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First of all, I would like to express my heartful thanks to ‘‘The Almighty

God’’ for this opportunity, which he rendered to me and gives the physical

strength and pleasant mind to complete this project work.

I thank my honourable Principle Ma’am Dr. Sanjukta Nandy and

HOD Sir Mr. Surojit Das for their inspiration and I also thank to my

PROJECT GUIDE Mr. Ashit Mazumder for the correct guidance and

advice.

I extent my thanks and gratitude to my parents, friends and

those who helped me directly and indirectly for the successful completion

of this project work.

Thank you
SUSMITA DUTTA
 CONTENTS
INTRODuction
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS
Opd

Cssd

Laundry services

Hospital housekeeping
services

Other departments operation theatre,emergency

department,radiology DEPT.,Administration
department,DIETARY DEPT.,pharmacy DEPT.,medical
records)
OBJECTIVES OF MY PROJECT
METHODOLOGY
HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT ICONS SET
Conclusion
bibliography
 INRODUCTION
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient
treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and
medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the
general hospital, which typically has an emergency
department to treat urgent health problems ranging from
fire and accident victims to a sudden illness. A district
hospital typically is the major health care facility in its
region, with many beds for intensive care and additional
beds for patients who need long-term care. Specialized
hospitals include trauma centres, rehabilitation hospital,
children’s hospitals, seniors’(geriatric) hospitals, and
hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as
psychiatric treatment and certain disease categories.
Specialized hospitals can help reduce health care costs
compared to general, speciality or government depending
on the sources of income received.
Majorly, according to funding,
there are some types of hospitals,
they are:
1. Profit & non-profit of hospitals.
2. Health insurance company’s
providence.
3. Religious healthcare centres.
4. Trusts & charities.
 Classification of Hospitals

There are generally Three kinds of Hospitals:

1. According to Bed capacity:

(i) 51 to 10 Beds Districts of hospitals

(ii) 200 Beds Hospitals

(iii) 200 to 400 Beds Hospitals

(iv) 400 to 500 Beds Hospitals

2. According to Services:

(i) Generals Hospitals: - Districts Hospitals

(ii) Special Hospitals: - Medical college Hospitals, Mental
Hospitals, Cancer Hospitals.

3. According to Ownership

(i) Govt. Hospitals: - Public Health Hospitals

(ii) None Govt. Hospitals: - Privet Hospitals
(iii) Corporation Hospitals: - L Profitable, Li. None-
Profitable, Partnership Hospitals
The outpatient department is the point of contact between hospital and community. Many
patients get their first impression of the hospital from the outpatient department. The OPD
is also popularly known as shop window of the hospital.

Basically the OPD’s can be classified into two types:

1. In centralized type of system all the OPDs of clinical departments of the
hospital are grouped together in the form of OPD complex. It will include all the
diagnostic, therapeutic and utility areas concerning OPD.
2. In decentralized system the outpatient care is provided in respective
departments of the hospital. Similarly the diagnostic and therapeutic services are also
provided department wise.

1. To provide specialist diagnostic, medical opinion to outpatients.

2. To treat patients on ambulatory basis or domiciliary basis.
3. Screen patient for hospitalization.
4. Follow up treatment of discharged patients.

It should have direct access from the entrance of the hospital. There should be sufficient
space for parking of the vehicles: areas should be dust free, noise free and comfortable.

Various designs are:

1. The double loaded single corridor with rooms on each side of corridor.
2. Double corridor for entry from the opposite sides of rooms.
3. Triple corridor which provide two for examination, treatment room side of staff corridor.

The Physical facilities of the OPD can be categorized into the following areas –
1. Patient’s Area
2. Clinical Area
3. Administrative Area
4. Circulation

i) Entrance: It should be easily accessible, with wide door, ramps and steps.
ii) Reception: Reception counters, sufficient numbers with a side room for the
receptionist, APRO and PRO, etc.
iii) Audio-visual material: It is also desirable to have few TV sets with cable
connection at patient’s waiting area to ease out boredom of waiting. This can
also serve a purpose for health education of the visitors.

i) Injection room: There should be separate sub-waiting area for about 10-20
patients. The area may vary from 12-40 sq meters depending upon work load.
 ii) Radiology: It serves usually both indoor patients patients and outdoor
patients.
iii) Blood Banks: The blood bank usually serves the purpose of inpatients and
emergency, but for blood donation purposes, it is required for OPD services
also.

The administrative zone will consist of the following facilities:

i) Administrative office
ii) Business Office
iii) Housekeeping
iv) Store Rooms

The circulation area includes:

i) Stairs
ii) Corridors
iii) Lifts
iv) Conveyor belts

Following types of equipments are usually made available in the OPD:

i) ECG machine
ii) USG machine
iii) Wheel chairs
iv) Wash basin

The staff from respective departments come to the OPD by rotation on their OPD
days from the level of chief consultant to interns. There is no bifurcation of
inpatients or outpatient medical staff.

Nursing staff are posted to the OPDs on rotational basis, under the supervision of
Sister I /c OPDs / Matron of OPD or ANS/DNS OPD depending upon the size of
the OPD and work load.
3. Paramedical staff technician, security staff, clinical staff, housekeeping personnel
depending upon the work load.
4. OPD in charge with his secretariat.
5. Public relation officers or APRO of OPD.

This is very important aspect not only the external public relation but internal public
relation is even more important. A demotivated staff member may mar the reputation
of whole hospital.

In most of the hospitals there is overcrowding, we should try to analyze the problems
by waiting line models to solve it.
 :

CSSD stands for Central Sterilization & Supply Department Which Is located near to the

OT and also accessible to other departments. The sterilization of infected/ soiled

equipment’s, materials which are received from the user departments (OT, Pharmacy, Ward,

Radiology, IPD) are being done here. So that, we can minimize the risk of cross infection

among the patients and staffs of the hospital.

➢ Process and sterilize equipment and material under controlled conditions by trained

and experienced personnel thereby contributing to total environment control in the

hospital.

➢ Effect greater economy by keeping and operating the expensive processing equipment

in one central area.

➢ Achieve greater uniformity by standardizing techniques of operation; and

Gain a higher level of efficiency in the operation by training personnel in correct

processing procedures
The workflow pattern should be planned in such a manner that the personnel traffic and the

movement of supplies and equipment is accomplished in an efficient manner.

Workflow must be so planned as receive soiled and contaminated materials from

departments, and another for issuing clean and sterile supplies and instruments. There

could be a third entrance, if necessary, to receive materials from general stores and laundry.

In a well-designed, state-of-the art CSSD, there are three organized zones: Solid Zones,

Clean Area and Sterile Area. Solid items from the various user departments of the hospital

are received at the solid reception area in the trolleys, instrument trays, baskets or

containers as they were delivered in. Most of them are loaded straight onto the pass-

through washer-disinfectors. Trolleys and some instruments are cleaned and disinfected

manually. Steam and hot water are the most common disinfection agents used in hospitals.

In the clean area, clean disinfected materials are sorted, inspected and packed. It is

interesting to note that in advanced system, the instruments leave the trays only a couple of

times – once during inspection at the packing tables, and then at the point of use. After

packing, the instrument trays are put into baskets for sterilization in the double-door, pass-

through autoclaves. Fabrics are sorted out and packed in a separate area before sterilization.

The double-door pass-through autoclaves of the required size are built into the wall

between the clean and sterile areas. Materials are loaded on the clean side and unloaded on

the sterile side. Both automatic and manual loading and unloading autoclaves are available.
Autoclaves with formaldehyde and ethylene oxide for heat-sensitive goods and cycles for

fluid production are also available.

After sterilization, the autoclaves are unloaded in the sterile area and the materials stored

there. The storage area should be dry and free of dust.

The functions of the CSSD are as follow:

Receiving and sorting

Soiled material used in the hospital

Determining whether
The items should be reused or
discharged

Carrying out the process of

Decontamination or disinfection
prior to sterilizing

Carrying out specialized cleaning of

Equipment and supplies

Inspecting and testing

Instruments, equipment and linen

Assembling treatment trays,

Instrument sets, linen packs, etc.

Packing all materials for sterilizing

 Sterilizing

Labelling and controlling

inventory

Issuing and
Distributing

A. Autoclave

B. ETO (Ethylene Oxide Sterilizer)

C. Ultrasonic Washer

A. Autoclave/ Steam Sterilization

B. Ethylene Oxide Sterilization (ETO)

The Staffing Pattern should be ⎯

Supervisor Of CSSD CSSD Technician Clerks Helper

In most healthcare facilities, the Central Sterile Supply

Department(CSSD) plays a key role in providing the items required to deliver

quality patient care. A well planned, well managed and well-staffed CSSD can

ensure an infection free environment of hospital and save valuable life and

money.

LAUNDRY SERVICES
DEFINITION
Linen and Laundry services are responsible for providing safe, clean,

adequate and timely supply of linen to the user units of the hospital at right

time, right place, price and right place.

OBJECTIVES
i) To provide comfortable and pleasing environment to the patients and

visitors of the hospital by supplying clean linen.

ii) To control hospital infections.

PHYSICAL FACILITIES OF LAUNDRY SERVICES

• Location : Close proximity of CSSD and Dietary System.

• Ground floor with least disturbance to patients.

• Space requirement : 10sq. feet/bed

• Floors : Rust proof, non-slippery, washable.

• Ceiling : smooth, washable, moisture proof, sound proof, with minimum

height of 3.5 meter.

• Wall : should be washable and free from crevices, corners edge or

projection.
• Doors and windows : Doors should be wide enough to admit heavy

machinery and trolleys. Maximum light and natural ventilation should be

provided from window.

• For ventilation, 10 air change per hour is recommended.

• Power supply : 3KW hour per 45 KG of laundry,

• Water : Aprrox 15 liter of hot water and 10 liter of cold water required per

0.5 kg of linen processed.

• Steam Supply : A temperature of 170 degree Celsius is obtained from

steam at 45kg per 6sq. cm pressure.

PROCESS STEPS OF LAUNDRY SERVICES

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF LAUNDRY
M.S

Dy M.S

In-charge Laundry

Laundry manager

Supervisor

Laundry Store UDC/LDC Orderlies Sweeper

operators Keeper
s

EQUIPMENTS
i) Boilers

ii) Washing Machines

iii) Hydro Extraction

iv) Driers

v) Calendaring Machine

MANAGERIAL ISSUE
i) Control of Pilferages and theft

ii) Cost Control

iii) Occupational Safety Of the Worker

SOLUTION
i) Handle contaminated laundry as little as possible with minimal

agitation.

ii) Bag contaminated laundry at the location of use, do not sort or rinse

the laundry at the location where it was used.

 iii) Place wet contaminated laundry in leak proof, and color coded

containers at the location where it was used.

DEFINITION
The concept of housekeeping service has originated from the hotel industry, but it has

become a basic requirement of the hospitals also. The clean aesthetic and hygienic

environment plays a great role in attracting the customers, their retention and also in

their delight.

FUNCTIONS OF HOUSEKEEPING SERVICES

1. Clean rooms, clean corridors, clean wards, clean floors, roofs, fixtures, curtains,

windows and toilets.

2. Hospital waste disposal.

3. Sanitation and hygiene.

4. Odor Control.

5. Control of pests, flies, rodents & stray animals.

6. Prevention of fire.

TYPES OF HOUSEKEEPING SERVICES

The housekeeping services can be broadly divided into:

1. In house services.

2. Contractual services or outstanding.

• In house Services : The staff is recruited by the hospital and the services are

maintained by the hospital housekeeping services.

 • Outsourcing : Either the hospital housekeeping services are handed over to

the third party for maintenance or the private party on out source is engaged

for providing the housekeeping services to the hospital as per the

requirement.

HOUSEKEEPING ACTIVITIES :
A. Sanitation
i) Basic Cleaning
• Dusting
• Sweeping
• Mopping
• Polishing
• Washing
ii) Cleaning of the Physical Facilities:
• Floors
• Walls and ceiling
• Door and window panel
• Furniture and fixtures
• Equipment’s
B. Odor Control
C. Hospital Waste Disposal
• Collection
• Transportation
• Disposal

CLEANING AGENTS
i) Washing soda

ii) Soda bars

iii) Phenyl or phenol

CRITERIA FOR GOOD CLEANING AGENT

1. It must have good cleaning property.

2. It should not be toxic to handlers.

 3. It should possess good microbial property.

PHYSICAL FACILITIES
i) Office of housekeeper

ii) Office room for clerk.

iii) Office room for supervisors.

iv) Store room for housekeeping materials like cleaning agents.

ORGANIZATION OF HOUSEKEEPING SERVICES

Director

Medical Superitendent

Add. M.S

HOD of other Housekeeping HOD of other

Depertments service 1/C Departments

Supervisor A Supervisor B

Attendant I Attendant II Attendant III Attendant I Attendant II Attendant III

HOUSEKEEPING EQUIPMENT
i) Scrubbing machines

ii) Vacuum Cleaner

RECENT TREND IN HOUSEKEEPING

➢ Color Schemes : Attractive color schemes are available with computerized

mixing and coding of colors to give hospital wards, interior, exteriors,

corridors an attractive and aesthetic look.

 ➢ Deodorants : Electrical devices, releasing deodorants in time interval is a

new introduction.

5S TECHNIQUE FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

‘‘5S’’

Japanese English Meaning Brief Explanation

1. Seiri Sorting Take Out UnnecessaryItem Dispose.

2. Seiton Systematize/ Arrange Necessary Items In GoodOrder
Segregating For Use
3. Seiso Sweep/Shine Clean Your Workspace
4. Seiketsu Standardize Maintain High Standard Housekeeping
5. Shitsuke Self-discipline/ Do things
Sustain Spontaneously without being Told Or
Ordered.

OPERATION THEATRE(OT)
DEFINITION- An operating suite is a facility where surgical operations are

carried out in an aseptic environment.ZONING-There should be 4 zones-

Protective Zone, Clean Zone, Sterile Zone, Disposal Zone.Location-It should be

close to surgical wards .Equipments-Surgical table bed,Anesthesia

Machine,Suction Machine. Staffing-Chief

surgeon,Anesthesist,Helpers,Technicians. MONITORING OF OT ASEPSIS-

➢ AC of OT should be checked thoroughly including effectiveness of its

filters.

➢ Adequate pressure maintenance.

 EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT(ED)
DEFINITION-It is a hospital or primary care department that provides

initial treatment to patients with a broad spectrum of illnesses and injuries,

some of which may be life-threatening & require immediate

attention.Location-It should be located in the ground floor.Equipments-A

needle holder,forceps,sterile towels. Staffing-Medical

manpower,Nursing,Paramedical Staff.

DESIGNING OF THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT-

1. In the Core design

2. The Arena Type

3. In The Corridor Plan

CODE BLUE PROCEDURE-It is a term used in hospital to announce

an emergency of serious nature; such as CARDIAC ARREST.

RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Location-The department must be located in a place where is easy accessibility

of IP & OP clients. Staffing-Head of

Radiology,Tecnicians,Supervisors,Radiographers,Dark room Assistant.This

department has following services –

A. X-ray
B. Ultrasonography
C. MRI & ECG
D. C.T scan & echocardiogram
THE ACTIVITIES FLOW OF THE DEPARTMENT ARE AS
FOLLOWS-
1. Reception and registration
2. Radiographic Examination
3. Development and Interpretation of film
4. X-ray report transcription
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES-
1. The radiologist should be responsible for all examinations and treatment
as well as for X-ray interpretation and consultation.
2. All reports should be signed by the radiologist.
3. There should be adequate trained and registered radiographers.

ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT – ROLE -This department is in charge of

looking after the day to day operations of the hospital.

➢ They look after all the paper work of hospital and ensure that

every department follows administrative procedures of the

hospital.

POLICIES –

• Administration activities are the

primary backbone that ensure that a

hospital is running smoothly and has

everything in place in order to make sure

that the staff ,patients,and visitors are

being handled in the proper manner .

 o Administrative policies cover a vast area including ,but not limited

to,visitation rules,dress code policy ,bed policy,and various other

activities that are needed to be performed in order to help run the

ADMINISTRATION OF THE HOSPITAL.

DIETARY DEPARTMENT – Location-It should have close proximity to

the materials management department.TYPES OF DIETARY

SERVICES -1) CENTRALIZED & 2) DECENTRALIZED .Euipments-

Cookers,Gas oven,Refrigerator,Aqua Guards/RO.Staffing-Chief

Dietician.It has responsibility for the Food Services to the client

according to their needs & doctor’s prescription. FUNCTIONS-

1. Inventory control of the food items.

2. Menu planning of different kinds of food.

❖ LAYOUT- Reciept and storage area

• Normal & Special Diet Kitchen

• Pantry

• Dispatch Area

PHARMACY department

• DEFINITION- Every hospital must be equipped with a Pharmacy which

provides drugs for the entire hospital. LOCATION- It is located in
HOSPITAL PREMISES so that patients and staff can easily approach it
.It should be preferably located on ground floor especially the dispensing
unit. EQUIPMENTS- Flasks,spatulas,syringes and needles. ROLE- It not
only provides medication for patients but also provides other drugs and
instruments used by all departments in the hospital for patient care or
surgeries…. FUNCTIONS -Run by a pharmacist the pharmacy provides
the following services-
➢ Purchase, supply & distribution of medication and pharmaceuticals.
➢ Inpatient & Outpatient dispensing
➢ Clinical and Ward Pharmacy.
POLICIES & PROCEDURES-
1. High – alert medications-dosing limits ,packaging, labeling &
storage.
2. Availability of PHARMACY EXPERTISE.

MEDICAL RECORDS
DEFINITION- It can be defined as an orderly written document

encompassing the patient’s identification data ,health history,laboratory

reports .PURPOSE- A) To serve as an easy reference for providing

continuity in patient care. B) To furnish documentary evidence of care

provided in the health care facility. FORMAT TYPES – A) Source-

oriented Medical Record. B) Problem-oriented Medical Record. C)

Integrated Medical Record. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD MRD-

A)Legibility .B) Correction of errors.C)Appropriate Documentation.

 FUNCTIONS-

• This department deals with recording and maintaining all the records/flies

of inpatients as well as outpatients.

• It is with these records that medical statistics can formulated and it serves

as a reference for future purposes.

Staffing- Medical record officer,Technician,Clerks,Medical record

attendant.

MEDICAL RECORD RETENTION POLICY-

1. The following basic information should be preserved while

destroying records- dates of admission & discharge ,record of

diagnoses & operations,birth & death certificates,…..etc.

2. Complete medical records should be retained of patients with

mental disability in a similar manner as for minors.

3. Complete medical records should be preserved indefinitely

when requested in writing by the patient,his physicians or legal

counsel for an interested party.

 OBJECTIVES OF MY PROJECT

➢ To know the proper working methods in

the multispeciality hospital.
➢ To know about the work ethics,working
environment in this department.
➢ To know about the rules and regulations
regarding working in hospital.
➢ To implement gained academic knowledge
and skills in outdoor function
 METHODOLOGY

DATA COLLECTION METHOD-The data had been

collected directly from the book “Mamta Joshi”

.The data are collected through overview of the

hospital dept. The data were mainly collected

through the overview during the PROJECT

PERIOD and from my RESPECTED PROFESSORS.

HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT ICONS SET
 conclusion
Recognizing the need for providing quality and

affordable care for this hospital is focused on

delivering loading edge healthcare facilities.They

value the dignity of human life,which is sacred

and deserving of respect and fairness.They take

personal responsibility for every patient.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ DC JOSHI

MAMTA JOSHI

➢ www.google.com