Mom Chapter 7 (Transverse Shear) - 20191108082347

7.
Transverse Shear
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1

7. Transverse Shear

7. Transverse Shear

7. Transverse Shear
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBER

7. Transverse Shear
ANGLE OF TWIST

7. Transverse Shear

7. Transverse Shear

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Shear in Straight Members

2. The Shear Formula
3. Shear Stresses in Beams
4. Shear Flow in Built-up Members
5. Shear Flow in Thin-Walled Members
6. *Shear Center

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR IN STRAIGHT MEMBERS
• Shear, V is the result of a transverse shear-stress
distribution that acts over the beam’s x-section.
• Due to complementary property of shear,
associated longitudinal shear stresses also act
along longitudinal planes of beam

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• As shown below, if top and bottom surfaces of each
board are smooth and not bonded together, then
application of load P will cause the boards to slide
relative to one another.
• However, if boards are bonded together,
longitudinal shear stresses will develop and distort
x-section in a complex manner

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
At Section B;

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA
VQ
=
It
 = shear stress in member at the point located a

distance y’ from the neutral axis. Assumed to be
constant and therefore averaged across the
width t of member
V = internal resultant shear force, determined from
method of sections and equations of equilibrium
I = moment of inertia of entire x-sectional area
computed about the neutral axis
TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
THE SHEAR FORMULA
t = width of the member’s x-sectional area,
measured at the pt where  is to be determined
Q = ∫A’ y dA’ = y’A’, where A’ is the top (or bottom)
portion of member’s x-sectional area, defined from
section where t is measured, and y’ is distance of
centroid of A’, measured from neutral axis

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
VQ
=
It
t = 100 mm t = 2(50 – 20) = 60 mm

V = 4 kN V = 4 kN

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
VQ
=
It

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
V
max = 1.5
A
By comparison, max is 50%

greater than the average
shear stress determined from
avg = V/A.

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Beam shown is made from two boards. Determine the maximum
shear stress in the glue necessary to hold the boards together
along the seams where they are joined. Supports at B and C
exert only vertical reactions on the beam.

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Internal shear
Support reactions and shear diagram for beam are
shown below. Maximum shear in the beam is 19.5 kN.

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Section Properties

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Section Properties
Shear Stress

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Determine transverse shear
stresses at points A, B, C and D
V = 1500 Pa x 2 m x 1 m
= 3000 N
C
Diameter = 100 mm

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
V = 3000 N
=0 C
D
A
= 0.479 MPa
0.479 MPa
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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Shear stress
Using above data, and applying shear formula
yields
VQ
max = = ... = 4.88 MPa
It
Shear stress acting at top of
bottom board is shown here.
It is the glue’s resistance to this
lateral or horizontal shear stress
that is necessary to hold the
boards from slipping at support C.
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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR FLOW IN BUILT-UP MEMBERS
• Occasionally, in engineering
practice, members are “built-up” from
several composite parts in order to
achieve a greater resistance to
loads, some examples are shown.
• If loads cause members to bend,
fasteners may be needed to keep
component parts from sliding relative
to one another.
• To design the fasteners, we need to
know the shear force resisted by
fastener along member’s length
TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• This loading, measured as a force per unit length,
is referred to as the shear flow q.
• Magnitude of shear flow along any longitudinal
section of a beam can be obtained using similar
development method for finding the shear stress in
the beam

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• Thus shear flow is
q = VQ/I
q = shear flow, measured as a force per unit length
along the beam
V = internal resultant shear force, determined from
method of sections and equations of equilibrium
I = moment of inertia of entire x-sectional area
computed about the neutral axis
Q = ∫A’ y dA’ = y’A’, where A’ is the x-sectional area
of segment connected to beam at juncture where
shear flow is to be calculated, and y’ is distance
from neutral axis to centroid of A’
TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• Note that the fastener in (a) support the calculated

value of q
• And in (c) each fastener supports q/2
• In (d) each fastener supports q/3

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
IMPORTANT
• Shear flow is a measure of force per unit length
along a longitudinal axis of a beam.
• This value is found from the shear formula and is
used to determine the shear force developed in
fasteners and glue that holds the various
segments of a beam together

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Beam below is constructed from 4 boards glued
together. It is subjected to a shear of V = 850 kN.
Determine the shear flow at B and C that must be
resisted by the glue.

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Section properties

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Section properties
= 0.1968 m

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Section properties

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Shear Flow

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Shear flow
Since two seams are used to secure each board,
the glue per meter length of beam at each seam
must be strong enough to resist one-half of each
calculated value of q’. Thus
qB = 1.31 MN/m
qC = 0.0498 MN/m

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR FLOW IN THIN-WALLED MEMBERS
• We can use shear-flow equation q = VQ/I to find the
shear-flow distribution throughout a member’s x-
sectional area.
• We assume that the member has thin walls, i.e.,
wall thickness is small compared with height or
width of member

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• Because flange wall is thin, shear stress will not
vary much over the thickness of section, and we
assume it to be constant. Hence,
q =   t Equation 7-7
• We will neglect the vertical

transverse component of shear
flow because it is approx. zero
throughout thickness of element

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• To determine distribution of shear flow along top
right flange of beam, shear flow is
Vt d
q= (b/2 − x)
2I Equation 7-8

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• Similarly, for the web of the beam, shear flow is
Vt db
q = [ +0.5(d2/4 − y2)]
I 2 Equation 7-9

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• Value of q changes over the x-section, since Q will
be different for each area segment A’
• q will vary linearly along segments (flanges) that
are perpendicular to direction of V, and
parabolically along segments (web) that are
inclined or parallel to V
• q will always act parallel to the walls of the
member, since section on which q is calculated is
taken perpendicular to the walls

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
• Directional sense of q is such that
shear appears to “flow” through the x-
section, inward at beam’s top flange,
“combining” and then “flowing”
downward through the web, and then
separating and “flowing” outward at
the bottom flange

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
IMPORTANT
• If a member is made from segments having thin
walls, only the shear flow parallel to the walls of
member is important
• Shear flow varies linearly along segments that are
perpendicular to direction of shear V
• Shear flow varies parabolically along segments that
are inclined or parallel to direction of shear V
• On x-section, shear “flows” along segments so that
it contributes to shear V yet satisfies horizontal and
vertical force equilibrium

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Thin-walled box beam shown is subjected to shear
of 10 kN. Determine the variation of shear flow
throughout the x-section.

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
By symmetry, neutral axis passes through center of
x-section. Thus moment of inertia is
I = 1/12(6 cm)(8 cm)3 − 1/12(4 cm)(6 cm)3 = 184 cm4
Only shear flows at pts B, C and D
needs to be determined. For pt B,
area A’ ≈ 0 since it can be thought of
located entirely at pt B. Alternatively,
A’ can also represent the entire x-
sectional area, in which case
QB = y’A’ = 0 since y’ = 0.

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Because QB = 0, then qB = 0
For pt C, area A’ is shown dark-
shaded. Here mean dimensions are
used since pt C is on centerline of
each segment. We have
QC = y’A’ = (3.5 cm)(5 cm)(1 cm) = 17.5 cm3
qC = VQC/I = ... = 95.1 N/mm

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Shear flow at D is computed using the
three dark-shaded rectangles shown.
We have
QD = y’A’ = ... = 30 cm3
qC = VQD/I = ... = 163 N/mm

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Using these results, and symmetry of x-section,
shear-flow distribution is plotted as shown.
Distribution is linear along horizontal segments
(perpendicular to V) and parabolic along vertical
segments (parallel to V)

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
• Previously, we assumed that internal shear V
was applied along a principal centroidal axis of
inertia that also represents the axis of symmetry
for the x-section
• Here, we investigate the effect of applying the
shear along a principal centroidal axis that is not
an axis of symmetry
• When a force P is applied to a channel section
along the once vertical unsymmetrical axis that
passes through the centroid C of the x-sectional
area, the channel bends downwards and also
twist clockwise
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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
• When the shear-flow distribution is integrated over
the flange and web areas, a resultant force of Ff in
each flange and a force of V=P in the web is
created
• If we sum the moments of these forces about pt A,
the couple (or torque) created by the flange forces
causes the member to twist
• To prevent the twisting, we need to apply P at a pt
O located a distance e from the web of the channel,
thus
 MA = Ff d = Pe e = (Ff d)/P

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
• Express Ff is expressed in terms of P (= V) and
dimensions of flanges and web to reduce e as a
function of its x-sectional geometry
• We name the pt O as the shear center or flexural
center
• When P is applied at the shear center, beam will
bend without twisting
• Note that shear center will always lie on an axis of
symmetry of a member’s x-sectional area

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
IMPORTANT
• Shear center is the pt through which a force can be
applied which will cause a beam to bend and yet
not twist
• Shear center will always lie on an axis of symmetry
of the x-section
• Location of the shear center is only a function of
the geometry of the x-section and does not depend
upon the applied loading

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
Procedure for analysis
Shear-flow resultants
• Magnitudes of force resultants that create a
moment about pt A must be calculated
• For each segment, determine the shear flow q at
an arbitrary pt on segment and then integrate q
along the segment’s length
• Note that V will create a linear variation of shear
flow in segments that are perpendicular to V and a
parabolic variation of shear flow in segments that
are parallel or inclined to V

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
• Determine the direction of shear flow through the
various segments of the x-section
• Sketch the force resultants on each segment of
the x-section
• Since shear center determined by taking the
moments of these force resultants about a pt (A),
choose this pt at a location that eliminates the
moments of as many as force resultants as
possible

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
Shear center
• Sum the moments of the shear-flow resultants
about pt A and set this moment equal to moment
of V about pt A
• Solve this equation and determine the moment-
arm distance e, which locates the line of action of
V from pt A
• If axis of symmetry for x-section exists, shear
center lies at the pt where this axis intersects line
of action of V

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
SHEAR CENTER
Shear center
• If no axes of symmetry exists, rotate the x-section
o
by 90 and repeat the process to obtain another
line of action for V
• Shear center then lies at the pt of intersection of the
o
two 90 lines

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Determine the location of the shear center for the
thin-walled channel section having the dimensions
as shown.

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Vertical downward shear V applied to section
causes shear to flow through the flanges and web
as shown. This causes force resultants Ff and V in
the flanges and web.

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
X-sectional area than divided into 3 component
rectangles: a web and 2 flanges. Assume each
component to be thin, then moment of inertia about
the neutral axis is
I = (1/12)th3 + 2[bt(0.5h)2] = (0.5th2)[(h/6) + b]
Thus, q at the arbitrary
position x is
VQ V(b – x)
q= =
I h[(h/6) + b]

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7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Hence, b Vb2
Ff = ∫0 q dx = … =
2h[(h/6) + b]
The same result can be determined by first
finding (qmax)f, then determining triangular area
0.5b(qmax)f = Ff

TRANSVERSE
7. Transverse Shear
SHEAR
EXAMPLE
Shear center
Summing moments about pt A, we require
Ve = Ff h
…
b2
e=
[(h/3) + 2b]
As stated previously, e depends

only on the geometry of the x-
section.

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7.

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1. Shear in Straight Members

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 = shear stress in member at the point located a

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t = 100 mm t = 2(50 – 20) = 60 mm

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By comparison, max is 50%

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• Note that the fastener in (a) support the calculated

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• We will neglect the vertical

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