO{gsf] ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] x'g'kg]{
Joj:yf 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf]df ;ftf} ;+zf]wgn] x6fPsf]df cf7f} ;+zf]wgn] k'gM ;+zf]wg ;lxt
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;+zf]wgn] af]nkqbftfsf] Ifdtf u0fgfdf cf};t sf/f]af/sf] u0fgf ubf{
kfFr cfly{s jif{sf] cf}ift sf/f]jf/sf] rf/ u'0ffsf] ;6\6f tLg cfly{s jif{sf] cf}ift sf/f]jf/sf] ;ft
u'0ffn] x'g cfpg] /sdnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] / pQm tLg cfly{s jif{sf] jflif{s sf/f]jf/ u0fgf ubf{
tTsfn cl3sf] bz cfly{s aif{leqjf6 u0fgf ug]{ u/L Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}
gjf}+ ;+zf]wgn] cflYf{s Ifdtf 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfuhft k]z ubf{ lghsf] cly{s Ifdtf;Fu ;DalGwt
gub k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] t/n ;DklQ, shf{ ;'ljwf / cGo ljlQo ;|f]t ;d]t v'nfpg' kg]{
k|fjwfg yk ub}{ af]Nfkqbftfsf] kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf] jf;nftdf v'b bfloTj eGbf a9L ePsf]
x'g'kg]{ u/L d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/df yk u/]sf] 5 .
^= d"Nofª\sg k|lqmofaf6 x6fO{g] ljifoM
vl/b lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^% sf] Joj:yfdf yk ub}{ s'g} af]nkqbftf, l;naGbL b/efpkqbftf,
k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jf k|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf
jf sDkgLsf ;~rfns pk/ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df d'2f bfo/ ePdf To:tf]
d'2fdf ;kmfO gkfP;Dd To:tf] af]nkqbftf, l;naGbL b/efpkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf,
;]jf k|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLsf ;~rfnsn]
Psn jf ;+o'Qm pkqmdaf6 k]z u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ d"NofÍg k|lqmofaf6 x6fpg] Joj:yf ljifo
5}7f}+ ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf]df k'gM ;ftf} ;+zf]wgn] kl/dfh{g ;lxt ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;+zf]wg
cg';f/ d"Nof+sg ;ldltn] k|:tfj d"Nof+sg ubf{ Psn jf ;+o'Qm pkqmddf k|:tfj k]z ug]{ s'g}
af]nkqbftf, l;naGbL b/efpkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jf k|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f
Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLsf ;~rfns pk/ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df d'2f bfo/ eP gePsf] ;DaGwdf olsg u/L To:tf] d'2f bfo/ ePsf] b]lvPdf
;DalGwt lgsfo dfkm{t g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf n]vL k7fpg' kg]{5 . To;/L n]lv cfPdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] To:tf] af]nkqbftf, l;naGbL b/efpkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jf k|bfos,
cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLsf ;~rfnsn] Psn jf ;+o'Qm
pkqmdaf6 k]z u/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ d"NofÍg u/L ;Sg'kg]{ cjlw leq d"Nof+sg k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z
gug{ lgb]{zg lbg] / To:tf] lgb]{zg cfPdf d"NofÍg k|lqmofjf6 x6fO{ afFsL k|:tfj d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
&= sfo{ If]qut zt{ tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifodf yk M
o; ;DaGwL ;fljsdf ePsf s'/fx?sf cnfjf d'Vo hgzlQmsf] ljifodf :ki6 kfg]{ u/L 5}7f}
;+zf]wgn] a'Fbf yk u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ k/fdz{bftfsf] d'Vo hgzlQmsf] ?kdf k|:tfljt
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 56
 k/fdz{bftf ;Demf}tf kZrft sfd ug{ g;Sg] u/L la/fdL ePsf], b'3{6gfdf k/]sf] jf d[To'
ePsf] jf cGo dgfl;a sf/0fn] To:tf] sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]df afx]s cGo cj:yfdf To:tf]
d'Vo hgzlQmsf] ?kdf k|:tfljt JolQmnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ g;Sg] s'/f / s'g} k/fdz{bftf d'Vo
hgzlQmsf] x}l;otn] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd k"0f{sflng ?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf adf]lhd
sfo{ ;DkGg geP;Dd ;f] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfo{tflnsfdf bf]xf]/f] kg]{ u/L ;f]xL JolQmsf]
JolQmut ljj/0f cGo k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b k|lqmofdf k|of]u ug{ gldNg] s'/f yk ul/Psf] 5 .
*= vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw yk ug{ ;lsg]M
5}7f} ;+zf]wgjf6 vl/b ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfd To:tf] ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw leq k"/f ug{ g;lsg]
ePdf ;DalGwt lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, ;]jf k|bfos jf k/fdz{bftfn]] sf/0f v'nfO{ vl/b
;Demf}tfsf] Dofb ;lsg' sDtLdf ;ft lbg cufj} lgj]bg lbg'kg]{ ;fljs Joj:yfdf a9fO{ PSsfO{;
lbg k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . t/, ;ftf} ;+zf]wgn] yk ;+zf]wg u/L of] pklgod k|f/De x'g' cl3 ePsf
vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] xsdf ;DalGwt lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, ;]jf k|bfos jf k/fdz{bftfn]
of] pklgod k|f/De ePsf] PSsfO{; lbg leq Dofb yksf] nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg]{5 . To;}u/L Dofb
yk ug{ kfpg] clwsf/Lsf ;DaGwdf 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] lgj]bgdf Dofb yk ug{sf] nflu v'nfO{Psf]
sf/0f vl/b ;Demf}tf adf]lhd dgfl;a b]lvPdf ;f]sf] sf/0f v'nfO{ z'? ;Demf}tf cjlwsf] kGw|
k|ltzt ;Ddsf] cjlw;Ddsf] Dofb yk ug'{kg]{ ePdf af]nkq :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Ln] / ;f] eGbf
a9L kRrL; k|ltzt cjlw;Ddsf] Dofb yk ug{'kg]{ ePdf ljefuLo k|d'vn] yk ug{;Sg] / dfyL
plNnlvt cjlw eGbf a9L cjlwsf] Dofb yk ug{'kg]{ dgfl;a sf/0f ePdf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf]
;lrjn] yk ug{ ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;ftf} ;+zf]wgn] dGqfnosf] ;lrj eGg] zJbsf] ;f6f]
dGqfno jf lgsfosf] ;lrjn] egL yk :ki6 agfPsf] 5 . ;f]xL Joj:yfdf 5}7f} ;+zf]wgjf6 yk
:ki6 kfb}{ Dofb yk ;DaGwL lg0f{o ;Demf}tf cjlwleq} ul/ ;Sg'kg]{ / z'? ;Demf}tfsf] krf;
k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g] u/L Dofb yk ug{ gkfOg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . t/, o; pklgod k|f/De x'g'
cl3 eO;s]sf] vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] xsdf z'? ;Demf}tfsf] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L Dofb
yk eO;s]sf] / To;/L yk ePsf] Dofbdf ;d]t ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfsf] adf]lhdsf] sfo{ k|ult / afFsL sfo{sf] ljZn]if0f u/L Dofb yk ubf{ ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd sfo{ ;DkGg x'g ;Sg] b]lvPdf of] pklgod k|f/De ePkl5 a9Ldf Ps jif{sf] nflu
;DalGwt dGqfno jf lgsfosf] ;lrjn] Dofb yk ug{;Sg] u/L ;ftf} ;+zf]wgn] k|ltaGwfTds
jfSof+z yk u/]sf] 5 eg] cf7f} ;+zf]wgn] ;f]xL jfSof+z nfO{ emg :ki6 kfb}{ ;+jt\ @)&^ ;fn
h]7 @# ut] cl3 vl/b ;Demf}tf eO{ sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;sL pklgod ! -s_ adf]lhd Dofb yksf]
nflu lgj]bg k/]sf ;Demf}tfsf] xsdf k|fljlws k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf cfwf/df sfo{ k|ult / afFsL
sfo{sf] ljZn]if0f u/L Dofb yk ubf{ ;Demf}tf adf]lhd sfo{ ;DkGg x'g;Sg] b]lvPdf ;fj{hlgs
lgsfo jf cfof]hgfnfO yk cfly{s Jooef/ gkg]{ u/L of] pklgod k|f/De ePkl5 ;DjlGwt
dGqfno jf lgsfosf] ljlzi7 >]0fL jf ;f] ;/xsf] clws[tn] lg0f{o ldltn] a9Ldf Ps jif{sf] nflu
Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;/L Dofb yk ul/Psf] cjlwleq ;d]t ;Demf}tf adf]lhd sfd ;DkGg
gug]{sf] xsdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg hdfgt tyf cGo s'g} hdfgt jf w/f}6L /fv]sf] eP ;f] ;d]t hkmt

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 57

 ul/g]5 / To;/L sfd ;DkGg gePsf] sf/0fjf6 x'g uPsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL ;d]t k|rlnt sfg"g
adf]lhd c;'n pk/ u/L lghnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf /fvL k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxL ul/g]5, eGg]
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf gjf} ;+zf]wgn] To:tf] Dofb yk ;DjGwL lg0f{o ubf{ of] pklgod
k|f/De ePsf] ldlt -@)&^ kf}if !$_ n] ;f7L lbgleq u/L ;Sg'kg]{5 . bzf}+ ;+zf]wgn] pQm ldlt
;+zf]wg u/L @)&& a}zfv !% ;Dd k'¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ o;/L ylkPsf] Dofbleq ;d]t ;Demf}tf
adf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg gePdf Dofb yk x'g'eGbf klxn] b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L k"j{ lgwf{l/t Ifltk'lt{
lnOg]5 . pQm cjlwdf ;d]t ljz]if kl/l:yltdf jf cGo dgfl;a sf/0fn] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf]
sfd ;DkGg x'g g;s]df / To:tf] sfd ;DkGg x'g] ;'lglZrttf b]lvPdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{
yk cfly{s ef/ gkg]{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbn] cfjZos Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
o;}u/L gjf} ;+zf]wgn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{ jf lghs} sf/0fn] ;dodf sfd ;DkGg x'g
g;sL g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbn] Dofb yk ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf Dofb yksf] lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv
;f] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg gu/];Dd To:tf] lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, ;]jfk|bfos
jf k/fdz{bftf gofF vl/b sfo{df ;xefuL x'g ;Sg]5}g . o; k|of]hgsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] To;/L Dofb yk u/LPsf] Joxf]/f ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nodf n]lv k7fpg'
kg]{5 / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] To:tf] lgdf{0f Joj;foL, cfk"lt{stf{, ;]jfk|bfos
jf k/fdz{bftf gofF vl/b sfo{df ;xefuL x'g /f]s nufPsf] ;'rgf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fy},
o; lgod adf]lhd Dofb yksf] sf/jfxL k|lqmof ;dodf g6'+Uofpg] / Dofb yk ePsf lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] b}lgs sfo{k|ultsf] cg'udg, d"Nof+sg / sf/afxL ;dod} gug]{ ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L jf
sd{rf/LnfO{ k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd sf/afxL x'g] k|fjwfg yk u/]sf] 5 eg] 5}7f}, ;ftf} / gjf}+
;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] ;+zf]wg cg';f/ Dofb yk gePdf ;f] ;Demf}tf cGTo ug'{kg]{5 egL :ki6 u/]sf]
5.
(= sfo{ ;DkGgtfsf] clen]v / ;"rgf M
lgodfjnLsf] 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5sf] k|s[ofdf yk / :ki6 kfb}{ vl/b ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ;Demf}tf adf]lhd lgdf{0f sfo{sf] q'l6 ;Rofpg] bfloTjsf]
cjlw ;dfKt gx'Fb} s'g} q'l6 b]lvPdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;f]sf] olsg u/L ;dodf g} bfaL
ug'{kg]{5 . o:tf] bfaL ubf{ ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k|To]s dlxgfsf] sfo{ k|ult b]lvg] u/L
clen]v tof/ u/L ;DalGwt clwsf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /fVg'kg]{ ;fy} ;f] clen]vsf] hfgsf/L
;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ u/fpg' kg]{5 / To:tf] clen]v ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{nosf] ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL, j]a;fO6 jf cGo pko'St dfWodaf6 ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{
u/L ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{ ;DkGg k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ ;+zf]wLt Joj:yf cg';f/sf] clen]v
;d]t ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf yk u/]sf] 5 .
!)= vl/b ;Demf}tfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfM
;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b ;Demf}tf u/]sf] tLg lbgleq b]xfosf] nfut cg'dfg ePsf]
vl/bsf] ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tfstf{sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfo{, p2]Zo, /sd, cjlw

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 58

 nufot cGo cfjZos ljj/0f ;lxtsf] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] ljB'tLo
vl/b k|0ffnLdf /fVg' kg{]5 M–
-s_ ;f7L nfv ?k}ofF eGbf a9Lsf] dfn;fdfg / cGo ;]jf,
-v_ aL; nfv ?k}ofF eGbf a9Lsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf,
-u_ b'O{ s/f]8 ?k}ofF eGbf a9Lsf] ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f .
dfyL pNn]lvt ljj/0f ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] j]a;fO6 eP ;f] j]a;fO6df ;d]t /fvL
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, k|b]z n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, lhNnf sf]if tyf n]vf
lgoGqs sfof{no tyf ;DalGwt :yfgLo txsf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf ;d]t 6fF; ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{
/ To:tf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf] xsdf lgdf{0f:yndf ;d]t
;a}n] x]g{ / b]Vg ;lsg] u/L ;"rgf kf6L agfO{ /fVg'kg]{ u/L ljB'tLo vl/b lgb]{lzsfdf /x]sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ 5}7f} ;+zf]wg dfkm{t sfg"gL dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 .
!!= sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] Joj:yfdf yk M
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] P]gsf] bkmf ^# adf]lhd s'g} af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos,
cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ sfnf];"rLdf /fVg' k/]df
To; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f / sf/0f v'nfO{ ;Da4 sfuhft ;lxt ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg' kg]{5 eGg] ;fljsdf /x]sf] Joj:yfdf yk ub}{ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
n]vL cfPkl5 ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] To:tf] ljj/0f, sf/0f / sfuhftnfO{ hfFra'em
ubf{ To:tf] af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jf k|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf
cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ tTsfn ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf efu lngaf6 /f]s nufpg' kg]{
b]lvPdf o; lgod adf]lhdsf] sfnf];"rLdf /fVg] ;DaGwL k|lqmof k"/f geP;Ddsf nflu gofF
vl/b sf/afxLdf ;xefuL x'gaf6 /f]s nufpg ;Sg] u/L 5}7f}+ ;+zf]wgn] yk Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!@= b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldlt M
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$* df /x]sf] ;fljssf] ;ldltsf] ;6\6f 5}7f}+ ;+zf]wgn] gofF ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f
u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ k|To]s lhNnfdf k"/} lhNnfe/L jf lhNnfsf] s'g} efudf 5'§} nfu" x'g] u/L
lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / 9'jfgLsf] b//]6, d]lzg tyf pks/0fsf] ef8f / sfdbf/sf] Hofnf lglZrt ug{
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
;b:o – Ps hgf, lhNnf ;dGjo clwsf/L, k|d'v – sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no, g]kfn
lgdf{0f Joj;foL dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglw, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf] k|ltlglw ;b:o tyf k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Ln] tf]s]sf] k|fljlws sd{rf/L – ;b:o ;lrj /x]sf] b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldlt /xg] / pQm
;ldltn] ;fljsdf ;fpg d;fGtleq ug]{ u/]sf] ;dodf ;d]t kl/jt{g u/L c;f/ d;fGtleq}
lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/L ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o; lgod adf]lhd b//]6 lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] lhNnf;+Fu
l;dfgf hf]l8Psf lhNnfsf] b//]6 lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b//]6 ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ lng'kg]{
u/L cfwf/ yk u/]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 59

!#= cGo ljljw ljifox? M
dfly pNn]lvt k|d'v ljifox?sf cnfjf s]xL ;fdfGo ljifox? ;d]t tLgj6} ;+zf]wg dfkm{t
;+zf]wg ePsf 5g . To:tf ;+zf]wgx?nfO{ ;+If]kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
s= ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] of]Uotfsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+o'Qm pkqmd -HjfOG6 e]Gr/_ af6 sfo{
;DkGg ug]{ u/L af]nkq k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z eO{ 7]Ssf k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf
;a} ;b:on] bfloTj jxg u/L ;Demf}tf cg';f/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{5 . To:tf] sfo{sf]
lhDd]jf/L ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf s'g} Ps ;b:o jf ;Lldt ;b:o jf cGo s;}nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{
gkfOg] u/L 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] 5 .
v= 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] :jb]zL af]nkqbftfx¿ aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ vl/b ul/g] /sdsf] pkNnf] xb
a9fO{ b'O{ c/a k'¥ofOPsf]df k'gM cf7f} ;+zf]wgjf6 ;fljss} ! c/a sfod ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy},
k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df c;kmn x'g] af]nkqbftfsf] cfly{s
k|:tfj ;DalGwt af]nkqbftfnfO{ lkmtf{ ug{'kg]{ t/ ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLåf/f af]nkq k]z ug]{
af]nkqbftfsf] cfly{s k|:tfj lkmtf{ gx'g] Joj:yf ;d]t 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 .
u= af]nkq cfXjfgsf] ;"rgfdf v'nfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf P]g adf]lhd sfnf];"rLdf k/]sf] JolQm, kmd{,
;+:yf jf sDkgLsf] ;~rfnsn] cfˆgf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj sfod /xg] u/L vf]n]sf] gofF
kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yf jf lgh cfkm} jf lgh ;d]tsf] gfddf e}/x]sf] csf]{ kmd{, ;+:yf jf
sDkgLn] af]nkq k]z ug{ g;Sg] s'/f 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] 5 .
3= ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] g} ;+zf]wg u/]sf] sf/0faf6 btf{ eO;s]sf] af]nkq ;+zf]wg ug{'kg]{ cj:yfdf
afx]s ;+zf]wgsf] lgj]bg Ps k6s eGbf a9L lbg gkfOg] u/L 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] 5 .
8= k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{sf nfuL 5}7f} ;+zf]wgjf6 36fO{ ;f7L nfv ?k}ofF eGbf sd /sdsf] vl/b
sf/afxLsf] ;DaGwdf k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt ;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] 5}g egL Joj:yf ePsf]df
;fljss} Joj:yf @ s/f]8 x'g] u/L cf7f} ;+zf]wgn] sfod u/]sf] 5 t/ k"j{of]Uotf jf k|fljlws
k|:tfj h:tf d"No gv'Ng] k|s[ltsf af]nkq jf k|:tfjsf] d"NofÍg pk/ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt
;dIf lgj]bg lbgsf nfuL u0fgf gx'g] Joj:yf 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 .
r= ;f]em} vl/b ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf Ps cfly{s jif{df Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L ;f] ?= kfFr
nfveGbf a9L /sdsf] Pp6} JolQm, kmd{, sDkgL jf ;+:yfaf6 ;f]em} vl/b ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf
5}7f} ;+zf]wgaf6 yk u/]sf] 5 .
5= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfoaf6 sfd u/fpg] sfo{ljlwdf ;+zf]wg ub}{ Ps s/f]8
?k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ jf ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jf ;f]xL :yfgdf a;f]af;
ug]{ afl;Gbf / To:tf] ;]jf pkef]u ug{] ;d'bfo dfq /x]sf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL
;d'bfoaf6 u/fpg jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 .
h= u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 sfd u/fpg] ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] bz
nfv ?k}ofF;Ddsf] sfd u/fpgsf] nflu To:tf] sfd ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 60
 btf{ ePsf] / df}h'bf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ePsf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ sDtLdf kGw| lbgsf] cjlw
lbO{ /fli6«o:t/ jf :yfgLo:t/sf] b}lgs ;dfrf/kqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;f] ;+:yfaf6 k|:tfj
dfu ug'{ kg]{5 . ;fy}, bz nfv ?k}ofFeGbf a9L nfut cg'dfg ePsf] sfd u/fpgsf] nflu
v'nf ?kdf cfzokq dfu u/L k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf] k|lqmof cjnDag ug'{kg]{ u/L Jojl:yt
/ :ki6 kfg]{ u/L 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] ;+zf]wg u/]sf] 5 .
em= l;naGbL b/efpkqsf] d"Nof+sgdf yk u/L klxnf] k6ssf] ;"rgf adf]lhd k]z ePsf
b/efpkq dWo] Go"gtd tLgj6f b/efpkq ;f/e't ?kdf k|efju|fxL x'g] cj:yfdf dfq
;a}eGbf sd saf]n cÍ /x]sf] b/efpkq :jLs[ltsf nflu d"NofÍg ;ldltn] 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{5
eGg] Joj:yf ;ftf} ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 .
`= ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ pkof]uL / cfjZos kg]{ tfnLd, uf]i7L / ;]ldgf/ h:tf ljifodf dfq
;]jf lng k/]df kfFr nfv ?k}of;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jfdf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'v cfkm}+n]
/ ;f]eGbf dfyL aL; nfv ?k}+of;Ddsf] xsdf Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt lnO
k/fdz{bftf;Fu jftf{ ;DaGwdf P]gsf] bkmf #& sf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;f]em} jftf{af6 vl/b ug{
;lsg] u/L ;f]em} v/Lbsf] Joj:yf kl/dfh{g ePsf] 5 . ;fy}, pk/f]Qm sfo{sf] nflu Ps tx
dflysf] clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ aL; nfv ?k}of;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf
slDtdf tLg j6f k|:tfj k|fKt u/L ;a}eGbf pkof]uL / sd d"No k|:tfj ug]{;Fu u'0f:t/ /
d"NonfO{ ;d]t Plsg ug{ ;f]em} jftf{ u/L vl/b ug'{kg]{ u/L 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
6= ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;DjGwL Joj:yfdf gjf}+ ;+zf]wgn] yk ub}{ b'O{ s/f]8 ?k}ofF eGbf a9Lsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt vl/b ;Demf}tf ubf{ :jLs[t ePsf] af]nkqbftfn] ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{non] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 9fFrfdf qm]l86 nfO{gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ePsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
7= ;'rLs[t JolQmnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ;DjGwL Joj:yfdf ;DalGwt lgdf{0f Joj;foLn] lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] nfuL k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd /f]huf/ ;]jf s]Gb|df ;'lrs[t ePsf JolQmnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg'kg]{ u/L gjf} ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf] 5 .
8= lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nfut cg'dfgsf] 9fFrf -cg';'rL !_ / k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] nfut cg'dfgsf] 9fFrf
-cg';'rL !s_ ;d]t 5}7f} ;+zf]wgn] k/Ldfh{g u/]sf] 5 .
cGtdf,
h'g pT;fxsf ;fy 5}7f} ;+zf]wg cfof] cyf{t NofOof] To;df w]/} k|fjwfgx? b'/ufdL c;/ kg]{ u/L
cfPsf lyP o;nfO{ ;ftf} / cf7f} ;+zf]wgn] ;d[4 kfb}{ nUof] . h;} gjf} / bzf}+ ;+zf]wg NofO;s]kl5
eg] cln cln afFsL /x]sf] Jojxfl/s sl7gfO{ ;dfwfg dfq u/]g sL ca sfd gug]{, k]ZsL lnP/ cGoq
nufgL u/L tf]lsPsf] cfof]hgf cnkq kfg}{ lbg ;bfsf nflu cGTo u/]sf] 5 . ljutsf cJoj:yfdf
sdL Nofpg ;xof]u ug]{ u/L cfPsf 5g\ ;f] dWo] klg la8 Sofkfl;6LnfO{ d"Nof+sgs} k|d'v cfwf/
agfpg] u/L h'g k|fjwfg :yflkt ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] o;sf] OdfGbf/ sfof{Gjogn] kSs}

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 61

b'/ufdL dxTj /fVg]5 . ;fy,} o;s} j/Lk/L x'g]u/L cfPsf Dofb yk ;DaGwL yk Joj:yf / e|i6frf/hGo
lqmofknfkdf ;+nUg jf cf/f]lkt ;DdnfO{ klg ;+zf]wLt Joj:yfn] /f]s nufpFbf OdfGbf/ltf clej[l4
x'g] g} 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf If]qdf /x]sf] lgdf{0f Joj:ffoL e;]{; ;/sf/ b'j}sf] pRr k|of; / ;+u}
lx8\g] / ljsf;df k|lta4 /xg] jftfj/0fsf] klg z'?jft ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . jftf{sf] lgtLsf cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] klg gjf}+ ;+zf]wg;Dd cfpFbf ljg ljg kf]ln;L cjnDag ePsf] xf] ls eGg] ;/sf/
/ lgdf{0f Joj;foL nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] a'em]em} nfu]sf] 5 . sfg"g cd't{ ljifo t x'Fb} xf] tfklg
sfg'g th'{dfdf eGbf klg o;sf] ljj]szLn sfof{Gjog ;Fw} v6s]sf] g} 5 . g]kfndf To;}n] o;sf]
kfngfdf klg Wofg hfg h?/L 5 . o;sf cfwf/df aGg] gd"gf af]nkq;DaGwL sfuhft / ljB'tLo
vl/b k|0ffnL -OlhkL_ df u/Lg] OG6Lu|];g klg r'gf}tLsf kxf8 x'b} x'g . logLx?sf] plrt Joj:yfkgn]
o;sf] k|efjsf/LtfnfO{ kSs} of]ubfg ug]{5g . oL ;a} ljifonfO{ casf] P]g ;+zf]wgn] cfTd;fy ug{
;s]df kSs} klg vl/b sfg"gsf If]qdf xfn;Ddsf] vf;u/L kl5Nnf ;+zf]wg dfOn:6f]gsf ?kdf /xg]
ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M
!= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# -klxnf] ;+zf]wg ;d]t_, @)&$ efb|, g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn sfg"g lstfa
JoJf:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .
@= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg ;d]t_, @)&$ efb|, g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfn sfg"g lstfa
JoJf:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ .
#= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg_, @)&^ a}zfv #), ;+Vof %, v08 ^(, g]kfn /fhkq,
d'b|0f ljefu, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
$= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -;ftf}+ ;+zf]wg_, @)&^ h]7 @#, cltl/Qmf+s $, v08 ^(, g]kfn /fhkq,
d'b|0f ljefu, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
%= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_, @)&^ ;fpg !^, cltl/Qmf+s *, v08 ^(, g]kfn
/fhkq, d'b|0f ljefu, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
^= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -gjf}+ ;+zf]wg_, @)&^ k'if !$, ;+Vof #*, v08 ^(, g]kfn /fhkq,
d'b|0f ljefu, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
&= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -bzf}+ ;+zf]wg_, @)&& a}zfv !%, ;+Vof #, v08 &), g]kfn /fhkq,
d'b|0f ljefu, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
*= jflif{s k|ult k'l:tsf, @)&^, g]kfn ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no, tfxfrn, sf7df8f}+ .
(= j]a;fO6 M https://ppmo.gov.np

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 62

 ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf of]hgfM :jlgodgsf] kf6f]
;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ k|lt:kwL{{, :jR5, OdfGbfl/k"0f{, hjfkmb]xL
tyf ljZj;gLo agfpgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] k|of]uaf6 ul/g]
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifo cToGt dxTjk"0f{+ x'g
cfpF5 .
tf/f 1jfnL*
ljifo k|j]z
s'g} klg ljifo jf If]qsf] sfo{;~rfng ug{ tyf nlIft p4]Zo k|flKtsf nflu of]hgf agfpg]
ul/G5 . JolQmut hLjgsf lqmofsnfk b]lv ;fj{hlgs sfo{x? ;a}df of]hgf ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf
xf] . cem} o;f] eGg ;lsG5, of]hgf Tof] klxnf] kfO{nf xf] h;af6 s'g} klg sfdsf] z'?jft ul/G5 . o;y{
of]hgf lgdf{0f ;a} lsl;dsf sfo{sf] nflu k|yd / dxTjk"0f{+ r/0f xf] . of]hgf lgdf{0fn] s'g} klg
sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . of]hgf lgdf{0f, tof/L tyf ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] tflnsfa4
sfdn] JolQmut tyf ;fj{hlgs h'g;'s} sfddf klg ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ x'G5 . of]hgfljlxg sfddf xft
xfNg' eg]sf] uGtJo yfxf geO{sg ofqf z'? ug{' h:t} xf] . t;y{, of]hgfn] JolQmut tyf ;fj{hlgs
;a} vfnsf sfdnfO{ ;lhnf] agfO{lbg] ePsf]n] o;sf] k|of]u ckl/xfo{ 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ k|lt:kwL{{, :jR5, OdfGbfl/k"0f{, hjfkmb]xL tyf ljZj;gLo agfpgsf nflu
;fj{hlgs ljQsf] k|of]uaf6 ul/g] ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifo cToGt
dxTjk"0f{+ x'g cfpF5 . ;fdfGo cy{df eGbf, cfd hgtfsf] s/af6 k|fKt /fhZj k|of]u u/L
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?4f/f ul/g] ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{, j:t' vl/b, k/fdz{ ;]jf / cGo ;]jfsf]
k|flKt ;DaGwL laifo g} ;fj{hlgs vl/b xf] . o;k|sf/ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ‘Public Purse’
k|of]uaf6 ul/g] sfo{df of]hgfljlxg tl/sfn] ubf{ cfpg] kl/0ffdx? unt x'g ;S5g\ eGg] k|z:t
pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . o;y{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ lglb{i6 of]hgf ;lxtsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{
bfloTj g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf / k/f]If bfloTj kg]{ ;Dk"0f{+ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] xf] . xfn;Dd
;a} ;/sf/x?sf nflu vl/bsf ;DaGwdf 5ftf P]gs} ?kdf /x]sfn] o;n] ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf
:yfgLo tx;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} lgsfox?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] dxTj
s'g}+ klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf lgoldt ?kdf ul/g] sfo{ ;~rfngsf sfd tyf ah]6 afx]s j:t', lgdf{0f
sfo{, k/fdz{ jf cGo ;]jf cflbsf] vl/b ;DaGwL sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sfof{nosf] k|s[lt, ;+/rgf, :j?k
tyf cfsf/ x]/L pQm lgsfon] ug]{ vl/b sfo{sf] ah]6sf] cfsf/ -Volume) klg ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] x'g]
* zfvf clws[t, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 63

ub{5 . t/ klg x/]s ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cf–cfˆgf] sfof{nosf nflu cfjZos b}glGbg k|of]u ul/g]
sfof{no ;fdu|Lx? b]lv lnP/ ljsf; lgdf{0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf sfof{nox?n] ;d]t ah]6 tyf
sfo{qmd;Fu tfbfTDotf x'g] u/L vl/b of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;k|sf/, sfof{nox?n] vl/b sfo{sf
nflu g} eg]/ cg'dflgt ul/Psf] tyf :jLs[tL kl5 5'6\ofO{Psf] ah]]6sf cfwf/;Fu ldNg] u/L vl/b
sfo{sf] k|s[lt adf]lhd ljlw tyf k|lqmofx? 5gf}6 u/L jflif{s vl/b of]hgf tyf vl/b u'?of]hgf
agfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f
eg]sf] vl/b of]hgf tof/ ubf{ w]/} r/0fdf klxn] g} sfof{no leqs} ljleGg zfvfx? tyf ;Da4 ;a}
sd{rf/Lx?;Fu 5nkmn / cEof; ul/g] x'gfn] vl/bsf] k|lqmofdf x'g] cGof}ntf x6fpg d2t ub{5 eGg]
xf] . To:t}, vl/b of]hgfn] lglZrt kl/of]hgfsf] p4]Zo, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ug{ d4t ug]{ /
;DkfbgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
sltko ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?df vl/b of]hgf eg]sf] jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd xf] eGg] a'emfO{ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . sfof{nosf] ah]6 tyf jflif{s sfo{qmd;Fu Tie up x'g] u/L g} vl/b of]hgf tyf u'?of]hgf
agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{, ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df vl/b of]hgf tof/ u/]/
dfq vl/b sfo{sf] yfngL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . vl/b of]hgfsf] dxTj, cfjZostf / ;fGble{stfnfO{ a'‰g
;s]df dfq To;sf] lgdf{0f / k|of]udf ;xhtf x'g ;Sb5 . vl/b of]hgf vl/b sfo{sf] Ps cleGg
c+u vl/b of]hgf ePsf] x'Fbf vl/b o;sf] tof/L ljgf vl/b sfo{ ug]{ kl/sNkgf P]gn] g} u/]sf] 5}g .
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]qdf /fHosf] 7"nf] /sd nufgL x'g] x'Fbf of]hgf lgdf{0fn] vl/bsf ;du| s[ofsnfknfO{
;xL lbzflgb]{z ub{5 eg] l;ldt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L ldtJolotfnfO{ klg k|j{4g
ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf :jR5tf, kf/blz{tf tyf ldtJolotfsf] ck]Iff ul/g] ePsf]n] of]hgf tof/L
dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfo{qmd / ah]6nfO{ vl/b sfo{sf] of]hgfdf ?kfGt/0f ub}{
dfkgof]Uo, j:t'lgi7 / sfof{Gjog of]Uo agfpg tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf sfo{qmd, lqmofsnfk tyf
vr{ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{x?sf] tfbfDotf sfod ug]{ sfddf ;d]t of]hgfn] ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn]
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf of]hgfsf] ckl/xfo{tf b]lvG5 .
vl/b of]hgfsf k|sf/x?
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# n] lgDg adf]lhd vl/bsf of]hgfx? tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
!= jflif{s vl/b of]hgf (Annual Procurement Plan-APP)
s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] jflif{s bz nfv ?k}of eGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePdf jflif{s
vl/b of]hgf tof/ ug{'kb{5 .
@= vl/b u'? of]hgf (Master Procurement Plan-MPP)
Ps jif{ eGbf a9L cjlw ;Ddsf] -ax'jifL{o_ of]hgf jf cfof]hgfsf] nflu vl/b ubf{ jflif{s bz
s/f]8 ?k}of eGbf a9L /sdsf] vl/b ubf{ vl/b u'?of]hgf agfpg'kb{5 . u'?of]hgfdf x/]s jif{
ul/g] vl/b sfo{nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ ;du|tfdf Interlinked u/L /fVg'kb{5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 64

of]hgf th'{df ljrf/ ug'{+kg]{ kIfx?
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b ;DaGwL of]hgf tof/ ug]{ qmddf lgDg kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
!= s] vl/b ug]{ (What is to buy?)
 vl/b sfo{sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ j:t', lgdf{0f sfo{, k/fdz{ jf cGo ;]jf s] xf] 5'6\ofpg] .
@= s;/L vl/b ug]{ (How to buy?)
 s'g vl/b sfo{sf nflu s'g ljlw pko'Qm x'G5, ;f]xL adf]lhd ljlw tyf k|lqmof h:t}M
/fli6«o:t/df v'Nnf af]nkq cfJxfg u/L ug]{ vl/b ljlw -NCB), cGt{/fli6«o:t/df v'Nnf
af]nkq cfJxfg u/L ug]{ vl/b ljlw -ICB), ;f]em} vl/b ug]{ ljlw (Direct Purchase),
l;naGbL b/efpkq cfJxfg u/L ul/g] vl/b ljlw -Sealed Quotation), ;f]em} jftf{af6 ul/g]
/ k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/L ul/g] k/fdz{ ;]jfsf vl/b ljlw, nufotsf ljlwx? Plsg
ug]{ .
#= sxfFaf6÷sxfF;Dd vl/b ug]{ -:yfg_ (Where to buy?)
 vl/bsf] k|s[lt, ljlw tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ s'g k|s[ltsf] vl/b xf] ;f]xL adf]lhd lgdf{0f
sfo{ jf j:t' cfk"lt{ tyf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ :yfgsf] Plsg ug'{+kg]{ .
$= d"No (At what price to buy?)
 pknAw ah]6, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf / vl/b sfo{sf] k|s[lt adf]lhd ah]6sf] ;'lglZlrttf,
nfUg] d"Nosf] df]6fdf]6L cfFsng, nfut cg'dfg .
%= vl/b ug]{ kl/df0f (How much to buy?)
 vl/b sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos kl/df0fsf] cfFsng .
^= slxn] vl/b ug]{ -;do_ (When to buy?)
 vl/b sfo{sf] z'?jft ug]{ / ;DkGg ug]{ :ki6 sfo{of]hgf (Time Frame) ;lxtsf] ;do
tflnsf .
of]hgfdf ;d]6g'kg]{ ljifox? / ;do tflnsf
vl/b O{sfO{, zfvf jf dxfzfvfaf6 vl/bsfo{sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ubf{ jflif{s vl/b of]hgf jf vl/b
u'?of]hgf s] agfpg] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf Plsg u/L ljleGg kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . tL ljifox?df
vl/bsf] k|sf/ ;DjGwL ljj/0f, vl/bsf] ;Defljt Kofs]h, vl/b ljlw, vl/bsf] nflu ul/g] ;Demf}tfsf]
lsl;d, clwstd k|lt:kwf{sf] nflu vl/bnfO{ 6'qmfpg] jf Kofs]h agfOg] eP ;f] ;DaGwL Joj:yf, ;du|
vl/b sf/afxL k'/f ug{sf] nflu ul/g] ;Demf}tfx?sf] df]6fdf]6L ;+Vof tyf To:tf] vl/b sf/afxLnfO{
k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] d'Vo–d'Vo sfd cflb kb{5g . To;}u/L vl/bsf] nlfu k"j{ of]Uotfsf] tof/L ug'{+kg]{
eP ;f] ;DaGwL s'/f ;d]t pNn]v ug{+'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] ;du| :j?k tof/ x'Fbf vl/b sf/afxLsf]

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 65

df]6fdf]6L ;do tflnsf tof/ ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . ;dotflnsfdf pNn]v ug]{ s'/fx?nfO{ lgDg adf]lhd
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_ dfn;fdfg vl/b ug{] eP :k]lzlkms]zg tof/ ug]{ ;do
v_ vl/bsf] nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug{] ;do
u_ sfuhftx? -l;naGbL b/efpkq, lk|SjfnLlkms]zg k|:tfj, cf/ Pkm lk, cflb_ tof/ ug]{
;do
3_ k|:tfj dfu ug{], ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{ ;do
ª_ k|:tfj d"Nofªsg ug]{ ;do
r_ k|:tfjx? :jLs[lt ug]{ ;do
5_ ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;do
h_ sfo{ cf/De ug]{ ;do
em_ sfo{ k"/f ug]{ -nfut cg'dfgdf pNn]lvt ;do cg';f/_ ;do
pko'{Qm ;dotflnsf cg';f/sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L :jLs[t ug'{kb{5 .
s;n] ug]{ vl/b of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f <
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ;+/rgf, :j?k tyf k|s[ltsf
cfwf/df vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/Lx? 5gf}6 u/L ;s];Dd tflnd k|fKt tyf vl/b ;DaGwL
1fg ePsf sd{rf/Lx? /xg] u/L vl/b dxfzfvf, zfvf tyf O{sfO{sf] u7g ug]{ / ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{
lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L
vl/b sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] x'G5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . oxL
cfwf/df /x]/ lgsfo k|d'vn] sfof{nosf] cfjZostf cg';f/ vl/b OsfO{÷zfvf÷dxfzfvf u7g u/L
vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ u/L vl/b clwsf/L tf]Sg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . o;/L, vl/b OsfO{÷zfvf÷dxfzfvf
k|d'vsf] ?kdf /xg] vl/b clwsf/L]n] ;f] sfo{df vl/b sf/afxL;Fu ;DalGwt sfddf ;dGjo ug]{
vl/b dfu ;+sng u/L :jLs[ltsf] nflu k]z ug]{ sfo{ ;d]tsf] nflu ;dGjo / ;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsf
v]Ng'kb{5 .
:jlgodg xf] of]hgf lgdf{0f
ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfo tyf ltgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?df /x]sf] dgf]lj1fg x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf
of]hgf lgdf{0f sfo{ Ps em0eml6nf] / af]lemnf] sfo{ xf] . of] gubf{ klg s]xL xF'b}g eGg] /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . of]hgf lgdf{0fn] s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ af6f] la/fP/ lx8g] (Out of Track) 5'6
lbb}g . To;df klg ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] If]q hgtfsf] k|ToIf s/;Fu hf]l8Psf] laifo x'gfn] ;a}sf] rf;f],
lrGtf / ;/f]sf/ /xg] x'G5 . of] t ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg sd{rf/Lsf] lglDt :jlgodgsf]

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 66

cToGt dxTjk"0f{+ c:q -Tool) xf] . of]hgf tof/ eO{;s]kl5 ;f]xL cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;doa4
>[ª\vnf /xg] x'Fbf ;xL ;dodf ;xL p4]Zo k|fKt ug{df ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ub{5 .
lgZsif{
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] ljifo ;w} g} 5fFofdf kb}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/, of] g} klxnf] /
dxTjk"0f{+ kIf xf] . t;y{, o;sf] tof/L, lgdf{0f / ;xL sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf
nflu ;Da4 ;a} sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu vl/b ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg, ;Lk tyf Ifdtfsf]
clej[l4sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfo / ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] o; ljifodf clwstd
;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjo u/L tflnd, cGt/lqmof, Workshop nufotsf dfWodaf6 cfwf/e"t hu
a;fNg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfn;Ddsf] cj:yf x]bf{, vl/b ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t 1fg, ;Lk tyf tflndsf] cefjdf
sd{rf/Lx?n] ;xL of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ g;s]s} sf/0faf6 vl/b sfo{ klg k|efljt ePsf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;y{, ljgf 1fg tyf tflnd sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ dfq bf]if nfufP/ /fd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg x'g
g;s]sf] lgZsif{ lgsfNg' ckl/kSjtf x'g]5 . c;n Joj:yfksLo cEof;sf] cefjdf ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf
klg /fd|f] k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ ;ls+b}g . To;sf/0f of] ;kmn Joj:yfkgsf] Ps kIf klg ePsfn] c;n
g]t[Tj;Lk / sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg dxTjk"0f{+ 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? M
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# -;+zf]wg;lxt_Ù sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ -;+zf]wg;lxt_Ù sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt
www.ppmo.gov.np
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL ljleGg k|sflzt k':tsxx? tyf n]v /rgfx?

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 67

 kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / ;fj{hlgs vl/b

kf/blz{tfn] cfd gful/sx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿n]

ug]{ lqmofsnfk b]lv g} ;';"lrt ug'{kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . s'g}
lg0f{o x'g' cl3 g} ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf hgdt lng' kb{5 eGg]
ljifodf kf/blz{tfn] hf]8 lbG5 .
9fn axfb'/ lh=;L=*

kf/blz{tf (Transparency)
g] k fnL a[ x Q zAbsf]i fn] kf/bzL{ zAbnfO{ k5L ;Dd b] V g] , 6f9f ;Ddsf] s' / f b] V g] , 5\ o fª\ u b] l vg]
eg] / cYof{ P sf] 5 . ;fj{h lgs lgsfosf] ;DaGwdf ;a} ultljlwx¿ ;/f] s f/jfnfx¿n] kx' F r
leq /xg' g} kf/blz{tf xf] . ;fj{h lgs kbdf /x] s f kbflwsf/Lx¿n] gful/sx¿sf] k| l tlglw /
;] js ePsf] n ] pgLx¿n] u/]sf lg0f{o / lqmofsnfkx¿ gful/sx¿ ;dIf k' ¥ ofpg' kg] { ljifo
g} kf/blz{ t f xf] .
Transparency International sf cg';f/– Transparency is a Characteristic of Government,
Companies, organizations and Individuals that are open in the clear disclosure of
information, Rules, Plans, Processes and Actions.
kf/blz{tfn] cfd gful/sx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ug]{ lqmofsnfk b]lv g} ;';"lrt
ug'{kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . s'g} lg0f{o x'g' cl3 g} ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf hgdt lng' kb{5 eGg]
ljifodf kf/blz{tfn] hf]8 lbG5 . kf/blz{tf ;"rgfsf] xs ;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfo / gful/s aLr bf]xf]/f] ;"rgf / ljrf/wf/fsf] cfbfg k|bfg (Idea Sharing) sf]
dfWodåf/f ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng x'g ;s'g, e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf Pjd\ kb / zlQmsf]
b'¿kof]u gxf]; eGg] d"n cfzo kf/blz{tfn] cjnDag u/]sf] x'G5 .
 kf/blz{tfsf p2]Zox¿ (Objectives of Transparency)
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ af/] ;r]t u/fpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df x'g] e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] sfdk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
• ;'zf;gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
• gful/sx¿nfO{ klg pgLx¿sf xs clwsf/ lhDd]jf/L af/]df ;r]t u/fpg] .
* zfvf clws[t, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 68

 • ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f nufotsf ultljlwx¿df gful/s ;xeflutf a9fpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfok|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; clej[l4 ug]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOh:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o / lgo'lQmdf :jR5 JolQm 5gf}6df 6]jf
k'¥ofpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] k]zfk|lt k|lta4, cg'zfl;t, g}ltsjfg / cg'z/0fof]Uo
cfr/0fdf /xg k|]l/t ug]{ .
• sfo{;Dkfbg pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 Nofpg] .
• gful/sx¿nfO{ r]tgzLn agfpg] .
pQ/bfloTj (Accountability)
 cjwf/0ff (Concept)
cfw'lgs /fHo Joj:yfdf lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/sf] dfGotfn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 . zf;g k|lqmofdf ax'kfqsf]
pkl:ylt;Fu} zf;gdf hgtfsf] a9L eGbf a9L ;xeflutf j[l4 ug]{ k|of; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . cfhsf]
ljZjdf k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfn] g} d'Vo :yfg kfPsf] 5 . k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf
hgfb]zsf cfwf/df g} zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ kl/kf6L x'G5 . o;sf] nflu hgtfsf] ljZjf; / ;Ddfg
k|fKt ug{ ljleGg k|of; ul/G5 . pQ/bfloTj o;s} Pp6f pkh xf] . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf
OR5f, cfsf+IffnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ tyf zf;g k|0ffnLdf /x]/ sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ pgLx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL
agfpg pQ/bfloTjsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] .
 kl/ro (Introduction)
• ;fdfGo cy{df pQ/bfloTj eGgfn] pQ/ lbg] bfloTj eGg] a'lemG5 .
• Answerability of one's action or behaviour towards the stakeholder.
• pQ/bfloTjn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pQ/ lbg] bfloTjnfO{
a'emfpFb5 .
• ;fj{hlgs cf]xbf÷kb wf/0ff u/]sf kbflwsf/L÷sd{rf/Ln] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] sfddf
cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/, u'0ffTdstf Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] pkof]usf] af/]df
;/f]sf/jfnf ;dIf pQ/ lbg] Joj:yf g} ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj xf] .
• /fHosf ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] ljZjf;af6 hgdt k|fKt u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6
;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm"n] ug]{ lg0f{o / sfdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ cj;/ gful/snfO{
k|bfg ug]{ / clwsf/ k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf gful/sx¿sf] lh1f;f, dgf]efjgfsf] :ki6Ls/0f lbg]
bfloTjnfO{ ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjn] ;d]6\b5 .
• pQ/bfloTjnfO{ pQ/ lbg] bfloTj (Answerability), sfo{k|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L, sfo{ u/]jfkt
lng'kg]{ h; jf ckh; (Blameworthiness), afWosf/L cj:yf (Enforceability) cflb
ljleGg gfdaf6 klg ;Daf]wg ul/G5 .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 69

 g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj / kf/blz{tf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ df –
• k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx¿ hgtfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf Joj:yflksfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ .
• dGqLx¿ dGqfnosf sfdsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL / Joj:yflksf ;+;bk|lt
pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ .
• ljleGg ;+;bLo ;ldltx¿sf] Joj:yf .
• ;/sf/sf sfd sf/afxLdf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf nflu ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf .
• ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿n] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;+;bdf k]z eO{ 5nkmn x'g] Joj:yf .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%) df –
• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g /
;~rfng ul/Psf] .
• k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ h;df sfd, st{Jo, pQ/bfloTj,
clwsf/ / of]Uotf ;d]t :ki6 ¿kdf lsl6g' kg]{ Joj:yf .
• lhDd]jf/L glbO{ s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ b'O{ dlxgfeGbf a9L /fv]df sfddf nufpg' kg]{ bfloTj ePsf]
kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL x'g] Joj:yf .
• Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g @)^$ df –
• ;fj{hlgs ljifosf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ .
• ;fj{hlgs sfd sf/afxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg'kg]{ .
• ;"rgf clwsf/L / k|jQmfsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ df –
kbLo pQ/bfloTjsf] lgjf{x M P]g jf k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf]
kbflwsf/Ln] cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ jf st{Jo kfngf ubf{ b]xfosf] ljifodf Wofg lbg' kg]{5 M
-s_ cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfd lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} ;Dkfbg ug{ cfkm}n] kxn ug]{ .
-v_ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ubf{ ldtJooL 9ª\uaf6 clwstd ;b'kof]u / pTkfbgzLn
x'g] u/L k|of]u ug]{ .
-u_ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs sfof{nonfO{ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf, ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L d'n'ssf] ;]js tyf
;j{;fwf/0f ;]jfu|fxL ;]jf kfpg] clwsf/ ePsf] JolQm xf] eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 70
-3_ sfo{;Dkfbgdf l9nf;':tL / ljnDa x'g' eg]sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u x'g xf] / d'n'ssf] yk
;|f]t / ;fwg vr{ x'g' xf] eGg] efjgf /fVg] .
-ª_ sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ s'g} ckl/xfo{ sf/0f k/L tTsfn sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ g;lsg] ePdf To;sf]
hfgsf/L dflyNnf] lgsfonfO{ lbg] . t/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ljifodf jf ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifodf ePsf To:tf] ljifo ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] ;"rgfkf6Ldf 6fF;L cfjZostf cg';f/ k|rng
k|;f/ ;d]t u/L u/fO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-r_ cfk\mgf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ ljifodf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L :jodn] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ / s'g} lsl;dsf]
sfg"gL hl6ntf jf låljwf gePsf] ;fdfGo ljifodf dflyNnf] lgsfosf] lgb]{zg dfu gug]{ .
-5_ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0ff u/]sf] JolQmn] ;]jfu|fxL;Fu
k|rlnt d"No, dfGotf / ;+:s[lt cg'¿k lzi6 Jojxf/ ug]{ .
kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gsf ePsf Joj:yfx?
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf g} ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf
lg0f{onfO{ cem a9L v'nf, kf/bzL{, j:t'lgi7 / ljZj;gLo agfpg, ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|ls|ofdf
k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, O{dfGbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]xLtf / ljZj;lgotf k|j4{g u/L ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{
9+uaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{
u/fpFbf, dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jf vl/b ubf{ To:tf] vl/bsf] Joj:yfkg Ifdtf
clej[lå u/L pTkfbs, las|]tf, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ljgf e]befj
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|ls|ofdf ;xefuL x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{
;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . o; cfwf/df cGo s'/fsf cltl/St ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf
kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj ;'lglZrt ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# df ævl/bÆ eGgfn]] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] o; P]g adf]lhd s'g} dfn;fdfg,
k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf k|fKt ug{] jf s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{] jf u/fpg] sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ elgPsf]
5 . dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jfnfO{ o;/L kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 M
ædfn;fdfgÆ eGgfn] rn jf crn, ;hLj jf lghL{j h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] j:t' ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn]
To:tf] j:t' cfk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{sf] cfg'iflËs ;]jf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
ælgdf{0f sfo{Æ eGgfn] s'g} ;+/rgf jf s'g} s'/fsf] lgdf{0f ug{], k'gM lgdf{0f ug{], eTsfpg], dd{t ;Def/
ug{] jf lh0ff]{4f/ ug]{ sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt lgdf{0f :yn tof/ ug]{, vGg], 78\ofpg], agfpg], pks/0f jf
dfn;fdfg h8fg ug]{, ;hfpg] cflb h:tf sfo{ ;Demg' k5{ / ;f]] zAbn] gS;f agfpg], k|of]uzfnf
k/LIf0f ug]{, e"pku|xLo kmf]6f] lvRg], e"sDkLo k/LIf0f ug{] h:tf lgdf{0f sfo{sf] cfg'iflËs ;]jf
;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
æk/fdz{ ;]jfÆ eGgfn] s'g} cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;e]{If0f, l8hfOg, 8«O{ª, ;'k/Lj]If0f, tfnLd, k/LIf0f ug]{
sfd, ;km\6j]o/sf] ljsf; jf o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo af}l4s jf k]zfut ;]jf ;Demg'k5{ .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 71

æcGo ;]jfÆ eGgfn] ;jf/L ;fwg, pks/0f jf dfn;fdfg ef8fdf lng], 9'jfgL ug]{ jf dfn;fdfg dd{t
;Def/ ug]{ sfo{ ;Demg'k5{ .
sfg"gL Joj:yfx?M
• P]g adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k'/f ul/ vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs
lgsfosf] k|d'vsf] /xg] Joj:yf .
• vl/b of]hgf / u'?of]hgf tof/ ul/ pQm of]hgf adf]lhd vl/bsf sfd sf/afxL ug'{kg{]
Joj:yf .
• vl/b OsfO{sf] Joj:yf ul/ ;f]xL OsfO{ dfkm{t sfof{non] vl/b lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b ubf{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cj:yf / vl/b d"Nosf] cfwf/df pko'Qm
vl/b ljlw 5gf}6 ul/ vl/b lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf .
• lglZrt /sd ;Dd ;f]e}m vl/b ubf{ klg tf]lsP adf]lhd k|s[of cjnDag ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf .
• sfg"gdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] /sd / cj:yfdf ;"rL btf{ ePsfx? ;Fu dfq vl/b ug'{kg]{
Joj:yf .
• vl/b ;DaGwL ;"rgfx? ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ul/ a9L eGbf a9L af]nkqbftfx? jf
k|:tfjx?nfO{ ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf .
• b'O{ s/f]8 eGbf a9L /sdsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] xsdf Ps vfd b'O{ r/0f af]nkqsf] Joj:yf .
• af]nkqdf x'g] ldn]dtf] /f]Sg ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 af]nkq cfXjfg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] tof/ u/]sf] gd"gf af]nkq ;DaGwL sfuhft -:6\of088{
ljl8ª 8s'd]G6_, gd"gf k"j{ of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft -:6\of088{ lk|Sjflnlkms]zg 8s'd]G6_,
gd"gf vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfuhft -:6\of088{ sG6«ofS6 8s'd]G6_ df ;fdfGotof ;f/e"t
?kdf km/s gkg]{ u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ k"j{of]Uotf ;DaGwL sfuhft, af]nkq ;DaGwL
sfuhft / vl/b ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL sfuhft tof/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf .
• af]nkq vf]Ng] ;ldlt ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf .
• af]nkq d"Nof+sg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf .
• af]nkq vf]ln;s] kl5 af]nkqdf ;xefuL t/ 5gf}6df kg{ g;s]sf] af]nkqbftfn] sfof{no
;dIf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf .
• af]nkqdf ;xefuL t/ 5gf}6df kg{ g;s]sf] af]nkqbftfn] sfof{non] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ
ga'em]df ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdf lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf]
:yfkgf .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# df Joj:yf ePsf ljleGg vl/b ljlwx? adf]lhd vl/b ubf{
ckgfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 72
 • ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf] k|of]u u/L vl/b ug'{kbf{ www.bolpatra.
gov.np ̸ egp gfds Psn kf]6{n ;+rfngdf /x]sf] .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfjZos 7fg]df hlt;'s} /sdsf] vl/b klg ljB'tLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf]
k|of]u u/L ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f7L nfv ?k}of eGbf a9L /sdsf] lgdf{0fsfo{ vl/b
ubf{ ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] ;d]t ug'kg]{ . t/, b'O{ s/f]8 ?k}ofF eGbf a9L /sdsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf ;f7L nfv ?k}ofF eGbf a9Lsf] dfn;fdfg vl/b ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf
ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] k|of]uaf6 dfq ug'{kb{5 . ;fy}, aL; nfv ?k}ofF jf ;f] eGbf
a9Lsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ubf{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnLsf] k|of]uaf6 dfq
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .
sdhf]/ kIfx?
• vl/bsf] nflu of]hgf / u'?of]hgf agfpg] Joj:yf sfuhL k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq x'g] u/]sf] . ;f]
cg';f/ sfd gx'g] .
• vl/b OsfO{ u7g eP klg P]g / lgodfjnLsf] p2]Zo adf]lhd sfd gx'g] u/]sf] .
• af]nkqdf ;xefuL af]nkqbftfn] sfof{nodf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bg lbP tfklg sfof{non]
hjfkm g} glbg] / hjfkm lbP klg s] sf/0fn] af]nkqbftf 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf] xf] jf k|efju|fxL
x'g g;]s]sf] xf] ;f] af/]df gv'nfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] s] sf/0fn] af]nkqbftf 5gf}6 x'g g;s]sf] xf] jf k|efju|fxL x'g g;]s]sf]
;f] af/]df :ki6 hjfkm lbg g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs vl/b k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt / cbfntx?df d'2f
kg]{ u/]sf] .
• af]nkq cfxjfgsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg ubf{ ahf/df vf; rNtLdf /x]sf kqklqsf eGbf afx]ssf
cGo klqsfaf6 ug]{ k|rng .
• af]nkq cfxjfgsf] ;"rgf, k|fljlws k|:tfjsf] ;"rgf tyf cfzokqsf] ;"rgf cnu cnu
klqsfdf k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf] .
• af]nkq k]z ug]{ clGtd ;dodf af]nkqsf zt{ kl/jt{g ug]{ t/ Dofb yk gug]{ .
• af]nkqbftfx? aLr ldn]dtf] ePsf] hfgsf/L /xbf klg af]nkq /2 gug]{ .
• af]nkq 8s'd]G6df s]lx l;ldt sDkgLx?nfO{ dfq ldNg] ul/ af]nkqsf zt{x? /fVg] .
• af]nkqsf] d"Nof+sg ;dodf ;DkGg gug]{ clg ;a} af]nkqbftfx?n] la8 a08sf] Dofb yk
gubf{ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] af]nkqbftfnfO{ 5gf}6 ug{ ldNg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug]{ .
• vl/b ;Demf}tf adf]lhd b'a} kIfn] cf cfkmgf] lhDd]jf/L adf]lhd sfd ug{ g;Sbf ;dodf
7]Ssfsf] sfd ;DkGg gx'g] tyf nfut a9\g] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf eO/x]sf] .
• cem} klg sltko lgsfox?n] ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 af]nkq gug]{ .
• vl/bnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ NofOPsf ljleGg vl/b ljlwx?sf] unt ?kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 73

lgisif{
pQ/bfloTjn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ljleGg clwsf/L;Fu hjfkm lbg] s'/fnfO{ ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 eg]
kf/blz{tfn] hgtfnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg] / cfkmgf] xs clwsf/sf] vf]hL ;d]t u/fpFb5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf clgjfo{ tTj x'g . kf/blz{tfn] k"j{ cg'dfgnfO{
an k'¥ofpFb5 . t;y{, o;nfO{ ;'b[9 pQ/bfloTj k|0ffnLsf] k"j{zt{sf] ¿kdf lng'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs
kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ s'g} lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 To;sf] c;/ / k|efjsf af/]df ;f]r ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o
lng] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; u/fpg] sfd pQ/bfloTjn] ub{5 eg] kf/blz{tfn] ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Ln]
u/]sf] lg0f{oaf6 cfdhgtfn] k|Zg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] /Iff ub{5 . ;/sf/L ;+oGqdf uf]Kotf
/xg' eg]sf] e|i6frf/, cg}ltstf / clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]unfO{ k|>o lbg] ;Defjgf a9fjf lbg'
xf] . ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLdf v'nfkg ePdf dfq kf/blz{tf sfod x'G5 . o;af6 g} pQ/bfloTjsf]
k|j4{g x'G5 . kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjn] gful/s / ;/sf/sf lgsfox? b'j}nfO{ k|hftflGqs cfr/0fsf]
cEof; ug{ ;3fpF5 . kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj ;'zf;gsf tTjx¿ ePsf]n] oL b'j}sf] sfof{Gjogaf6
dfq ;'zf;gnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] ljZjf;df aGg] ;/sf/
/ ;f] cGtu{tsf ;+oGqx¿ hgtfsf] kx'Frdf x'g'kb{5 / u/]sf sfddf pQ/bfoL x'g'kb{5 . kf/blz{tfsf]
k|j4{gaf6 g} zf;sLo ;'wf/ x'G5 . o;af6 g} pQ/bfloTj klg ;'lglZrt x'G5 . kf/blz{tf ePsf] /
pQ/bfloTj l;h{gfn] g} ;/sf/ / ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ hgtfsf] lxtdf lg0f{o lng afWo agfpFb5 . o;
;Gb{edf, ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg'gn] g} g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] vl/bnfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ub{5 . oxL
sfg"gsf] cfwf/df g} ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ tLj| u/fpg] ljsf; ultljlwx? ;+rfng x'G5g . jflif{s
ah]6sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ hlt /sd vr{ x'g] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfg"g ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"g xf] . of]
ljifo cfly{s kIf ;Fu hf]l8Psf]n] ;+j]bgzLn If]q klg xf] . kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt x'g]
Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg'gdf ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} sdhf]/ b]lvPsf kIfx?df ;'wf/fTds
sfo{ ul/ kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ yk ;'lglZrt x'g] cj:yf ;[hgf ug'{kb{5 . d"ntM sfg"gL ?kdf
eGbf klg Jojxf/df w]/} ;d:of b]lvbf o; kIfdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]df g} ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf kf/blz{tf /
pQ/bfloTjsf] k|j4{g x'g] /fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt ;b'kof]u x'g] b]lvG5 .
;Gb{e ;fdfu|Lx?
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_, sfg"gL lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f} .
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, sfg"gL lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f} .
;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$, sfg"gL lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df8f} .
zf;g k|0ffnL, l8=la=lh=;L=, lzIff k/LIff ;fdfu|L s]Gb|, afuahf/,sf7df8f} .
ljBtLo vl/b k|0ffnL ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)&$, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no, tfxfrn, sf7df8f}+ .
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsfsf laleGg c+sx?
laleGg lgsfosf j]aj;fO6x?
www.google.com
www.ppmo.gov.np

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 74

 g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf
vl/b ljlw / o;sf] 5gf}6

vl/b ljlwsf] ;xL 5gf}6 x'g g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf]

vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of cfO{ vl/b k|efjsfl/tfdf k|Zg p7\g]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . vl/b sfo{ cl3 z'?d} vl/b ljlwsf] pko'Qm 9+un]
lgwf{/0f u/L vl/b sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg' cfjZos x'G5 tfls jf:tljs /
ck]lIft ;dodf vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg xf]; .
cd[t axfb'/ /fO{*

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+Zf
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ Jojl:yt, k|lt:kwL{, / u'0f:t/Lo agfO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg
;xhtfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf lgodfjnL, @)^$ df vl/bsf ljleGg ljlwx?sf]
k|fjwfg /flvPsf 5g . ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{sf] k|s[lt tyf /sd y|];xf]N8sf cfwf/df vl/bsf tL
ljlwx?sf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b sfo{ ubf{ dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{, k/fdz{
;]jf jf cGo ;]jf s] xf] ;f] sf] klxrfg ub{} vl/bsf nflu :jLs[t vl/b of]hgfsf cfwf/ / pknAw
/sd h:tf ljljw kIfsf cfwf/df vl/bsf ljlwx? rog ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{, jf
cGo ;]jf vl/bsf nflu ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] bz j6f vl/b ljlw ckgfpg ;lsg] tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf
vl/bsf nflu b'O{ j6f vl/b ljlwx?dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs vl/b ug{ ;lsg] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b
lgodfjnLdf ;d]t vl/bsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ yk b'O{j6f ljlwx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfwf/ vl/b
of]hgf gagfO{ tyf vl/b ljlwsf] ;xL klxrfg gu/L vl/b k|lqmof cl3 a9fpFbf vl/b sfo{ ;Dkfbg
x'g g;Sg] dfq geO{ sfg"gL hl6ntf pTkGg x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;y{ vl/bsf] of]hgf tof/ ubf{ g} vl/b
ljlwsf] 5gf}6nfO{ sfg"g;Ddt, j:t'ut / oyfy{k/s agfpg vl/bsf] k|s[lt tyf /sdsf] pknAwtfsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ;f]xL cfwf/df vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 u/L vl/b k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg
;s]] vl/b ljlwsf] ;xL k|of]u eO{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n x'g hfG5 .
d'Vo zAbx? M dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf vl/b, ;fj{hlgs vl/b ljlw, vl/b
of]hgf .
ljifo k|j]z
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$ n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b sfo{
ubf{ ljleGg vl/b ljlw rog ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfgx? /fv]sf] 5 . P]g lgoddf pNn]v eP cg';f/ s'g ljlw

* zfvf clws[t, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 75

dfkm{t vl/b ug]{ eGg] s''/fsf] lgwf] gu/L vl/b sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' x'Gg . o;sf nflu vl/bsf] of]hgf
agfO{ :jLs[t u/fpFbfsf] avt g} vl/bsf ljlwx?sf] lgSof]{n ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . :jLs[t sfo{qmd / pknAw
/sdsf] cfwf/ tyf vl/bsf] k|s[ltsf] cWoog u/L vl/bsf ljlwx?sf] 5gf}6 u/L vl/b of]hgfdf
;dfj]z u/fpg] / ;f] of]hgf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L4f/f :jLs[t u/fpg' kb{5 . vl/b ljlwsf] ;xL 5gf}6
x'g g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of cfO{ vl/b k|efjsfl/tfdf k|Zg p7\g]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . vl/b sfo{ cl3 z'?d} vl/b ljlwsf] pko'Qm 9+un] lgwf{/0f u/L vl/b sfo{nfO{ cl3
a9fpg' cfjZos x'G5 tfls jf:tljs / ck]lIft ;dodf vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg xf]; . “The procurement
method should be determined at this early stage because of the impact it has on the
procurement lead-time, and also to ensure that the responsible entity is able to set
realistic time frames and expectations for contract award” ( ) .
ctM vl/b ljlwsf] ;xL rogn] vl/b sfo{ ;xh x'g uO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd vl/b of]hgf cg';f/ vl/b
k|lqmof k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] lx;fan] ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g lgoddf
dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jf vl/b sfo{sf nflu ljleGg vl/b ljlwx?sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] / oL vl/b ljlwx?sf] kl/kfnfgf vl/b P]gn] tf]s]sf] ;j} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] clgjfo{
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf d'ne"t l;4fGtx?sf] kl/kfngf ub}{ vl/b sfo{ ug{ vl/b sfg"gn]
tf]s]sf] vl/b ljlwx?sf] 5gf}6 dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
vl/b ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|sl[ t, ;f] sf] ahf/df pknAwtfsf] cj:yf, nfut cg'dfg / /sdsf] cfsf/
h:tf ljljw kIfn] vl/b ljlwsf] rognfO{ c;/ u/]sf] x'G5 . To:t} vl/b of]hgf / pknAw ljQLo ;|ft] n]
klg vl/b sfo{ljlwsf] rognfO{ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df
;+nUg lgsfox?n] ;|ft] sf] pknAwtf, vl/b of]hgf / ahf/ ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df sfg"gn] tf]ss ] f] vl/b
pko'Qm vl/b ljlw 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 . pko'Qm vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ug{ g;Sbf vl/b sfo{ g} ck|efjsf/L x'g
uO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO{ x'g hfG5 . æpko'Qm ljlw rog x'g g;Sbf ;du| vl/b
k|lqmof g} ckvl/b (Mis-procurement) x'g] ;Defjgf /xg] x'bF' f vl/b ljlwsf] /fd|/L cWoog u/L pko'Qm
ljlw klxrfg ug{ cfjZos x'G5Æ -k] !#(, g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg_ . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] sfg"gn] tf]ss] f] vl/b ljlwx?sf] uxg cWoog u/L pko'Qm vl/b ljlw rog ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gdf vl/b ljlw / o;sf] 5gf}6
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# adf]lhd dfn;fdfg vl/bsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'nf af]nkq,
/fli6«o:t/df v'nf af]nkq, l;naGbL b/efpkq, ;f]em} vl/b, Sof6nu ;lk+u, lnld6]8 6]G8l/+u tyf
afO{ Aofs d]y8 vl/b ljlwx?sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/bsf nflu
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'nf af]nkq, /fli6«o:t/df v'nf af]nkq, l;naGbL b/efpkq, ;f]em} vl/b, pkef]Qmf
;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL dfkm{t, cdfgtaf6, Psd'i6 b/ ljlw dWo]af6 vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . To:t}, k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b sfo{ ubf{ ;f]em} jftf{af6 / k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/L ;]jf vl/b
ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu ug'{ cl3 cfzokq dfu u/L tLg b]lv 5 j6f ;Dd

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 76

;]jf k|bfossf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . oxfF s] s:tf] cj:yfdf tL vl/b ljlwx?sf] cjnDag
ug'{kb{5 eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
P]gdf Joj:yf ul/Psf vl/b ljlwx?
dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ jf cGo ;]jf vl/b ljlw
 cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'Nnf af]nkq cfÅjfg u/L,
 /fli6«o:t/df v'Nnf af]nkq cfÅjfg u/L,
 l;naGbL b/efpkq cfÅjfg u/L,
 ;f]em} vl/b,
 pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfo,
 cdfgt,
 Psd'i6 b/ ljlw,
 Catalogue Shopping,
 Limited Tendering,
 Buy Back Method.

k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ljlw

 k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/L,
 ;f]em} jftf{jf6 .
dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ jf cGo ;]jf vl/b ljlwsf ljlwx?
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'Nnf af]nkq cfJxfg s] s:tf] cfwf/df u/L vl/b ug{ ;lsg] eGg] ;d]t P]gdf k|i6
ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'Nnf af]nkq ljlw dfkm{t vl/b ug{ oL cfwf/x? k"/f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 M
 k|lt:kwf{Tds d'Nodf g]kfn /fHoleqsf Ps eGbf a9L lgdf{0f Joj;foL jf cfk"lt{stf{af6
k|fKt gx'g] ePdf,
 /fli6«o:t/df af]nkq cfJxfg ubf{ s'g} af]nkq gk/L ljb]zaf6 k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ePdf,
 bft[kIf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ljb]zL dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{ vl/b ug'{k/]df,
 ljz]if tyf hl6n lsl;dsf] dfn;fdfg jf lgdf{0f sfo{ ePsf]n] cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] af]nkqaf6
vl/b ug'{ kg]{ egL ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] cj:yfdf .
cGt/f{li6«o:t/df v'Nnf af]nkq dfkm{t ul/g] dfn;fdfg vl/b, lgdf{0f sfo{sf] vl/bsf nflu cfjZos
gd"gf af]nkq sfuhft ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, kl/jlt{t vl/b
sfg"g adf]lhd tL gd"gf af]nkq sfuhftx?df ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg cfjZos 5 eg] tL sfuhftx?df

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 77

sltko ljifox? g;d]l6Psf] tyf k|i6 gx'Fbf vl/b sfo{df ;d:of cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
vl/b sfg"g adf]lhd b]xfosf cj:yfdf /fli6«o:t/df v'Nnf af]nkq cfJxfgsf] ljlw rog u/L vl/b
sfo{ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
 ? @) nfv b]lv a9L nfut /sdsf] dfn;fdfg tyf lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpFbf,
 ? @) b]lv %) nfv ;Dd nfut /sdsf cf}iflwhGo dfn;fdfg vl/bsf nfuL,
 ? @ s/f]8 b]lv ? @ cj{ ?k}+of ;Ddsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpFbf -Ps r/0f b'O vfd ljlw_
 ? % nfv eGbf j9L ? !) s/f]8;Dd nfut /sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf nfuL .
kfFr nfv b]lv AfL; nfv ?k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{, dfn;fdfg jf cGo ;]jf vl/bdf
tyf aL; nfv b]lv krf; nfv ?k}ofF;Ddsf] cf}ifwLhGo dfn;fdfg vl/b ug'{kbf{ l;naGbL b/efpkq
ljlwsf] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
To;,} u/L ? % nfv ?k}ofF ;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{, dfn;fdfg jf k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf ?
@) nfv ;Ddsf] cf}ifwLhGo dfn;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;f]em} vl/b ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . oBlk,
kfFr nfv a9L /sdsf] vl/bdf Ps} cfly{s jif{df k6s k6s u/L Pp6} cfk"lt{stf{af6 6'qmf u/L ;f]em}
vl/b ug{ ;lsb}g . g]kfndf pTkflbt ? !% nfv ;Ddsf] dfn;fdfg To:tf] dfn;fdfg pTkfbsn]
/fli6«o:t/sf] ;dfrf/kqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] laqmL d"Nodf klg ;f]em} vl/b ljlw dfkm{t
vl/b ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t}, ;/sf/L lgsfon] csf]{ ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu vl/b ubf{ ;d]t ;d]t hlt;'s}
/sdsf] vl/b ;f]em} vl/b dfkm{t ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
;f]em} vl/b ug{ ;lsg] yk s]xL sfg"gL cfwf/x? o;k|sf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
 vl/b ;DaGwL zt{x? k"/f ug]{ k|fljlws bIftf jf Ifdtf Pp6f dfq cfk"lt{stf{ jf lgdf{0f
Joj;foL jf k/fdz{bftf jf ;]jfk|bfos;Fu ePdf,
 k|f]k|fO6/L ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;fljs ;Demf}tf d"Nosf] #) k|ltzt;Dd Ps tx dfyLsf]
clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[t lnO{ ;f]em} vl/b ug{ ;lsg] .
 vl/b ul/g] dfn;fdfg cfk"lt{ ug]{ clwsf/ Pp6f dfq cfk"lt{stf{;Fu ePsf] / cGo pko'Qm
ljsNk gePdf,
 cGt/f{li6«o cGt/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu ;f] ;+:yfn] tf]s]sf] b//]6df dfn;fdfg jf ;]jf vl/b
ug'{k/]df,
 ljz]if kl/l:yltdf vl/b ug'{k/]df,
 k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsPsf] sf/0fn] z'? ;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z gePsf] / z'? ;Demf}tfaf6 cnu
u/L ;DkGg ug{ k|fljlws jf cfly{s sf/0fn] sl7gfO{ x'g] eO{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] l;df leqsf]
cTofjZos lgdf{0f sfo{, dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf vl/b ug'{k/]df,
 ;DalGwt sfdsf] nflu s'g} ljlzi6 of]Uotf ePsf] vf; k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf tTsfn cfjZostf
ePdf jf ;fljssf] k/fdz{bftfaf6 g} ;]jf lng'kg]{ ckl/xfo{ sf/0f ePdf,
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 78
  cfk"lt{ ug]{ clwsf/ Pp6fdfq cfk"lt{stf{;Fu ePsf] cj:yfdf k|f]k|fO6/L jf cf}iflwhGo
dfn;fdfg ;f] cfk"lt{stf{ jf lghsf] cflwsfl/s ljqm]tf jf cflwsfl/s Ph]G6 dfkm{t vl/b
ug{ ;lsg],
 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgdGq0ffdf g]kfn e|d0fdf /x]sf ljb]zL d'n'ssf] ;/sf/ jf cGt/f{li6«o cGt/
;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] clt ljlzi6 jf ljlzi6 JolQmnfO{ cfltYotf / xf]6naf; ;'ljwfsf] nflu ?
%) nfv ;Ddsf] vl/b,
 /fhkqdf :jb]zL 3/]n' pBf]u egL tf]lslbPsf] pBf]uaf6 pTkflbt ? @% nfv ;Ddsf]
dfn;fdfg vl/b ;Demf}tf u/L ;f]em} vl/b .
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d''bfoaf6 ul/g] vl/b eg]sf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'G5 . lgdf{0f
sfo{ afx]ssf cGo k|sf/sf vl/bdf ;d]t pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t vl/b ug]{ unt cEof; u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf unt vl/b ljlwsf] 5gf}6n] vl/b sfo{df ljleGg hl6ntf cfpg] x'bf vl/b
ljlwsf] 5gf}6df vl/b sfg"gsf] cWoog cfjZos b]lvG5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d''bfoaf6
lgdf{0f sfo{ u/fpFbf jf ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ ldtJolotf, u'0f:t/Lotf jf lbuf]kgf clej[l4 x'g]
ePdf jf kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ / nfeu|fxL ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]
ePdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d''bfonfO{ To:tf] sfo{ u/fpg jf ;]jf lng ;lsg] egL ;fj{hlgs
vl/b P]gsf] bkmf $$ k|i6 Jo:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ? ! s/f]8 ?k}ofF ;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{df dfq pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d''bfoaf6 vl/b ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
cdfgtaf6 ul/g] ;fj{hlgs vl/b klg lgdf{0f sfo{sf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'g] ul/b ljlw xf] . vf;u/L
sfof{no tyf ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt ;fgf tyf 6'qm] lgdf{0f k|of]hgsf nflu of] vl/b ljlwsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf] dd{t ;Def/, ;fgfltgf lgoldt sfo{ jf ;/;kmfO{ h:tf sfo{ u/fpFbf
cdfgt dfkm{t vl/b ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . o; vl/b ljlwdf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfg
sfof{no cfkm}n] vl/b u/L >ldsnfO{ Hofnfsf] ?kdf sfd u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; vl/b ljlwdf ! nfv
?k}ofFdf ga9fO{ v08–v08 u/L jftf{af6 u/fpg'kg]{ ;fy} Ps tx dflysf] clwsf/Lsf] k"j{ :jLs[tL
lng'kg]{ klg vl/b sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] xsdf csf]{ vl/b ljlw Psd'i6 b/ ljlwaf6 ul/g] vl/b xf] . of] ljlwdf k|To]s OsfO{sf]
kl/df0f / nfut cg'dfgsf] s"n cg'dfgsf] s"n c+s eGbf s] slt 36L jf a9L k|ltztdf sfd ug]{ xf]
;f] saf]n u/L af]nkq k]z ug]{ ljlw egL P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] ljlwsf] k|of]udf nfuL of]Uotf
cfjZos gkg]{ k|s[ltsf] tyf ? @ s/f]8 ?k}ofF;Dd nfut cg'dfg ePsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ nfut
cg'dfg ;fj{hlgs u/L /fli6«o:t/sf] af]nkqsf] dfWod4f/f k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ vl/b ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Psd'i6
b/ ljlwaf6 ul/g] lgdf{0f sfo{ ax'jifL{o vl/bdf ug{ gkfOg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
Sof6nu ;lk+u ljlwsf] Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] xf] . of] ljlw dfn;fdfg
vl/b vf;u/L x]eL OlSjkd]G6, ;jf/L ;fwg, cf}hf/, d]zLg/L, pks/0f, PS;/] jf Pd cf/ cfO{
h:tf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ pkrf/hGo oGq jf o:t} cGo oflGqs dfn;fdfgx?
To:tf] ;dfg:t/sf] dfn;fdfg pTkfbg jf ljt/0f ug]{ pTkfbs sDkgL jf To;sf] cflwsfl/s

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 79

laqm]tfnfO{ slDtdf & b]lv a9Ldf !% lbg;Ddsf] lnlvt ;"rgf dfkm{t k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ vl/b ul/g]
ljlw xf] . pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgLn] pTkfbgsf] ljz]iftf, u''0f:t/ / ;'lj:tfsf cfwf/df to u/]sf] laqmL
d"No ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] j]e;fO6 jf a|f];/df ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 ;dfg:t/sf] dfn;fdfg pTkfbg ug]{
sDkgLn] tf]s]sf] d"Nodf k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ ul/g] vl/b ljlw g} Sof6nu ;lk+u ljlw xf] . of] ljlw jx'jifL{o
vl/bsf nflu eg] k|of]u ug{ kfO{b}g . Sof6nu ;lk+u ljlwnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg
sfof{non] Sof6nu ;lk+u sfo{ljlw, @)&$ hf/L ;d]t u/]s]f 5 .
lnld6]8 6]08l/+u vl/b ljlw cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, k/fdz{bftf jf ;]jf k|bfosx? # jf ;f]
eGbf sd ;+Vofdf pknAw ePsf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu s'g} dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f
sfo{ jf k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf nflu klxrfg ePsf ;Lldt pTkfbs, cfk"lt{stf{ jf ;]jf k|bfosaLr
dfq !% lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{ af]nkq jf k|:tfjdfkm{t k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ dfn;fdfg, lgdf{0f sfo{ jf ;]jf
vl/b ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . of] vl/b ljlw ax'jifL{o ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ vl/b sfo{df k|of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
afO Aofs d]y8 ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] csf]{ vl/b ljlw xf] . h'g dfn;fdfg vl/bsf]
nflu dfq k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . lglZrt ;do kl5 cf}lrTolxg x'g] jf hg:jf:Yo jf jftfj/0fsf] b[li6n]
lnnfd ug{ jf e08f/0f u/L /fVg gldNg] jf k|of]u ug{ gx'g] cj:yfsf dfn;fdfg jf d]l;g/L cf}hf/
d"Nof+sg u/L ;DjlGwt pTkfbs jf cfk"lt{stf{nfO{ lkmtf{ lbO{ gofF lng] ljlw xf] . of] ljlw dfkm{t vl/b
sfo{ cl3 a9fpFbf cfjZos ;"rL tof/ u/L ljefuLo :jLs[tL lng'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . t/, ax'jifL{o
;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ vl/b sfo{df of] ljlw k|of]u ug{'x'Fb}g .
k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf ljlwx?
;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ubf{ d'Votof b'O{ j6f ljlwx? ;f]em} jftf{ /
k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/L vl/b ug{ ;lsg] sfg"gL Jjj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ? kfFr nfv ;Dd nfut
cg'dfg ePsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/b ;f]em} jftf{ dfkm{t ug{ ;lsG5 .
? kfFr nfveGbf a9L nfut cg'dfg ePsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf k|lt:kwf{Tds k|:tfj dfu u/L ;]jf vl/b
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|:tfj (RFP) dfu ug'{ cl3 !% lbgsf] /fli6«o:t/sf] ;"rgf dfkm{t # b]lv ^ j6f
cfzokqbftfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ? @) nfv b]lv !) s/f]8 ?k}ofF ;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bdf
/fli6«o:t/sf] cfzokqbftfx?aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg'kg]{ / ? !) s/f]8 eGbf a9L /sdsf] k/fdz{
;]jf vl/b ug'{kbf{ cGt/fli6«o:t/sf] cfzokq (EOI) dfu ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . ? !) s/f]8
eGbf a9L /sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bdf (EOI) dfkm{t 5gf}6 ePsf k/fdz{bftfx?af6 #) lbgsf] ;do
lbO{ k|:tfj dfu u/L ;]jf vl/b ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ? @) nfv ;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bdf (EOI) dfkm{t
5gf}6 ePsf k/fdz{bftfx?af6 lng] xf] jf df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf k/fdz{bftfx?af6 vl/b ug{ ;lsg]
xf] eGg] s'/fdf vl/b lgodfjnLn] b'ljwf pTkGg u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . lsgls, ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgod,
@)^$ sf] lgod &@ df ? @) nfv ?k}ofFeGbf sd /sd ;Ddsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf ^-s_ adf]lhd df}h'bf ;"rLdf /x]sf] k/fdz{bftfx? af6 lnlvt ?kdf k|fljlws / cfly{s
k|:tfj dfu u/L ;]jf vl/b ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] lgod &! n] (EOI)
dfkm{t 5gf}6 ePsf cfzokqbftfx?af6 !% lbgsf] ;do lbO{ k|:tfj dfu u/L ;]jf vl/b ug'{kg]{5

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 80

eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . vl/b lgodfjnLs} lgod &) nfO{ cWoog ug]{ xf] eg], ? @) nfv eGbf a9L
/sdsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf vl/bsf nflu dfq cfzokq (EOI) dfu ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfn] ubf{ ? @) nfv eGbf
sd /sdsf] nflu (EOI) dfu gu/L df}h'bf ;"rLdf ;'rLs[t dWo]af6 g} !% lbgsf] ;do lbO{ # b]lv
^ j6f ;Dd ;]jf k|bfosaf6 k|fljlws / cfly{s k|:tfj dfu u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds cfwf/df k/fdz{ ;]jf
vl/b ug{' g} lgod ;+ut b]lvG5 .
lgisif{
;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ljleGg k|sf/sf] dfn;dfg, lgdf{0f
sfo{, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf cGo ;]jfx?sf] vl/b ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b s} p2]Zo rflxF d'ntM
b'O{ k|sf/sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf], ;fj{hlgs lgsfo cfkm}nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vl/b h:tf]M sfof{nosf]
nflu cfjZos dfn;fdfgsf] cfk"lt{ tyf sfof{no ejg nufotsf] lgdf{0f, cflb . bf];|f], ;fj{hlgs
lgsfon] vl/b u/L ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s tyf nlIft ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ pknAw u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs p2]Zo
xfl;n ug]{ h:tf]M cf}ifwL vl/b u/L gful/nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{, ;8s tyf l;+rfO{sf lgdf{{0f cflb . o;/L
;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/b sfo{ ubf{ vl/b Joj:yfkgdf ;xhtf Nofpg ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf :yflkt
l;4fGtx?sf] cfTd;ft u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# tyf lgodfjnL, @)^$ n] ljleGg vl/b
ljlwx?sf] k|fjwfgx? /fv]sf] 5 . ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] vl/bsf] k|s[lt, nfut cg'dfg / /sdsf]
pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df tL vl/b ljlwx?sf] rog u/L vl/b sfo{ cl3 j9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . vl/b ljlwsf]
sfg"g ;Ddt pko'Qm ljlw 5gf}6 ug{ g;Sbf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?sf] vl/b sfo{df hl6ntf b]lvg'sf
;fy} clgoldttfsf] cfz+sfdf cg'udg tyf cg';Gwfg x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . vl/b ljlwsf] ;xL
5gf}6 u/L vl/b k|lqmof q'6L/lxt agfpgsf nflu vl/bsf] k|s[lt, nfut cg'dfg / pknAw /sdsf
;fy} vl/b sfg"gdf ePsf vl/b ljlwx?sf] uxg cWoog cToGt} cfjZos 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf] ljleGg vl/b ljlwsf gd"gf af]nkq sfuhft (SBD) x? /
k|:tfj (RFP) x?sf] ;d]t cWoog u/L ;f]xL cg'?k af]nkq sfuhftx?sf] k|of]u ug{ h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;|f]tM
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# / ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsfx?, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg -l;4fGt / Jojxf/_, /d]z s'df/ zdf{ ltlD;gf, @)&$
https://procurementclassroom.com/deciding-on-a-procurement-method/

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 81

 ;+3Lotfdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf]
;]jf k|jfx M Ps b[li6sf]0f
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf eg]sf] sd{rf/LtGq / o;sf] ;+/rgf
/x]sf] x'G5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /x]sf hgtfnfO{ ;/n,
;'ne tyf ;xh 9+un] ;]jf k|jfx ug{sf] nflu ljleGg ;+/rgf / c+ux?
:yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ .
;'lgtf zdf{*

ljifo k|j]z
;fdfGotof vl/b eGgfn] s'g} klg j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ug]{, lsGg]] eGg] a'lemG5 . h;df s'g} klg
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] j:t' jf ;]jf k|fKt ub{5, vl/b ub{5 . sfof{no :yfkgf x'gf;fy j:t' jf ;]jf
rflxg] x'Fbf vl/b sfd sf/afxL klg sfof{nosf] ;'?jftL ;Fu;Fu} ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] o; P]g adf]lhd s'g} dfn;fdfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf jf cGo ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ jf
s'g} lgdf{0f sfo{ ug]{ jf u/fpg] sfo{ ;Demg' kb{5 egL pNn]v u/]s]f 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, k|lqmof tyf lg0f{onfO{ v'nf, kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{, j:t'lgi7 /
ljZj;gLo agfpb} ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] clwstd k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodsf]
kl/lw leq /lx vl/b sfd sf/afxLsf] lgodg ug{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no @)^$ efb| #
ut] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
Jojxfl/s kIfaf6 x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b Ps hl6n tyf k|ljlws ljifo xf] eg] cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf]
kf6f]af6 x]bf{ cToflws hf]lvd /x]sf] ljifo klg xf] . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b ubf{ Ps
lglZrt k|lqmof tyf ljlw cjnDag ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h'g ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf
:ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf # df æ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b
ubf{ o; P]g adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw k'/f u/L vl/b ug'{kg]{5Æ elg pNn]v u/] cg';f/ s'g} klg
;fj{hlgs lgsfon] vl/b sfo{ ubf{ lglZrt k|lqmof tyf ljlw k'/f u/L vl/b ug'{kg]{5 / pNn]v
u/] cg';f/sf] rqm k'/f gu/L u/]sf] vl/bnfO{ cdfGo jf sfg'g ;Ddt dflgb}g . lo / o:t}
ultljlwnfO{ lgodg ug{ :yfkgf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf cfˆgf 5'§} p2]Zo
tyf sfo{x? 5g .
p2]Zo (Objectives)
;fj{hlgs vl/b k|lqmofdf k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, O{dfGbfl/tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ljZj;lgotf k|jb{g u/L
ldtJooL tyf ljj]sk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;~rfng u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{' .
* zfvf clws[t, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 82

sfo{x?
;fj{hlgs vl/b P]gsf] bkmf ^% / lgodfjnLsf] lgod !$$ cg';f/ o; sfof{nosf d'Vo–d'Vo sfo{x?
b]xfocg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M
• vl/b ;DaGwL gLlt jf k|rlnt sfg"gdf ;'wf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
• vl/b k|lqmof ;DaGwL vfsf agfpg], af]nkq ;DaGwL gd"gf sfuhft lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf sfo{ljlw,
lgb{]{lzsf / k|fljlws dfu{bz{g th{'df ug]{ .
• vl/b k|lqmof ;DaGwL vfsf cg';f/ vl/b sfo{ eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ .
• vl/b sfo{df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; -tflnd, cGt/lqmof, cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng_
ug]{ .
;+l3otfdf ;]jf k|jfxsf ljsNk
/fHosf] /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yflgo txdf ljefhg u/L tbg'?k zlSt,
;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;+l3otf elgG5 .
d'n's clxn] /fhgLlts ?kfGt/0fsf] qmddf s]lGb|s[t ;+/rgfaf6 ;+l3o ;+/rgfdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .
;+l3otf sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf eg]sf] sd{rf/LtGq / o;sf] ;+/rgf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf /x]sf hgtfnfO{ ;/n, ;'ne tyf ;xh 9+un] ;]jf k|jfx ug{sf] nflu ljleGg ;+/rgf / c+ux?
:yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ . ;+3df dfq /x]sf ;+/rgfsf ;fy} k|b]z / :yfgLo tx;Dd ;+/rgf
ePsf lgsfox?n] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jfx?df ljljlws/0f ;fy} ljlzli6s/0f /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] sfof{Gjog ;Fu} ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] k"0f{tf kfO{ sfo{fGjogsf] r/0fdf /x]sf]
5 . tLg txsf] ;+l3o ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ;Fu} ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL % df ;+3sf] clwsf/sf] ;"lrsf]
jf/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL ^ df k|b]zsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLsf] tyf cg';"rL & df ;+3 tyf
k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg';"rL * df :yflgo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL
/ cg';"rL ( df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rLsf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
pNn]v ul/Psf clwsf/sf ;"rLx?nfO{ x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DaGwL ljifox? Pj+ cg'udgsf sfo{x?
s;n] ug]{ eGg] :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] kfO{b}g . o;sf] cfwf/df k|To]s txx?n] ;+3Lo sfg"gsf]
kl/wLleq /lx cf–cfkm\gf] sfg"gL Joj:yfx? ug{;Sg] cj:yf 5 . h:fsf] nflu jt{dfgdf ;fj{hlgs
vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] e"ldsfdf ;d]t kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] vl/b
;DaGwL JoJf:yfx?sf] cg'udg tyf Joj:yfkg ug'{sf] ;fy} :yfgLo tyf k|b]z txsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b
sfo{sf nflu ;xlhs/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; lgsfosf] If]q g]kfn e/L ePsf]n] s]Gb|df /x]sf] lgsfon]
;fj{hlgs vl/b h:tf] cfd hgtfsf] rf;f]sf] ljifodf o;n] ;]jf k|jfx tyf cfˆgf] e"ldsf s;/L
r':t tyf l56f] 5l/tf] ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f Ps k|d'v hNbf]aNbf] tyf r'gf}tLsf] ljifo xf] . To;}n]
;+l3otfdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfocg';f/sf
ljsNkx? cjnDag ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 M

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 83

 • ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nosf] k'g{;+/rgf u/L ;+3 tyf k|b]z txdf o;sf sfof{nox?
/xg] JoJf:yf u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ glhs tyf l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/LnfO{ advanced procurement training tyf af]nkqbftfsf]
Ifdtf ljsf; / Ifdtf cg';f/sf] sfd dfq lbg'kg]{ .
• ;+3Lo k|0ffnL cg'?ksf] vl/b sfg"gdf ;'wf/ / lgb]{lzsf tyf sfo{ljlwx?df ;+Zff]wg tyf ;'wf/
ug]{ .
• of]hgfj4 vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ jf:tljs ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{ .
• k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf vl/b;Fu ;DaGwLt sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd tyf cg'lzIf0f sfo{qmd
;~rfng u/L pSt lgsfox?nfO{ ;an tyf ;Ifd agfpg] .
• bIf hgzlStsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf u/L vl/b ;DaGwL cg'udgnfO{ Jofks agfO{ u'gf;f], /fo tyf
k/fdz{nfO{ cgnfO{g k|0ffnL dfkm{t l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg] .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{nonfO{ vl/b PS;n]G; P]s]8]dLsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;|f]t tyf
;fwgn] ;DkGg u/fpg] .
lgisif{
;fdfGotof s'g} klg b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @) k|ltzt / s'n ah]6sf] ^) k|ltzt /sd
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfo{df vlr{g] /
o;sf]cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, Joj:yfksLo nufotsf If]qdf ax'cfolds k|efj /x]sf] kl/k|]R5df
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo lgsfodf /x]sf vl/b If]qsf ;jfnnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf
ax;, 5nkmn u/L kof{Kt ;'wf/sf pkfox? Dffkm{t o;df k|lt:kwf{, :jR5tf, OdfGbf/Ltf, hjfkmb]lxtf
/ ljZj;lgotfsf] bfo/f lj:t[t ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
• g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g,@)^# / lgodfjnL @)^$

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 84

 ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx?

;fj{hlgs vl/bsf r/0fx? ljleGg ePtf klg ;fdfGotof

b]xfosf pNn]lvt r/0fx?nfO{ k|foM h;f] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon]
cjnDag ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . vl/b rqmsf] k|To]s r/0fsf] k|efjsf/L
cEof; g} vl/b Joj:yfkg xf] .
;fljqf e§*

ljifo k|j]z
;fj{hlgs vl/b eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ug]{ vl/b sfo{nfO{ a'lemG5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?n] ;+u7gsf]
nIo÷p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu j:t', ;]jf / lgdf{0f sfo{ h:tf ljifox?sf] vl/b ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs
vl/b elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf] d'Vo p2]Zo vl/b sfo{df ;a}sf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;dfg cj;/ lb+b}
k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWod¢f/f u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf lgwf{l/t ;do leq k|flKt ug'{ xf] .
;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg / o;sf] dxTj
vl/b cfjZostf klxrfg u/L pko'Qm ;dodf pko'Qm j:t' tyf ;]jfx? ldtJooL, cf}lrTok"0f{ 9+un]
cfjZostf cg';f/ l56f] 5l/tf] dfWodaf6 u'0f:t/Lo j:t', ;]jf vl/b u/L ;:+yfsf] pRrtd nIo
p2]Zo k|flKt ug]{ sfo{ g} ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg xf] . vl/b Joj:yfkgsf] k|efjsf/L cEof;af6
;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]unfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ;du| vl/b k|lqmofnfO{ ;/n, k|lt:kwL{
/ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] k|of; ub{5 . ;fy},
• Value for Money sfod ub{5 .
• kf/bzL{tf / ldtJooLtf sfod ub}{ ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpb5 .
• cfd gful/s ;fd' ;/sf/L vr{sf] cf}lrTo l;¢ ub{5 .
• v'nf, kf/bzL{ / u'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xh agfpg] k|of; ub{5 .
• ;fj{hlgs vl/bdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
• vl/b sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L kl/kfngf ub{5 .
• vl/b sfo{df x'g] clgoldttf / a]lylt lgoGq0f ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgsf r/0fx?
;fj{hlgs vl/bdf cfjZostf klxrfg b]lv ;Demf}tf ;Ddsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? ;dfj]z ePsf]
kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/bsf r/0fx? ljleGg ePtfklg ;fdfGotof b]xfosf pNn]lvt r/0fx?nfO{
* gfoj ;'Jjf, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 85

k|foMh;f] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cjnDag ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . vl/b rqmsf] k|To]s r/0fsf] k|efjsf/L
cEof; g} vl/b Joj:yfkg xf] .
!= cfjZostfsf] klxrfg,
@= dfu ;+sng
#= vl/b of]hgf / u'?of]hgf tof/,
$=vl/b OsfO{sf] u7g
%= cfjZos ah]6, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg, 8«Oª–l8hfOg tof/ u/L ;Defljt cfk"lt{stf{sf] 5gf}6,
^= dfn;fdfgsf] cfk"lt{, dfn;fdfgsf] kl/If0f, e08f/0f, bflvnf, e'QmfgL, ;fdfgsf] n]vf+sg /
k|ltj]bg
&= n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
;+u7gsf] nIonfO{ dWogh/ u/L jf:tljs dfusf] klxrfg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . cfjZostf eGbf
a9L jf 36L dfu cfFsng u/L vl/b ul/of] eg] nIo xfl;n gx'g] jf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cgfjZos vr{
eO b'?kof]u x'g hfG5 . To;}u/L vl/b of]hga¢ tj/n] ug'{kb{5 . jif{e/L ul/g] vl/bnfO{ ;do;Ldf
;lxtsf] :ki6 sfo{of]hgfsf] cfwf/df sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . ;|f]t ;fwg ljlgof]hg ug'{k"j{ g} vl/b
ul/g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k"j{tof/L ug{ ;lsPg eg] vl/b sfo{ tf]lsP adf]lhd ug{ ;lsb}g . vl/b
ul/g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f u/L clwstd pkof]u ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 . t;y{ dfyL
pNn]lvt r/0fx?sf] k|of]u u/L vl/b k|ls|ofnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L cf}lrTok"0f{ / Jojl:yt t'Nofpg'
h?/L x'G5 .
k|efjsf/L vl/b Joj:yfkgsf k|of;x?
cfd gful/ssf] lxt / pGgltsf nflu ul/g] ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ lgod;Ddt, kf/bzL{, ldtJooL,
cf}lrTok"0f{ tj/n] vr{ u/L ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] a9L eGbf a9L ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu ljleGg P]g
lgod sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g . vl/b sfo{nfO{{ Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfpg d'VotM b]xfosf sfg"gL
Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] 5 .
sfg'gL Joj:yf
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
• ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{non] hf/L ug]{ lgb]{lzsf, sfo{ljlw cflb
• :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$
• ljleGg ;ldlt af]8{, ;+:yfx?sf] vl/b ljlgodfjnL
• vl/b ;DaGwdf ljBdfg cGt/fl{i6«o d"No–dfGotf, cEof; cflb .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 86

ljB'tLo vl/b k|0ffnL
vl/b sfo{nfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / k|lt:kwL{ agfO Jojl:yt vl/b k|0ffnL dfkm{t vl/b sfo{df ;xhtf
Nofpgsf] nflu sfg"gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g'sf] ;fy} ljB'lto vl/b k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/Psf]
5 . o; dfkm{t ljutdf x'g] u/]sf] a]lytL clgoldttf / l9nf;'l:tdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . sd d"Nodf
u'0f:t/Lo j:t', ;]jf k|flKt ePsf] 5 . lgod sfg"gsf] kfngf gug]{, 5nsk6 / l9nf;':tL ug]{nfO{
sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] k|of; ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/b cfd gful/saf6 ;+slnt s/af6 ul/g] vl/b ePsfn] o;nfO{ /lQe/ 5nsk6,
lxgfldgf x'g glbg ljB'lto vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ kl/dfh{g ub}{ cEof;df NofO{Psf] 5 . ljBdfg P]g
lgodnfO{ ;do ;fk]If jgfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, ljleGg sfo{ljlwx? tof/ ul/ ;fj{hlgs
ul/Psf] 5 . cfd gful/snfO{ ;xh ?kdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ / o; If]qdf x'g] a]lytLnfO{ lgoGq0f
ug{ ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox? ls|oflzn /x]sf 5g . ;fy} vl/b sfo{df ;+nUg eO{ lk/dsf{df
k/]sf af]nkqbftfx?nfO{ ;xh sfg"gL pkrf/sf nflu cw{ Goflos lgsfosf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs vl/b
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt ls|oflzn 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf b]xfosf] vl/b ljlw ckgfO{ vl/b ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL
Joj:yf 5 .
!= cGt/fli{6«o :t/sf] v'nf af]nkq
@= /fli6«o :t/sf] v'nf af]nkq
#= l;naGbL b/efpkq
$= ;f]em} vl/b
%= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf nfeu|fxL ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{
^= cdfgt
&= Psd'i6 b/ ljlw
*= pTkfbs jf clws[t laqm]tf¢f/f lgwf{l/t b/df
(= ;Lldt af]nkqbftfn] efu lng] vl/b ljlw
!)= Buy Back Method, cflb .
vl/b sfo{nfO{ a9L eGbf a9L Jojl:yt agfO{ ;xh tj/n] k|lt:kwL{ d"Nodf j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKtL ug]{
cfd gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrtsf nflu cGt/fli6«o d"No, dfGotf, l;4fGt, ljlw, k|lqmof, ljBdfg
P]g lgod cflb cjnDag ul/g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vl/bsf ljBdfg ;d:ofx?
ljleGg sfg"gL / ;+:yfut k|of;sf afah'b g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkg cfnf]rgf jf
;d:ofd'Qm eg] 5}g . vl/b sfg"g lglZrt ;d'xsf] :jfy{ k|]l/t eO{ l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g x'g] u/]sf] vl/b
sfo{nfO{ a9L k|lqmofd'vL / l9nf;':tL u/fOPsf], vl/b sfo{df l;ldt JolQmnfO{ dfq cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
k|of; u/]sf], emGeml6nf] / JolQm lkR5] sfg'gsf] JofVof km/s–km/s ul/g] h:tf cf/f]k nfUg] u/]sf]

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 87

kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfkgdf b]xfosf ;d:ofx? ljBdfg /x]sf 5g .
!= ljB'lto vl/b k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf cjnDjg ug{ g;Sg',
@= ljBdfg P]g, lgod / Standard Bidding Documents ;do ;fGble{s ;'wf/ gx'g',
#= sd{rf/LnfO{ cfkmgf] sfdk|lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL agfpg g;lsg',
$= vl/b sfo{nfO{ l;ldt JolQmdf dfq l;ldt ug{ vf]Hg',
%= cfjZostf / cf}lrTotfdf eGbf klg vr{ ug]{ lx;fan] vl/b ug]{ / To;sf] sd pkof]u ug]{ k|jl[ t,
^= u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf ;dodf pknAw gx'g',
&= kof{Kt bIf hgzlQm kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg',
*= vl/b ;DaGwL s]Gb|Lo data bank tof/ ug{ g;Sg',
Dfly pNn]lvt ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo k|lta¢ x'g h?/L 5 . vl/b
sfo{nfO{ sltkon] af]emsf] ?kdf / sltko lgsfox?df ;|f]t ;fwgs b'?kof]u ePsf] eGg] s'/fx? klg
;'Ggdf cfpFb5g. ;j{k|yd k]zf k|ltsf] OdfGbfl/tf / hjfkmb]lxtf k|efjsf/L vl/bsf] k"j{zt{ xf] . vl/b
sfo{df k"j{tof/L / of]hgf Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsof] eg] dfq tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
vl/b ;DalGw lj1 hgzlQm ljsf;, vl/b cg'udg ug]{ sfof{nosf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l¢ ug{ h?/L
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljB'tLo k|0ffnLsf] lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ / sfg"g Pj+ sfo{ljlwsf] ;/nLs/0f dfkm{t
;fj{hlgs vl/bnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg ;lsG5 .
lgisif{
;fj{hlgs vl/b cfdgful/ssf] s/af6 ul/g] vr{ ePsf]n] hgtfsf] dfu cfjZostf, /fHosf] ;fdYo{,
cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cflbnfO{ Wofg lb+b} g}ltstf / Odfgbfl/tfk"j{s kl/kfngf ul/g' kb{5 . d'n'ssf]
sl/j ^) b]lv &) k|ltzt ;Ddsf] vl/b ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6} x'g] ePsfn] ;Dk"0f{ vl/b ljlw/ P]g
lgodx?sf]] k"0f{ kl/kfngf dfkm{t vl/b sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . Tolt dfq} geO{ k'Flhut
vr{sf] dfqf / u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ klg ;fj{hlgs vl/b Joj:yfdf /x]sf ;d:of xn u/L cl3 a9g'
h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . o;f] x'g ;s]df ;/sf/L vr{k|lt hgljZjf; cfh{g x'g], hgtfsf] dfu / cfjZostf
k'lt{ x'guO{ ;d[¢ g]kfn / ;'vL g]kfnL agfpg] cfsf+Iff k'/f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#
@= ;fj{hlgs vl/b lgodfjnL, @)^$
#= ljleGg :yfgdf ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs vl/b ;DjGwL tflnd tyf cGt/ls|ofx?af6 p7]sf k|ltls|of tyf
;'emfjx?, @)&$÷)&%

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 88

 INCOTERMS
(International terms of trade)

dfn;fdfg vl/b k|lqmofdf laqm]tfb]lv vl/bstf{ ;Dd dfn;fdfg k'of{pg

lgDglnlvt lhDd]af/Lx? lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . emGem6 /lxt vl/b sfo{
;DkGg ug{ laqm]tf / vl/bstf{ dWo] s;n] s'g lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ / To;nfO
s;/L ;DkGg ug]{ xf] Tof] s'/f z'? b]lv g} k|i6 x'g'k5{ .
Er. Satya Narayan Shah*

cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ -Trading_ df ;xhtf / Ps?ktf Nofpg International Chamber of Commerce

-ICC_ n] ;+;f/el/ g} k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] Jofkfl/s zAbfjnLx? lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5, hf] :ki6 ;fy kl/eflift
5g . o;sf] k|of]u vf;u/L dfn;fdfg vl/b k|lqmofdf ul/G5 . jf:tjdf eGg] xf], eGg] o;sf] :ki6
1fg a]u/ dfn;fdfg vl/b sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ Hofb} sl7gfO x'g;S5 . o;sf] hfgsf/Lsf] cefjdf
dfn;fdfgsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ljlw cyjf cfwf/ tof/ x'g ;Sb}g .
INCOTERMS nfO /fd|f] ;+u a'‰g dfn;fdfg -Goods_ sf] Jofkfl/s d"No lgwf{/0f k|lqmofnfO{ a'‰g'kg]{
x'G5 . o;nfO{ a'lem;s] kl5 INCOTERMS a'‰g'sf] ;fy} s'g INCOTERMS nfO{ sxfF / s:tf] cj:yfdf
k|of]u ug]{ l;4fGt klg k|i6 x'g]5 .
Movement of Goods

lrq –!
* PEng (Nepal)

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 89

s'g} klg dfn;fdfgsf] pTkfbg d"No, h'g pTkfbssf] cfˆgf] xftf -premises_ leq x'G5, To;nfO{
s'g} vl/bstf{ ;Dd k'of{pg ljleGg k|lqmof k'/f ub}{ / tbg';f/ To;df k|lqmofut vr{x? hf]8\b}
Jofkfl/s d"No cyjf delivery price to ul/G5 . dfly sf] lrq–! df b]vfOP cg';f/ pTkfbs jf
;Knfo/sf] xftf leqsf] ;fdfg vl/bstf{ ;Dd k'of{pg ;fdfgnfO{ packing ug]{, packing list tof/,
commercial invoice tof/ ug]{, lgof{t Ohfht kq xfl;n ug]{, load-unload ug]{, d'Vo afxs
-Transporter_ ;Dd 9'jfgL ug]{, Transporter sf] lgo'lQm ug]{ tyf To;sf] e'QmfgLsf] Joj:yf ug]{,
dfn;fdfgsf] aLdf u/fpg], Inland Transportation sf] Joj:yf ug]{, eG;f/ tyf cGo b:t"/ ltg]{
Joj:yf ug]{ cflb d'Vo sfo{x? ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f hfgsf/L x'g'kg]{ s] klg xf] eg] dfn;fdfgnfO{ vl/bstf{ ;Dd k'of{pg k|To]s
r/0fdf pTkfbg d"Nodf -Cost_ qmd}cg';f/ j[l4sf] ;fy;fy} hf]lvd -Risk_ ;d]t ;+nUg x'G5 . h:t},
k|yd r/0fdf dfn;fdfg packing ubf{ To;df rflxg] packing material / packing ug{ hgzlQm
cyjf d]lzgn] d"No j[l4 u/fp5 eg] packing ubf{ s'g} sf/0fjz dfn;fdfg 6'6km'6 x'g] ;DefjfgfnfO{
hf]lvdsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . To:t} dfn;fdfg 9'jfgL ubf{, To;sf] nfuL load-unload / 9'jfgL
ef8f d"No j[l4 u/fp5 eg] 9'jfgL ubf{ transportation df x'g;Sg] ;Defljt b'3{6gfx?n] hf]lvd
pQ\kGg ub{5 . o:tf hf]lvdx?sf] Aoa:yfkgsf] nflu dfn;fdfgsf] aLdf u/fOG5 .
o;/L dfn;fdfg vl/b k|lqmofdf laqm]tf -pTkfbs cyjf ;Knfo/_ b]lv vl/bstf{ ;Dd dfn;fdfg
k'of{pg lgDglnlvt lhDd]jf/Lx? lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . emGem6 /lxt vl/b sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ laqm]tf /
vl/bstf{ dWo] s;n] s'g lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ / To;nfO s;/L ;DkGg ug]{ xf] Tof] s'/f z'? b]lv g}
k|i6 x'g'k5{ .
The responsibilities and costs between the parties for:
 Licenses and government imposed formalities for import & export
 Packing and marking for international transport
 Documentation required for the transport, transfer and Customs clearance of
goods
 Proof of delivery
 Taxes, duties, consular fees, terminal charges, arrival & destination charges
 Insurance, when elected
 Loading and unloading
 International and inland transport
 Risk of loss or damage
pk/f]Qm responsibilities x?nfO{ :ki6?kn] s;nfO{ slt / s'g cleef/f ;'lDkg] xf] To;sf] kl/efiff
;lxtsf] sfo{ ljefhg cyjf lhDd]jf/Lx? ljefhg ug]{ sfd d'Vo?kn] INCOTERMS n] u5{ . o;nfO{
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 90
;g\ !(#^ df International Chamber of Commerce -ICC_ n] tof/ ul/ k|yd k6s k|sflzt
u/]sf] xf] . / clxn] ;Dd ^ k6s ;+zf]wg eO{;s]sf] 5 . jt{dfg ;+zf]wg "INCOTERMS 2010"
27 September 2010 df eO{ 1st January, 2011 b]lv nfu" ul/Psf] xf] . ICC n] cfufdL ;+zf]wg
“Incoterms 2020” df sfo{ ul//x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 .
INCOTERMS sf d'Vo p2]Zox? lgDglnlvt 5g\ M–
 To facilitate the international trade so that goods are sold in more countries, in larger
quantities, & in greater variety.
 To clearly define the respective obligations of seller & buyer.
 To reduce the risk of legal complication in a sales contract.
 To respond to the global business needs everywhere.
 Reduces or removes uncertainties arising from differing interpretations of shipping
terms in different countries.
 Reference to a proper INCOTERMS in a contract clearly defines each party’s
obligations, costs and risks in the international transaction and reduces the risk of
legal complications.
 They can assist in defining what costs the purchase price includes (e.g. prepaid
international freight, prepaid duties, insurance, etc.), and clarify the risks & liabilities.
 Eliminates ambiguities or inconsistencies of country-specific sales and shipping
contracts.
 Makes it easy for sellers and buyers to identify and manage the costs and liabilities
of transporting cargo between source and delivery/ destinations.
INCOTERMS 2010 sf] ;+/rgf / juL{s/0fM
INCOTERMS 2010 df hDdf !! j6f 6d{x? 5g, h'g lgDgfg';f/ 5gM
Group E Departure.
EXW Ex Works (…named place)
Group F Main carriage unpaid.
FCA Free Carrier (…named place)
FAS Free Alongside ship (…named port of shipment)
FOB Free on Board (…named port of shipment)
Group C Main carriage Paid
CFR Cost and Freight (…named port of destination)
CIF Cost Insurance and Freight (…named port of destination)
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 91
CPT Carriage Paid To (…named place of destination)
CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid (…named place of destination)
Group D Arrival
DAT Delivered At terminal (…named place)
DAP Delivered At Place(…named place)
DDP Delivered Duty Paid (…named place of destination)
pk/f]Qm INCOTERMS nfO{ ;'k'b{uL -Delivery_ sf] cfwf/df rf/ ju{df ljeflht ul/Psf] 5M
• “E” term (Departure): o; ju{df laqm]tfn] dfn;fdfg cfˆgf] premises cyjf laqm]tfn] k|:tfljt
u/]sf] :yfgdf tof/L cj:yfdf vl/bstf{nfO{ pknAw u/fp5 .
• “F” terms (Main Carriage Unpaid): laqm]tfn] dfn;fdfgnfO{ vl/bstf{n] lgo'Qm u/]sf]
9'jfgLstf{nfO cyjf export shipment point df ;'k'b{uL -deliver_ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . 9'jfgL ef8f
vl/bstf{n] :jo+ a]xf]g{'kg]{ x'G5 .
• “C” terms (Main Carriage Paid): dfn;fdfgnfO laqm]tf :jo+n] place of destination ;Dd
9'jfgL ug]{u/L lgo'Qm u/]sf] 9'jfgLstf{ ;Dd ;'k'b{uL -deliver_ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;df 9'jfgL ef8f
laqm]tfn] g} a]xf]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ s'g} lsl;dsf] hf]lvd jxg ug]{ lhDd]af/L laqm]tfsf] kIfdf kb}{g .
• “D” terms (Arrival): o; ju{df, ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] :yfg;Dd dfn;fdfgsf] delivery ug]{
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L laqm]tfsf] x'G5 . o;df dfn;fdfg ;Fu ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ costs and risks laqm]tfsf]
lhDd]jf/L cGtu{t kb{5g .
lrq–@ sf] dfWodaf6 of] s'/f :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 ls hlt hlt dfn;fdfg laqm]tfaf6 6f9f x'b} hfG5 To}
qmddf pk/f]Qm 6d{x?sf] k|of]u x'Fb} hfG5 . cyf{t\ ;a}eGbf glhs E-6d{ -laqm]tfsf] glhs_ / ;a}eGbf
6f9f D 6d{ -vl/bstf{sf] glhs_ kb{5 .

lrq–@

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 92

dfn;fdfg 9'jfgL x'g] d'Vo dfu{ jf ;fwgsf] cfwf/df INCOTERMS nfO lgDgfg';f/ ljeflht
ul/Psf] 5M
o;df vl/bstf{ / laqm]tfn] ax't} ;hutf ;fy 9'jfgL dfu{ jf ;fwgsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm INCOTERMS
rog ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . s'g INCOTERMS s:tf] ;fwg jf dfu{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f lrq–#
df k|:6 ul/Psf] 5 .
Exw (Ex works)
FCA ( Free carrier)
CPT (Carriage paid to )
MULTIMODAL
CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to )
TRANSPORT
DAT (Delivered At Terminal)
DAP (Delivered At Place)
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid )
lrq – #
INCOTERMS 2010 df k|of]u x'g] 6d{x?sf] 5f]6s/L kl/efiffM
EXW- Ex Works (…named place):
• Seller delivers when it places the goods at the disposal of buyer at the seller’s
premises or another named place (i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.).
FAS (Free Alongside Ship)
SEA OR INLAND WA- FOB (Free On Board)
TERWAY TRANSPORT CFR (Cost and Freight)
CIF (Cost insurance and Freight)
Seller has no obligation to load goods on any collecting vehicle, nor does it need
to clear the goods for export, where such clearance is applicable.
• If seller does load goods, it does so at buyer’s expense and risk
• Better-suited to domestic transport (no obligation that seller clear goods for
export-only provide assistance if necessary at buyer’s expense and risk)
• Buyer bears all risk of loss from time seller places goods at buyer’s disposal
• Difficult to use with controlled items due to license issues
1. FCA -Free Carrier (…named place):
• Improvements over Ex Works.
• Seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer
at the seller’s premises or another named place. The risk passes to the buyer at
that point.
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 93
 • Seller does clear goods for export; import formalities are buyer’s responsibility.
• Seller may contract for carriage at buyer’s expense and risk.
• If the named place is seller’s premises: seller must load goods onto buyer’s means
of transport.
• If the named place is any other place: seller must place the goods at buyer’s (or
his carrier’s disposal) on seller’s mode of transport (ready for unloading).
• Seller clears goods for export.
• Buyer has costs in addition to sales price that must be calculated.
• Seller has no control over carrier, insurance, etc.
2. FAS -Free Alongside ship (…named port of shipment)
• Seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel (e.g., on a quay or
a barge) nominated by the buyer at the named port of shipment.
• The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are alongside
the ship, the buyer bears all costs from the moment onwards.
• Seller is obligated to clear goods for export but not import.
• Seller has no obligation to pay for contracts of carriage or insurance but may
contract for carriage and must assist buyer by providing necessary information
for insurance.
3. FOB -Free on Board (…named port of shipment)
• Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel nominated by the buyer at the
named port of shipment or procures the goods already so delivered.
• The risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board
the vessel, and the buyer bears all costs from that moment onwards.
• Another change in 2010: if requested by buyer or if it is commercial practice and
buyer does not instruct otherwise, seller may contract for carriage at buyer’s risk
and expense; seller may decline but must notify buyer promptly.
• Therefore, may want to exclude if that is the intent.
• Like FAS but goods must be placed on board.

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 94

4. CFR -Cost and Freight (…named port of destination)
• Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel.
• The risk of loss of /or damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board
the vessel.
• The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the
goods to the named port of destination.
• Risk of loss passes when the goods are on board the vessel.
• Seller pays for carriage to port of destination.
• Seller’s delivery obligation is fulfilled when the goods are on board.
• Seller clears goods for export but not import.
• Seller has no obligation to obtain insurance.
• If intent to ship in containers and delivery is to carrier other than vessel, use CPT.
5. CIF -Cost Insurance and Freight (…named port of destination)
• Seller delivers the goods on board the vessel.
• The risk of loss of damage to the goods passes when the goods are on board the
vessel.
• The seller must contract for and pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the
goods to the named port of destination.
• Like CFR but with additional obligation to procure insurance to port of destination.

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 95

 • Insurance requirement is minimum cover (institute cargo clause c) in the amount
of contract price plus 10% from point of delivery to point of destination.
• Seller clears goods for export but not import.

6. CPT-Carriage Paid To (…named place of destination)

• Seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller
at an agreed place and the seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage
necessary to bring the goods to the named place of destination.
• 2 points of importance
– Place of delivery of goods to carrier
– Seller’s delivery obligation is complete
• Risk of loss passes to the buyer.
• Seller clears goods for export and pays for transport through any country
necessary to delivery.
• Seller has no obligation to pay for insurance but must provide buyer information
to buy insurance at buyer’s risk and expense.
• Buyer obtains import licenses and carries out customs formalities.
• Seller pays for both loading and unloading if covered by contract of carriage.

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 96

7. CIP-Carriage and Insurance Paid (…named place of destination)
• Seller delivers the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the seller
at an agreed; seller must contract for and pay the costs of carriage necessary to
bring the goods to the named place of destination.
• Like CPT but with the additional requirement that seller pay for insurance to the
named destination.
• Insurance requirement is minimum cover (institute cargo clause “c”) in the
amount of contract price plus 10% from point of delivery to point of destination
• Buyer may pay for additional coverage (institute cargo clauses “a” or “b”); seller
must provide the information necessary to allow buyer to do so.

8. DAT -Delivered At terminal (…named place)

• Seller delivers when the goods, once unloaded from the arriving means of
transport, are placed at the disposal of the buyer at a named terminal at the
named port or place of destination.
• “Terminal” includes any place, such as a quay, warehouse, container yard or road,
rail or air cargo terminal.
• The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the goods to and unloading them at
the terminal at the named port or place of destination.
• Seller’s obligation is fulfilled and risk of loss passes at same time: when the goods
are unloaded at the arriving terminal and placed at buyer’s disposal.
• Seller clears goods for export but not for import.
• No obligation on seller to purchase insurance.
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 97
9. DAP-Delivered At Place(…named place)
• Seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the
arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the named place of destination.
• The seller bears all risks involved in bringing the good to the named place.
• Much like DAT, but with additional obligation by seller into country of delivery
• Goods are placed at buyer’s disposal at named location ready for unloading; risk
passes at that point
• Seller clears goods for export but not import (use DDP if intent is to require seller
to clear goods for import also).
• No obligation on seller to purchase insurance.
10. DDP-Delivered Duty Paid (…named place of destination)
• Seller delivers the goods when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer,
cleared for import on the arriving means of transport ready for unloading at the
named place of destination.
• The seller bears all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the place
of destination and has an obligation to clear the goods not only for export but
also for import, to pay any duty for both export and import and to carry out all
customs formalities.
• Like DAP, but including seller’s obligation to clear goods for import—
– pay for any necessary licenses
– Maximum obligation for seller
• If seller is not well-suited to clear goods for import, DAP should be used.
• No obligation to pay for insurance.
• Parties may exclude from the seller's obligations some of the costs payable upon
import of the goods (such as VAT).

INCOTERMS rog ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/x? M

!= vl/bstf{ / laqm]tfx?nfO{ cg's'n x'g] ul/ s'g rflxg] 6d{ pko'Qm xf] To;nfO{ 5fGg'k5{ .
@= ;+nUg ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s gLltn] klg o;sf] 5gf}6df lgs} dxTj /fv]sf] x'G5 .
#= ahf/sf] k/Dk/fut s'/fx? .
$= vf;u/L vl/bstf{sf] xsdf d"No Go"g ug]{ lx;fan] vl/bstf{sf] bargaining :yfg .
%= 9'jfgL dfWod cyjf 9'jfgLstf{ ;Fu ;DaGw jf To;nfO{ vl/b ug{;Sg] Ifdtf .

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 98

^= dfn;fdfgsf] cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ;do tflnsf ldnfpg] cfwf/ .
&= vl/bstf{sf] cfˆgf] b]zsf] sfg"gL cyjf cfly{s gLlt .
*= oftfoftsf] k"jf{wf/sf] cj:yf .
(= 9'jfgL ;fwgsf] k|s[lt cyjf lsl;d .
!)= dfn;fdfgsf] d"No .
!!= 9'jfgL x'g] d'Vo dfu{ .
!@= vl/bstf{sf] k|fzf;lgs / Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf .
pk/f]Qm cfwf/df cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ub}{ pko'Qm INCOTERMS sf] 5gf}6 ug{'kb{5 . s'g
INCOTERMS df laqm]tf / vl/bstf{ dWo] s;n] s]–s] lhDd]af/L jxg ug]{ xf] To;sf] tflnsf lrq– $
df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

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;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM–
1. Incoterms 2010 (ICC Publication 715)
2. Incoterms® 2010 - improving your international trade- nordea.com
3. Common errors when using INCOTERMS® by Antonio García
4. INTRODUCTION “Incoterms® 2010” by ICC
5. INCOTERMS 2010 by Rishi, Sahil Bhat, Shada Sami, Soobian Ahmed
6. A Guide to Blocking and Bracing- Maersk Line
7. Delivery, Transfer of Risk & Transfer of Title- M.E. Dey & Co. ; www.medey.com
8. Shipping and Incoterms Practice Guide- UNDP
9. INCOTERMS 2000, Chart of Responsibility- 2000 International Business Institute, Inc., O Box 22267, Eagan,
MN 55122-026

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 100

 Health Equipment Management
A Look through Procurement Lens

Dhruba Nepal Jeeban Bhattarai

Procurement Specialist, Biomedical Engineer
Save the Children Save the Children

If equipment’s operation related requirements are not

fulfilled, service is stopped, thus health service quality
is compromised. Lack of knowledge and skill along with
sincerity result in high cost of equipment.

Background
Health serviceis increasingly based on health equipment. Entire range of health service
-prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, transplant and lifelong support are
becoming dependent on equipment. Advancement and sophistication in health service
cannot go faster than advancement inhealth equipment (broad term for equipment,
device, instrument).
Obvious implications of health equipment would be on cost and management aspect.
Health equipment related costs are normally high. Those costs are incurred for
equipment, chemicals/reagents, accessories, spare parts and repair/maintenance.
Complexity is caused due to specific need to operate the machine and knowledge to read
the report, ensuring report’s accuracy, barring monopolistic hegemony of supplier on
supply of chemicals/reagents, spare parts and maintenance and keep less the downtime
of equipment due to any reason.
As Nepal has adopted mixed economy in social service sector, that means both kinds of
service providers with not-for-profit making and profit-making do exist in health service. As
the use of health equipment is growing day by day, health equipment management related
efficiency has been glaringly different between health institutions run by government and
private sector. On direct discussion with advanced hospitals in Kathmandu, writers came to
know that their downtime (equipment not being used despite there is need) were below

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 101

3 percent but this scenario is different in case of government sector. Months and months
some equipment found idle as reported by auditors.
Report of Auditor General (2075) gives example of expensive equipment like Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), which cost more than Rs 10 crore is not brought into use by
Pokhara Health Science Academy and similarly Computerized Tomography Scan (CT Scan)
equipment remained broken due to failure to repair.1 Its obvious implications are in the
form of lack, poor, and high cost of service. If equipment’s operation related requirements
are not fulfilled, service is stopped, thus health service quality is compromised. Lack of
knowledge and skill along with sincerity result in high cost of equipment.
People’s demand for quality health service is quite plausible against the revenue levied on
them and support they provide, the service (health) quality is affected by the weakness
in managing medical equipment, it seems to be relevant to discuss the topic of managing
health equipment aiming to enhance effectiveness along with efficiency.
1. Objective
The objectives of this article are as below:
i) Identify the major problems and its causes related with health equipment
management and
ii) Propose major approach and methods to adopt for effective management of
health equipment.
2. Methodology and limitation
Methodology
This article is based on literature and interactive discussions with relevant people.
Main literature consulted for this article are government publications related with
policy and lawsand reports of Auditor General and Public Procurement Monitoring
Office. Discussions with government officials and bio-medical engineering staffs of
private sector hospitals have provided inputs for this article.
Limitation
The article is written from procurement perspective on assumption that this plays
vital role though writers are fully aware of that factors falling beyond this perspective
may have significant place in health equipment management. This article is limited to
the health equipment management of public health institutions.
3. Taking stock of current situation
Health service providers are mainly of two types – governmental and non-
governmental. Later type of health service providers are be motivated by profit or
no-profit but can be controlled by government through regulatory mechanism. As
socio-economic status of the country is upscaling, health services from outside the
government is sought much. Thus, as per one study – Nepal Health Account Survey
2012, people’s out of pocket expenditure for health service contributes 56.3 percent
1 Annual Report 2075, Office of the Auditor General (Nepal), p. 406

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 102

 of total health expenditure.
In Constitution of Nepal, health service has been enshrined as the fundamental right.
The text of Constitution in Article 35 reads as below:
Right relating to health:
(1) Every citizen shall have the right to free basic health services from the State, and
no one shall be deprived of emergency health services.
(2) Every person shall have the right to get information about his or her medical
treatment.
(3) Every citizen shall have equal access to health services.
(4) Every citizen shall have the right of access to clean drinking water and
sanitation.
As basic and emergency health service and equal access to all health services are
considered as the fundamental rights, that implies invokes government’s involvement.
As there are three types government - federal, provincial and local – as per the
constitutional demarcation of rights (would be better if used words – responsibilities)
to of each one, they have health institutions – directly involved in service delivery
and indirectly involved in support services like policy making, coordination, logistics
supportand information management.
Eye-catching diagram of health institutions under three types of government:
Diagram 1: Types of Health Service Providers under Three Types of Government

Tertiary Level- Specialized

Hospitals - Federal

Secondary Level
Hospitals - Province

Primary Level Hospital, Primary Health Care Centre, Health

Post, Urban Health Centre, Community Health Units - Local

Ministry and Health and Population has prepared Minimum Service Standards (MSS),
Checklist to Identify the Gaps in Quality Improvement of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
Level Hospitals. The checklistsset standard of types and level of equipment are required
by them to meet minimum service quality. Thus, these standards could be a simple guide
to procure medical equipmentby government.
To support procurement process, Management Division under Department of Health
Services has made freely available online Technical Specification Bank. This bank has

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 103

several specifications under pharmaceuticals and medical equipment categories. If a health
organization intends to procure a medical equipment, it can check whether the technical
specification of this product is already available in the bank. If it is available, use that one or
tailor it as per need based on template. Normally, two years warranty and free maintenance
service is included in technical specifications of the equipment. To procure maintenance
service after two years, different methods are followed by different institutions.
Advancement in medical science is almost other name of using of new investigation
and treatment methods by virtue of advancedmedical equipment. For example, for
investigation of tuberculosis, microscopic identification of bacteria was used before.
As new scientific method of polymerase chain reaction, that could easily find the
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis invented, new equipment that is sole production, named
Gene Xpert of Cepheid came to the market, and WHO recommended it for tuberculosis
diagnosis. Thus, this equipment has become ‘the must’ equipment to control TB.
As the field of medical science is advancing very fast, the choice for adopting new
equipment is broadening. Its obvious implication is over cost and management. Studies
conducted in the US of acute care hospitals, a staffed bed (a bed for in-patient) is given
with 15-20 pieces of equipment that may range from $ 200 to 400,000. Studies also found
that for annual medical equipment maintenance and management, about 1 percent is
required of total medical cost.2
Table 1
Reasons of Medical Equipment Being Non-Operational
Health Price in NRs
Equipment Reasons
Institution (..,000)
Bhaktapur Endoscopy
Broken, not repaired. Not disclosed.
Hospital Machine
Received from Department
X-Ray, CO2
of Health Services (DoHS), No 336
District Cylinder
human resource to operate
Hospital, Gulmi
ECG, No maintenance, No medical
Microscope doctor to use.
1.5 Tesla MRI Received from procurement but
10,62,02
Pokhara Machine not come into operation.
Academy of Broken in Bhadra 2074 but not
Health Sciences CT Scan repaired, so patients referred to Not disclosed
Machine
other entities.
Bir Hospital 2 Ventilators Not in operation for one year. Not disclosed

2 Wang, Binseng (2012). Synthesis Lectures on Biomedical Engineering, Morgan and Claypool Publishers, p. 1

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 104

 Health Price in NRs
Equipment Reasons
Institution (..,000)
USG, ECG,
Not in operation due to lack of
Endoscopy Not disclosed.
Dhaulagiri human resources.
machine
Zonal Hospital
Hemodialysis Received from DoHS. Defective
36,97
machine – 2 from the beginning.
Mahakali Zonal ICU related Procured 3 years ago, but not
69,12
Hospital equipment brought into operation.
Received from DoHS but not in
Malakheti X-Ray machine,
operation due to lack of printer Not disclosed.
Hospital, Kailali EP 300
and safety room.
Jajarkot GA machine and Not repaired, so not
Not disclosed.
Hospital Digital X-Ray operational.
X-Ray, Baby
Bajura Hospital Not repaired for 2 years. Not disclosed.
Warmer
2 Hemodialysis machines and
Patan Academy Hemodialysis
one Autoclave received from
of Health machine, Not disclosed
DoHS found defective from the
Sciences Autoclave
beginning.
Mechi Zonal Neonatal ICU Lack of space and human
33,36
Hospital equipment resources
CT Scan – 4
Kanti Children’s CT Scan and DR Frequent breakdown and no- Crore 54 Lakh,
Hospital Machine timely maintenance. DR’s price not
disclosed.
Source: Office of the Auditor General of Nepal, Annual Report 2075, p. 406-408
In the said report, problems more than above are highlighted. In 2074, Office of the
Auditor General (OAG) had also conducted Performance Audit of Health Service Delivery.
In that course, OAG had picked up many problems related with equipment management.
Most of the nature of problems were quite similar with above, few were additional to
them. In brief, they are mentioned below:
Private-Public Partnership:For management of CT Scan machine, the BP Koirala Institute
of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) had begun partnership with private company MS Medi-
Solution International Private Limited for 10 years since Bhadra 11, 2068. To assess
the effectiveness of this model, certain baseline parameters were to be set, but in its
absence, it has become difficult to assess whether this model has been successful or not.
No concrete basis of allocation of resources: As being realized the need of setting
concrete basis of allocation of resources, i.e. budgeting in overall system, it is intensely
felt also in health sector. In case of equipment related matter, for maintenance a certain

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 105

percent of resource (tentatively 10% of equipment price) needs to be earmarked, but it
is not in practice, that has resulted in resource crunch for equipment maintenance.
Use of old specification for procurement: Logistics Division opened Letter of Credit
(LC) to procure CT Scan machine for Surkhet and Lumbini Hospital of price Rs 7 Crore
20 Lakh 25 Thousand. The machine ordered was of 26 Slice whereas machine of latest
technology comes with 256 Slice.
4. Problem analysis
The above table and points mentioned offer stuff to discuss the problems and its root
causes. Below, problem analysis with root causes has been presented for mulling
over by readers.
i) Missing of package thinking
To bring the equipment in full operation and derive intended outcome, all required
elements for the full operation of equipment needs to be in composite thinking.
To get equipment is just one element of entire package, like - human resource to
operate and read report, appropriate space, availability of chemicals/reagents
or consumables (e.g. X-Ray plates), maintenance and repair provisions are other
inherent elements. In its absence, uninterrupted service becomes impossible.
Officials who are engaged in health services explain that such a missing normally
happens due to two reasons: First, to get budget for expensive equipment is
not predictable. Influential person’s special favor or support becomes in many
occasions the chance to get budget to procure expensive equipment or get from
other entity as grant or handover. If the unpredictable situation or chance factor
to get equipment persists, package thinking remains very weak. One example
would be apt to quote, under duress of political pressure one CD4 equipment
handed over to Waling Primary Health Care Centre of the district without
ensuring wholistic arrangement – space, human resources and so on provided.
In course of transferring, the equipment received small break. It can be guessed
that even though that equipment was handed over in good condition, it might
not have come into operation due to space and human resource shortage.
Second, standard setting in relation to resource allocation persists as a farcry. In
absence of the standard or norms, maintenance aspect remains ignored, thus
results in equipment being non-operational. Evidences show that for maintenance
even with supply of spare parts need around 10 percent of equipment cost. For
two years of purchase, Department of Health Services has set standard that to
ask for free warranty from the supplier.
ii) No up-dated specification being used
The case of procurement of CT Scan of 16 Slice instead of 256 Slice clearly
indicates that the specification used for procurement not being abreast to
latest technology. It seems that CT Scan of 16 Slice is the technology towards
obsolescence. If equipment of about to obsolescence is used, the doctors who
use its report for investigation may not depend on it and may refer patient to
;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 106
 choose to do CT Scan with machine of latest technology. So, it would be just
burden to national budget because of no use. This might have happened by
reasons: First, no system is in place to prepare specification of equipment of
latest technology. For this, consultation with medical doctor/s and radiologist/s
is necessary. Second reason, as budget allocation might not be quite enough
to procure equipment of latest technology, thus, version of the equipment falls
prey of compromise due to budget short fall.As the medical technology evolves
at fast pace, user needs to be abreast with latest technology and procure latest
one, though the equipment already procured may not be practical to remove
immediately as soon as new version of equipment is introduced in medical field.
iii) Narrowly defined specification:
In procurement, specification is regarded as the heart of procurement.
Specification exert implication over all aspects of procurement – design, estimate,
method, evaluation, inspection and post procurement management. A narrow
specification, that favors one vendorby limiting competition results in high costs
and bars capable business entities to participate in government’s procurement
process. The procurement law of Nepal prohibits narrow or competition limiting
specification, but it has been an observation of Public Procurement Monitoring
Office (PPMO) that tendency to prepare narrow specification is in increasing trend
in the area of medical equipment. 3Such tendency to prepare narrow specification
has been in declining trend as mentioned by biomedical engineers’ team of private
hospitals but it is growing in government sector as per PPMO’s observation. This is
happening due to not complying with the essence of legal provision.
iv) Robust maintenance system
In the Auditor General’s report, few cases of equipment being non-operational
in absence of or delayed maintenance. So, services got interrupted for months.
Such ill-fates owe to many causes – absence of responsibilities assignment,
lack of resource and unsuitable legal provisions. Regarding responsibility,
Infrastructure Section under Logistics Management Division (now changed
with name Management Division) had outsourced maintenance service to
three companies to cover entire country. The scope of maintenance services
is limited to regional, zonal and district hospitals, not hospitals of central level
and health institutions under local level government. Central hospitals must
arrange maintenance service themselves. Failure to maintain equipment in
Kanti Children’s Hospital was highlighted in the report. In case of very advanced
equipment like CT Scan, the manufacturer or its designated service provider
can only provide maintenance service. It might be missing because equipment
was donated by Japan Government. Regarding adequate resource allocation
for maintenance, the absence of standard maintenance costing and resource
allocation norms and system, the problem persists. As regional and district level
hospitals are handed over to provincial government, which is newer structure,
it may take few more years to come up with problem resolving mechanism.
3 PPMO, Annual Report 2075, p. 35

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 107

 Moreover, as the matter of economy of scale (not fit to small size) may turn as
stumbling block in managing maintenance effectively and efficiently.
Regarding unsuitable legal provision, in interaction with hospital authority and
maintenance service providers, to keep stock of spare parts is problem. In case
of equipment, which are not much in number in Nepal, the supplier or service
provider cannot keep stock of spare parts in Nepal, because it is unsure whether
it would be sold within a period. Once a spare part enters the country, it needs
to be imported paying custom and other taxes. In such case of spare parts
not being, if taken out of the country, the paid tax is not returned, that’s why
importers are not ready to keep stock of those items. This is happening also
to spare parts like other commodities. But, as spare parts traders are hesitant
to do, so it is happening.Thus, what happens is thatone visit would be only to
identify the problem and second visit would to fix the problem once the spare
parts are received. The interval of two visits maybe of few weeks to months.
v) Faulty inspection
Above table includes few problems of equipment delivered to different institutions
that could not be used because they had defects. That defect may be in nature of
manufacturing or handling incurred in course of transportation and installation.
Whatsoever is the reason, it should be corrected and made equipment operational.
For manufacturing defect, the supplier company should be held responsible to
fix the problem, but it seems that the element of inspection and enforce to get
compliance is weak. On enquiry, it came to be known that there is practice that
equipment procurement has the condition of compulsory warranty period of
two years and unless the equipment comes to run, final payment is not released.
The provision on operate does not come to work unless responsible people act
scrupulously, the findings of Auditor General indicate its lapses.
vi) Handover without quoting price and necessary detail
Above table shows clearly that when equipment handed over to other entity by
Department of Health Services and donor the price is not quoted. If price along
with other information related with warranty period and agency responsible
for warranty is not provided, then management of equipment becomes difficult
like claiming warranty and service, insurance of the equipment, holding person
responsible for paying penalty if negligence is cause of any damage.
To look of the problems related with health equipment maintenance of one
developing country in Africa, i.e. Ghana are given below: 4
a. Longer downtime of equipment. (Period of time that a system fails to
provide or perform its primary function).
b. Hospital administrator’s inadequate knowledge on importance on routine
hospital equipment maintenance and service.
4 Zienaa, John (2009) Challenges of medical equipment management in Ghana Health Service, CED,
HASS, GHS

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 108

 c. Absence or little budgetary support for maintenance.
d. The lack of the framework for regular auditing system.
e. Lack of knowledge and innovative ways of using new equipment.
f. Delayed fault reporting, example BP Apparatus patch up with plaster.
g. The difficulty in obtaining spare parts.
h. Failure to provide technical training to operators.
i. Obsolete equipment left unattended in maintenance room and wards.
j. The absence of evidence-based information system on health care
technology for decision making.
Nepal’s experience and problems are similar with of Ghana. It gives solace that
some of the problems of health equipment management are very general to
developing country, so these may persist as long as Nepal remains a developing
country. It seems true; however, Nepal must try to minimize the intensity of
problem with priority.
5. Way forward
For health management from procurement perspective, following are the
recommendations for mulling over to take decision and recommendations.
i) Strengthening biomedical wing
Above table and problem analysis infer that there are lapses like of adequate
policy, program and resource for medical equipment. To solve these
problems, an effective wing of Biomedical Engineering needs to be with
health-related ministries at federal and provincial government. In absence
of this wing, attention at effective level cannot be attained. Anyone can
easily guess that if an official of Joint Secretary level were with Ministry
of Health and Population, certainly very basic problems would have been
addressed and some policy documents would have prepared. This level is
referred here because the official of this level can play influential role in
policy making, program development and resource allocation. On discussion
with a senior government official who is responsible for the management of
medical equipment maintenance, it came to known that no official at senior
level is with neither Department of Health Services (DoHS) nor with Ministry
of Health and Population (MoHP). Just one position of Biomedical Engineer
is created within provincial government; that can be considered a positive
beginning, but as in civil service hierarchy matters in getting influence,
junior officials may not have effective influence. As just the governments
are turning their attention towards the realization of the need of Biomedical
Engineer in civil service, it is very good sign, but junior position cannot have
significant effect, following needs to be done at present:

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 109

 • Set a study teams to identify the problems of medical equipment management
by MoHP, the team should include internal and external experts (national);
• Create a consulting or advisory level position, supported by middle level
experts to facilitate recommendations’ implementation.
For management of medical equipment, involvement of experts not only in
technical activities, but in policy and program level is the ‘must’. Once a person
with supportive hands having influencing aura is in position, health equipment
management would attain better attention. In the beginning, studies, standard
setting, check lists preparation and compliance and solving problems emerging
time to time would be the priority of that team.
Private hospitals of Kathmandu, like Norvic International Hospital, Nepal
MediCiti Hospital and Grande International Hospital have created a staff
team of Biomedical Engineers, so their downtime is relatively low. Most of
the secondary and tertiary hospital need biomedical wing with biomedical
engineers and biomedical technicians as per the number and advancement of
medical equipment available in the hospital. Checklist of maintenance, regular
calibration and preventive maintenance are to be scheduled and standard
procedures of using the equipment with basic maintenance training addressing
users’ needs to be ensured through this wing. Minor problem and in-house
maintenance of medical equipment by biomedical staff within the hospital will
ensure high reduction of breakdown time.
As number of biomedical engineers in Nepal is not enough and their engagement
in medical equipment maintenance of municipalities (urban and rural), would be
necessary. For this, junior level technicians are produced by Nick Simons Institute
(NSI). Assessment of need of biomedical technicians should be conducted first,
then if present production would not be enough to address projected needs, then
other involvement of CTEVT or other institutions should be encouraged.
ii) Wholistic approach
Optimum utilization of medical equipment can be achieved only if all essential
elements are in place or ensured to be available. Other essential elements
(besides equipment itself) are – appropriate space, human resources (who
demands investigation and reads reports and operate equipment like skilled
radiographer for MRI and CT Scan machines), supply of chemicals/reagents and
consumables, spare parts availability and maintenance. In addition, required
resource availability is inevitable.
Wholistic approach means all elements mentioned above are considered and
ensured (availability). Above table very clearly shows its absence, so even equipment
is in place they are not functional because any of essential element is absent. To
ensure equipment’s smooth operation – a checklist should be developed whether
each element is ensured and official responsible for each activity should be clearly
identified. And, system of accountability should also be clearly established.

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 110

iii) Specification standardization
Specification is considered the heart of procurement because all aspects of
procurement rest on it. With wrong specification, it is not possible to procure
good things or services. In the case of procurement, specification has been a
problem. Above case of procuring CT Scan Machine with 26 Slices though the
currently in Nepal the machine with 256 Slice is in practice is glaring example
of not being abreast with the advancement of technology. On other hand, not
generic but brand specific equipment are procured. To avoid such mistake,
Technical Specification Bank is prepared and made easily available. Though
such kind of technical support provided, procuring entities are not procuring
appropriate equipment. It happens either they have no idea about the said
bank or ignore its use.
Equipment becomes costly if competition becomes ineffective and major
reason of being ineffective is narrow specification. A standard specification with
a guarantee of quality standard mentioned in it will ensure only the equipment
with good standards like ISO,CE and USFDA. This means the chance of breakdown
and the quality of result delivered will be of better quality.
From a study conducted of three big private hospitals in Kathmandu, namely Norvic,
Nepal MediCiti and Grande, it came to know that a team of biomedical engineers
gets involved in developing technical specification of medical equipment. They in
close consultation with technical users or operators prepare technical specification
keeping focus on avoiding narrow specification that restricts competition.
That approach helps them to get equipment with better deal in terms of price,
reagents, and maintenance. This can be applied also in government. Big hospitals,
Department of Health Services and Provincial Government should establish a
system in which in the leadership of Biomedical Engineer, specification should be
prepared following the same principles in this paragraph.
iv) Effective inspection and verification
Inspection of procured item whether it complies with specification is
indispensable part of procurement. In case of big, heavy and costly equipment
pre-shipment inspection becomes desirable. Otherwise, normally inspection
after receiving and installation is necessary.
Post installation inspection and the regular inspection about the functioning of
machine is very much less in context of Nepal. This may be due to lack of manpower
as well as limited resources for inspection. Calibrated inspection tools, skilled
technical manpower for quality inspection are not easily available every time.
As per the principle of role segregation for sound procurement system,
inspection and verification official or expert should be independent from who
prepares specification and sign procurement contract and issue purchase order.
This responsibility should be given to independent body. This wing is found very
weak government procurement. So far, Store In-Charge is given this role which

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 111

 is totally wrong.
v) Effective system of maintenance
Equipment maintenance in time has been a problem in Nepal’s health institutions. It
exerts multiple repercussions. Effective maintenance can be achieved through hiring
own technical staff, i.e. biomedical engineer or outsourcing the service. For regional
and district hospital, DoHS is providing maintenance service. Central hospital and
health institutions below lack responsible entities. To solve this problem, effective
mechanism needs to be established with priority. Some of the suppliers intend to
provide maintenance service themselves because it is always of high return. To attain
beneficial terms, at the time of procurement, better conditions should be included
in procurement document and contract. In addition, for high end equipment, for
maintenance 5-10 percent of initial cost is required. So, financial resource should be
earmarked taking account of this norms.
vi) Handover improvement
Above table is evidence of not handing over equipment with necessary
information and recording price. In its absence, necessary actions like to
enter into insurance package, holding responsible accountable, disposable
of equipment through sale becomes difficult. Thus, equipment handing over
without necessary information should be strictly provided.
vii) Innovation in management
Present practice of equipment management is costly and maintenance is turning
a big problem. To get rid of this problem with innovative practices is the need
of time. BPKIHS had already started public-private partnership, which was good
initiative, however, as no baseline data available, its effectiveness could not be
assessed. So, preparation with meticulous thinking would be more helpful.
In different parts of the world, different innovative practices have been tried. In
Nepal also, laboratory and CT Scan, MRI, Ultrasonography like tests need to carry as
piloting. Besides, bidding for reagents not for equipment could be a subject of trial.
On discussion, officials of Management Division of DoHS had informed that bidding
for reagents not for equipment had given positive results. Thus, responsible officials
need to think innovative way to management equipment management.
Disclaimer: Opinions expressed in this article does not reflect organizational views of
writers associated with.

;fj{hlgs vl/b klqsf– 112

 Maintaining the Efficiency of
Public Procurement
Outsourcing has mixed effects in terms of
service quality and cost. 'It may sometimes be
necessary to engage an external consultant who
can provide technical expertise to help users define
their requirements.
Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi

Abstract
Public procurement, the generic term used to refer to procurement contracts, public
service delegations; and public private partnerships, now represents significant
amounts of money as it is believed and assumed to account substantial percent of the
GDP. Even as the public procurement system must struggle to achieve the best possible
performance in terms of cost and service, its inefficiency is highlighted on a regular
basis. In fact, substantial gains could be achieved through a more efficient management
of the system. This paper  shows potential way of approach of action, in the structure
of the regulatory changes under way with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the
public procurement system, and picturisess various ways of improving the efficiency of
the public procurement system once the decision to call upon an external partner has
been made.

I. Introduction
The management of public procurement operations is often entrusted to those with
an exclusively legal background. The expertise and incentives of the public buyer are
too limited in a context of everywhere pool of information and in which contractual
details are significant.
The contracts upon which the public procurement system is based are subject to
certain mismatch of information and contractual incompleteness. Public procurement
means acquisition of goods, consultancy services or other services or carrying out or
causing to be carried out any construction works, by a public entity (Government of
Nepal, 2007).
Public procurement system also proves the traditional perception of the public
procurement function as a clerical task of government ( Dr. Suman, 2073 B.S).
The negotiation procedure must be supported by transparent information both
prior to and following negotiation. During the execution stage, it must be possible

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for amendments to contracts to be contested without incapacitating the process by
facilitating an increase in the number of useless appeals.
Major demands on public procurement are the external demands for maintaining
transparency, integrity, accountability and exemplary behavior during its pursuit
(Netra subedi Prayas, 2073 B.S.) .
For the purposes of intensifying competition at the tendering stage it would be useful
to limit the number of electronic information platforms and to merge them towards
a high-performance standardised model.
The evaluation criteria that will be used to assess the compliance of offers to
the specification need to be developed when writing the specification. The
specification will affect the criteria and their relative importance to each other,
and the criteria will in turn affect the decision on the selection of solution
offered by suppliers. Generally, the evaluation criteria may address such
issues: advantage of goods or services being offered; ability of supplier to meet
requirements, including technical and mangement competance, finacial viability,
risk and insurance requirements , relevant skills, expert and key personel; whole
life cycle cost; and assessment of risks or constraints associated with this offer (
Krishna , 2073).
Outsourcing has mixed effects in terms of service quality and cost. 'It may
sometimes be necessary to engage an external consultant who can provide
technical expertise to help users define their requirements. A consultant
would normally only be required where complex tehnical issues are involved. A
consultant engaged to develop specification is normally excluded from tendering
for those goods or services and should not be used to make management
decisions.Close monitoring and management of identified conflit of interests
and confidentiality requirementsmusrt be undertaken by the procuring entity.
( Krishna, 2073 B,S ).'
However, it is not so much the decision to outsource as the method of outsourcing
-and above all its implementation- that present a problem. Indeed, risk-sharing as
laid down in the contract is a central issue.
The proportion of project risks was high in Nepal often due to problems related
to procuremen. The problems and risks were often related to procedures and
practices, anti corruption measures, corrupt practices, legal and regularly
framework etc. Similarly, inadequate institutional capacity, poor project and
contract management capability, inadequate recordkeeping, external presssures
to contract awards, poor quality of evaluation reports and inordinate delays
in decisding to award contracts. Moreover, other identified problems due to
restrictive bidding, to inadequate bidding periods, to price negotiations with
the lowest priced or all bidders and to the failure of the bidding documents to

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 providde for post qualification and evaluation criteria as well as procurement
planning (Suresh Pradhan, 2074 B.S.).

II. Risk-sharing in Public Contracts: Contributions from Economic Analysis

Risk-sharing between public and private entities needs above all else to take account
of the asymmetry of information that exists between these two players. The company
is naturally more familiar with the technology available, the cost of supplying what
is required and indeed the demand for the products and services concerned by the
public procurement operation in question. The proportion of projects risk was high
in Nepal often due to problems related tto procurements. The problems and risks
were often related to procedures and practices, anticorruption measures, corrupt
practices, legal and regulatory framework etc. (Suresh Pradhan, 2074 ).
In the case of an infrastructure project, one means of holding the contractor
accountable is to link the design and construction stages with the future operation
of the infrastructure, since the contractor then has nothing to gain from reducing
costs too much on the first part of the contract if this will have to be compensated
for in the form of maintenance costs at the operational stage.
For the best application of the Construction Milestones and to minimize contruction
delays, it has been recommended that: project duration shall not be made ambitious
with unreasonable work schedule; Contractor's licensing system shall be reviewed
so that only competent contractor could compete in the construction industry;
as most of the contractors are found unable to achieve the first milestone, it is
suggested to insert only two milestons instead of three; which would result better
output especially for the contracts which are small and medium in terms of their
size, duration and complexities; even though advance mobilization fund has been
certain advantages, it has taken root in the construction industry. Hence, more
attention should be given to systemize it for more positive impacts. Its use and
misuse has to be regulated by the client through proper contract administration
(Er.Ishwar Bhatta, 2075 B.S).
2.1 The Three Tools of Public Procurement
a. Traditional Procurement: Procurement contracts, which are designed
to satisfy needs for works, supplies or services, accounted for around huge
amount.
So, in the closed framework scenario a procurement contract under a
framework agreement may be awarded only to a supplier or contractor
or consultant that is a party to the framewoek agreement initially. Due to
the reason, all bidders shall not have equal and continuous opportunity to
present their bids in closed framework agreement system. (Ramesh Kumar
Sharma, 2074 B.S.).

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 b. Public Service Delegations: Public service delegations (PSDs) cover all
contracts whereby a public legal entity entrusts the management of a
public service for which it is responsible to a public or private delegate –the
contractor– in return for a payment that depends largely on the results of
the service operation. PSDs are used for mass-catering, water and sanitation,
district heating, transport, sports facilities, etc.
The public purchasing process is divided into four different activities, or
phases: planning, formulation, mplementation, and evaluation. All activites
or phases support service delivery needs of using departments and managers
(Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi, 2074 B. S.).
c. Public Private Partnerships: Public private partnerships –similar to private
finance intitiative (PFI) contracts – enables a public entity to entrust a
company with a global project as part of a long-term contract and in return for
a staggered payment from the public entity. It is used for major construction
projects (educational establishments, hydro project, train-metro -mono rail
stations, etc.), urban infrastructure (street lighting, roads, etc.) and even
sports and cultural facilities (theatres, stadiums, swimming pools, etc.).
The three public procurement tools outlined above differ with regards to
risk-sharing between the public authority and the contractor executing the
contract. The PSD, for example, involves a payment that is both deferred
and made by the user rather than by the public authority, meaning that
the demand-side risk is born by the delegate contractor. In the case of
public private partnerships, meanwhile, payment is delayed but always
made by the public authority, which therefore bears the risk associated
with demand.

III. Managing Public Contracts: Observations and Foreseeable Changes

Contracts are generally signed following some form of competitive process and
give rise to issues associated with management and expertise at every stage of the
contract from selection to execution monitoring and closure. The difficulty for the
public authority lies in the fact that neither can it directly observe the contractor’s
performance and nor can it foresee all of the hazards to which the contract will be
subject over the course of its execution.
3.1 Contract Negotiation and Renegotiation
The difficulty begins at the company selection stage, which generally involves a
tendering process, with the risk of collusion in the case of concentrated markets,
the risk of “the winner’s curse”, the risk of receiving overly aggressive offers
designed solely to ensure selection, with the aim of renegotiating the contract
at a later date, and the risk of corruption.

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 The partner selection stage is particularly difficult in that the public authority
cannot always limit itself, in an invitation to tender, to the lowest bidder without
any negotiation or even “competitive dialogue”.
a. Negotiated selection procedures are not commonly used: The process of
selecting companies is made even more difficult by the frequent renegotiation
of contracts after they are signed, a practice that is particularly widespread
in the case of PSDs.
b. A significant proportion of public contracts with private partners are later
renegotiated. Renegotiations are, however, useful when they enable the
contract to reflect new circumstances, notably in the case of complex and
long-term contracts. The aim is therefore to encourage beneficial changes
at the same time fighting pportunistic renegotiations, which requires
transparency and competency on the part of the public party.
3.2 Transparency and Competency
Government observes certain failings in public contracts with regards to
transparency. Information regarding amendments to contracts and the
monitoring of expenditure in public contracts in particular is difficult to access
in many countries, something that is true of all of the public procurement tools.
Transparent procedures help attract more investment by lowering risk. A
transparent procurement system allows competing private enterprises to judge
the risk of doing business with the government. Thsy can make more realistic
economic investment decisions where government procurement policies are in
line with good commercial practice and public accountability requirements (Dr.
Suman Kumar Regmi, 2074 B.S.).
Transparency is, of course, crucial at every stage of the public procurement
process for the purposes of ensuring freedom of access. It should also be
possible that the renegotiation of contracts be monitored by the tax payers that
fund them.
Management of public contracts requires informed and independent players
that also have the expertise to deal with situations that are sometimes complex.
Integrity in public contracts refers to both the lack and mismatch of expert skills
on the part of the agents responsible for public procurement.

IV. Improving Public Contract Management

The provisions associated with the directives on traditional procurement and
concession contracts are indicative of a move towards a new vision of public service
management that grants greater freedom to contracting authorities. In order to take
full advantage of this development in terms of public procurement efficiency, however,

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 it is essential that progress be made simultaneously in three complementary aspects,
namely transparency, competition and expertise, whilst clarifying the objectives of
the public procurement system.
One of the underlying principles of public procurement is cost effectiveness in
procurement that is to keep procurement cost low (Mani Ram Gelal, 2072 B.S )
4.1 Clarifying the Objectives of the Public Procurement System
As it is seen, the significant amounts at risk in the public procurement system make
it a potential lever for achieving social, environmental and innovation-related
objectives, in which case the public authority must incorporate these criteria
at the contractor selection stage. The directives on traditional procurement
and concession contracts leave it up to the country to decide whether these
objectives are compulsory or optional. It is important to note that the public
authority has at its disposal a number of more direct and effective ways of
achieving the objectives pursued, without challenging the legitimacy of such
objectives.
Using public procurement to achieve social, environmental and innovation-
related objectives is ineffective for a number of reasons and visions.

V. Recommendations
It is recommendd that a comparative evaluation be performed beforehand in order
to determine the most appropriate public procurement tool to meet the needs of
the public authorities concerned.
a. Recognise that the aim of public procurement, regardless of the values at stake, is
primarily to meet an identified need by achieving the best possible performance
in terms of cost and service or expected functionalities. Entrusting the public
procurement system with the task of achieving social, environmental and
innovation-related objectives is ineffective.
b. Make it compulsory for the public party to provide and publish online two
summary reports on the analysis of the bids both prior to and following the
negotiation stage.
c. Centralise information regarding the past performance of contractors for the
purposes of facilitating the use of such information at the awarding stage so as
to penalise less reliable companies in accordance with the terms outlined in the
directive without running any legal risks.
It is known that e-procurement produces cost reduction, higher productivity,
and increased spend under management. The use of e-procurement significantly
reduces requisition-to-order to processing costs, cuts transaction cycle time half
(Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi, 2075).

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 Implementation of electronic government procurement (e-gp) represents an important
phase in procurement reform process in Nepal. Public Procurement Monitoring Office
(PPMO) has been engaging in starting e-GP, and 32 different portals used by different
procurement entities are now being brought under a single portal under PPMO.
d. Introduce/maintain electronic advertising and application platforms only at
regional level and upload all of the information to a national platform. Bring the
practices adopted by the different platforms into line with the most effective
regional initiatives.
e. Make it compulsory for a bid analysis report to be posted online, along with the
relevant legal information (procedure, selected bid, number of bidders, etc.).
f. Make it compulsory to publish an ‘amendment notice’ as soon as the value of the
contract varies by calculated amount as required percent and introduce a quick
amendment summary procedure that is open to stakeholders.
g. Apply transparency requirements to directly managed activities, along with
appropriate incentives and penalties; make it possible to evaluate such activities
on a similar basis to those delegated to a private partner.
h. Increase the professionalisation and expertise of public buyers and project
managers. Enhance the appeal of such professions by means of professional
development opportunities.
Centralising purchases wherever possible and accumulating experience:
Centralising the purchasing function can result in substantial savings. Indeed,
centralisation helps achieve economies of scale by capitalising upon and
developing good practices, by pooling procedures and by facilitating collective
purchasing.
i. Centralise the purchasing of standard goods and services wherever possible;
create competition between entirely independent and professional central
purchasing bodies; give public buyers the option of decentralising their purchases
for the purposes of ensuring maximum flexibility where it is required.
Increasing control over the largest contracts: In order to ensure that the three
cornerstones of “transparency”, “competition” and “expertise” increase the
efficiency of the public procurement system, the recommendations outlined
above must be accompanied by greater monitoring of the public purchase both
upstream and downstream where the largest contracts are concerned, in which
case more costly monitoring and supervision is justified.

VI. Conclusion
The greater freedom that will be granted to contracting authorities, notably at
the selection stage but also at the contract execution stage, could potentially be

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 beneficial, provided that this freedom is part of a broader move towards greater
transparency, effective competition and the development of specific expertise.Low
bidding has been a matter of trouble in recent years. Ethics is one of the prerequisites
for maintaining transparency and competition in the public procurement. Public
procurement in Nepal has been taking place amidst violations of rules. PPMO
has been guiding the situation. Sufficient time and efforst should be spent for the
preparation of a sound specification.
Despite the above difficulties, the institutional view of the system approach is a
useful approach to reassess public procurement. The public procurement system
discussed above proves that public procurement is very complicated, requiring a
very broad-based or interdisciplinary knowledge.

References
Dr. Suman (2073B.S). Public Procurement System: A Check and Balance Power. Public Procurement Journal.
Vol: 5(1)
Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi, 2074 B. S). Strategic Public Procurement Management: Essential for Good
Governance in Public sector.Public Procurement Journal, Vol: 5(1). Kathamandu: PPMO
Dr. Suman Kumar Regmi, 2075 B. S). Strategic Value of Public Procurement. Public Procurement Journal ,
Vol: 7(1). Kathamandu: PPMO
Er.Ishwar Bhatta (2075 B.S). Application of Construction Milestones in Rural Road Contracts of Nepal.
Public Procurement Journal. Vol: 7(1) Kathmandu: PPMO
Government of Nepal (2007). Public Procurement Act. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
Krishna Raj Panta (2073) Specification Writing of Goods , Public Procurement Journal , Vol: 5(1).
Kathamandu: PPMO
Mani Ram Gelal, 2072 B.S ) Low Bidding Practices in Public Contracts: Causes, Impacts and Solutions ,
Public Procurement Journal , Vol: 4(1). Kathamandu: PPMO
Netra Subedi Prayas (2073).How Procurement Reform Can Contribute Good Goveranance. Public
Procurement Journal, Vol: 5 (1)
Ramesh Kumar Sharma, (2074 B.S.) Can Framework Agreement be a Panacea for Nepal. Public Procurement
Journal , Vol: 6(1). Kathamandu: PPMO
Suresh Pradhan (2074 B.S), An Empirical Review of Public Procurement System Reform in Nepal.Public
Procurement Journal Vol: 6(1)
The writer is former Deputy Executive Director (Joint Secreatary Level) of Trade and Export Promotion
Centre under Ministry of Industries, Commerce and Supplies.Dr. Regmi has been teaching in various
Colleges and Campuses starting from Pashupati Campus since 1981. Presently, Dr.Regmi is Thesis Guide
for MBS, BBS and BBA students For further: 9849771884

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