21st Century Literature transmitted within a particular

Chapter 1: The Pre-colonial culture or community.

Literature of the Philippines o often characterized by
Damiana Eugenio heroic themes, grand
- authored a series of books scale, and their role in
about Philippine folk literature. conveying cultural
identity, history and
Folk values.
Literature
Folk Songs
Folk Folk - or “awit”, were the most
Folk Epic
Narratives Songs enduring because they are
relatively easier to remember
for their melodies and lyrics.
Folk Narratives
- refers to the stories that could
Prose – written using grammatical
be either in prose or in poetry.
sentences, uses paragraphs and
These are myths, alamats
sentences, straight-forward
(legends), and kuwentong
o ex: autobiography, essay,
bayan (folktales).
short story, novels
 Myths
Poetry – follows a rhythm, uses
o stories about Gods and
lines and stanzas, expressive
Goddesses, explains the
o ex: lyric poetry, haiku, ballad
origins of the world.
 Folktales (kuwentong bayan)
Chapter 1.5: Philippine Literature
o stories of people’s
During the Spanish Colonization
everyday lives at that
March 16, 1521 – start of Spanish
time.
colonization
 Legends (alamat)
o stories based on real or
Ferdinand Magellan
historical events that - a Portuguese expeditioner
often involve heroic sent by the King of Spain to
figures and cultural explore the world.
values. o he landed in the
Philippine Islands.
Folk Epic
- lengthy, traditional narrative
poem or story that is orally

Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi
- he was able to establish a
Spanish settlement in Cebu in
1565
Ladino Poets
- Filipinos who are fluent in both
Spanish and Tagalog, they
are the ones who wrote
literary pieces mainly focused
on religion.
o leads to catechism
Religion and Christianity
- main influence of the
Spaniards to the Filipinos
Pasyon
- poetic narrative in the
Philippines that recounts the
passion, death and
resurrection of Jesus Christ.
Illustrados
- are elite Filipinos who studies
in Europe. They wrote the
literary pieces in prose and in
poetry that bravely expressed
their resentment to the state
of the Philippines under the
Spanish regime.
Pseudonyms – alias or pen name
The 3 Pioneers of the
Propaganda Movement
1. Jose Rizal (Laong Laan at
Dimasalang)
2. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (Deigo
Laura)
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel)
La Solidaridad
- the official newspaper of the
propaganda movement that
was created and published in
Spain.
o first written in Spanish.
Chapter 2: Philippine Literature
During the American Colonization
Education/Public Schools
- main influence of the
Americans to the Filipinos.
o The Filipinos were
trained under the
American system of
education.
Thomasites
- first American teachers of the
Filipinos
Thomas
- name of the vessel where the
Thomasites rode to get to the
Philippines
President McKinley
- he is the American president,
he proposed that English shall
be used as the medium of
instruction in educating the
 Filipino scholars in American
established schools.
3 Timeframes of Filipino Writers
1. Period of Re-orientation
(adjust)
2. Period of Imitation (copy)
3. Period of Self-discovery
(master)
Notable Writers
1. Jose Garcia-Villa
2. Angela Manalang-Gloria
3. Paz Marquez-Benitez
Chapter 2.5: The Post-colonial
Period and the Contemporary
Times
Martial Law
- imposed by President
Ferdinand Marcos in
September 21, 1972 because
of the communist threat to the
Philippines. (classless society)
o carried out regulations to
shut down and take over
privately owned media
outlets.
REMEMBER!
Marcos wrote in his diary that it
was his last resort since his
Secretary of Defense, Juan Ponce
Enrile, was ambushed in 1986.
o the ambush was
fake/staged.
2 Houses of the Philippine
Congress
1. Upper house – Senate
2. Lower house – House of
representatives
Pete Lacaba
- published the poem
“Prometheus Unbound” in
the crony magazine focus on
under the pen name “Ruben
Cuevas”.
“Marcos Hitler Diktador Tuta”
- hidden message in the poem
Prometheus Unbound.
What powers did President
Marcos have at the time?
- According to Katerina
Francisco, Marcos was able
to bring the powers of the
government under his rule. He
was the leader of the country
and operated the entire
government under his power,
as he ordered the AFP to
squash any form of dissent or
rebellion.
REMEMBER!
Both chambers of Congress were
padlocked during the Martial Law,
from 1972 to 1986.
After the Martial Law was declared,
there were midnight arrests of
around 8,000 people:
 senators
 congressmen
  opposition leaders
 journalists
The Safe House – pgs. 24-28
Sarah Nicole Roldan
- author of “The Safe House”.
Safe House
- Dictionary Meaning: a secret
location, used by spies or
criminals in hiding.
- Literal Meaning: a location
where the person lives and
feels safe or finds comfort.
- Idiomatic Meaning: a person
whom you trust and have an
emotional attachment with.
Little Girl
- the narrator of the story, she
is an innocent child who is
unaware of the crisis and
issues their society face, as
well as the meetings her
father and the “uncles/aunts”
secretly hold.
Father
- one of the people involved in
the secret meetings. He was
later arrested and is sent to
Camp Crame.
Mother
- she had enough of the
presence of the visitors so she
leaves and never comes back.
Uncles/Aunts or The “Relatives”
- refers to the visitors who goes
to the narrator’s house.
Grandparents
- they were the ones who took
the narrator and her brother in
after their father was arrested.
Camp Crame
- the jail where the narrator’s
father was sent after he got
arrested.
Removing Nails
- a way of torture before.
ANSWER KEY (pg. 29)
/di ako sure kung tama ‘to
HAHAHAHAHHA
1. A.
2. C.
3. D.
4. D.
5. C.